This book reveals unique transport phenomena and functionalities in topological insulators coupled with magnetism and superconductivity. Topological insulators are a recently discovered class of materials that possess a spin-momentum-locked surface state. Their exotic spin texture makes them an exciting platform for investigating emergent phenomena, especially when coupled with magnetism or superconductivity. Focusing on the strong correlation between electricity and magnetism in magnetic topological insulators, the author presents original findings on current-direction-dependent nonreciprocal resistance, current-induced magnetization reversal and chiral edge conduction at the domain wall. In addition, he demonstrates how the coupling between superconductivity and topological surface state leads to substantial nonreciprocal resistance. The author also elucidates the origins of these phenomena and deepens readers' understanding of the topologically nontrivial electronic state. The book includes several works which are published in top journals and were selected for the President's Award by the University of Tokyo and for the Ikushi Prize, awarded to distinguished Ph.D. students in Japan.

This book discusses the spectral properties of solid-state laser materials, including emission and absorption of light, the law of radiative and nonradiative transitions, the selection rule for optical transitions, and different calculation methods of the spectral parameters. The book includes a systematic presentation of the authors' own research works in this field, specifically addressing the stimulated nonradiative transition theory and the apparent crystal field model. This volume is helpful resource for researchers and graduate students in the fields of solid spectroscopy and solid-state laser material physics, while also serving as a valuable reference guide for instructors and advanced students of physics.

THE PRINCIPLES, APPLICATIONS, AND TRENDS OF A KEY TOOL IN FOOD SCIENCE

Maximizing food potential has become one of the priorities of the food industry and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is fast becoming a key "ingredient" in achieving that goal. Taking its place among other proven spectroscopic tools, near-infrared spectroscopy facilitates, for example, quality measurements made early in the production when fresh products are still edible, helping to determine whether the product goes to fresh market or to processing and thereby minimizing waste.

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Food Science and Technology is one of the few available resources that applies this valuable technique specifically to the food science and technology industries. Written by authors with extensive expertise in NIRS and food science, this comprehensive resource provides an introduction to and overview of the technical aspects of NIRS, including: Basic principles of near-infrared spectroscopy Characteristics of the NIR spectra Instrumentation Sampling techniques Chemometrics

Stressing the practical application of near-infrared technology, the book details the method's use in four key areas of food science and technology: agricultural and marine products, foodstuffs and processed foods, engineering and process monitoring, and food safety and disease diagnosis. Nearly encyclopedic in its coverage, Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Food Science and Technology will prove a valuable guide for food science professionals as well as scientists and engineers in a wide range of related fields.

This thesis demonstrates that an ultralow temperature refrigeration technique called "demagnetisation refrigeration" can be miniaturised and incorporated onto millimeter-sized chips to cool nanoelectronic circuits, devices and materials. Until recently, the lowest temperature ever reached in such systems was around 4 millikelvin. Here, a temperature of 1.2mK is reported in a nanoelectronic device. The thesis introduces the idea that on-chip demagnetization refrigeration can be used to cool a wide variety of nanostructures and devices to microkelvin temperatures. This brings the exciting possibility of discovering new physics, such as exotic electronic phases, in an unexplored regime and the potential to improve the performance of existing applications, including solid-state quantum technologies. Since the first demonstration of on-chip demagnetization refrigeration, described here, the technique has been taken up by other research groups around the world. The lowest on-chip temperature is currently 0.4mK. Work is now underway to adapt the technique to cool other materials and devices, ultimately leading to a platform to study nanoscale materials, devices and circuits at microkelvin temperatures.

This book addresses the nature of the chemical bond in inorganic and coordination compounds. In particular, it explains how general symmetry rules can describe chemical bond of simple inorganic molecules. Since the complexity of studying even simple molecules requires approximate methods, this book introduces a quantum mechanical treatment taking into account the geometric peculiarities of the chemical compound. In the case of inorganic molecules, a convenient approximation comes from symmetry, which constrains both the electronic energies and the chemical bonds. The book also gives special emphasis on symmetry rules and compares the use of symmetry operators with that of Hamiltonian operators. Where possible, the reactivity of molecules is also rationalized in terms of these symmetry properties. As practical examples, electronic spectroscopy and magnetism give experimental confirmation of the predicted electronic energy levels. Adapted from university lecture course notes, this book is the ideal companion for any inorganic chemistry course dealing with group theory.

This book focuses on the topological fermion condensation quantum phase transition (FCQPT), a phenomenon that reveals the complex behavior of all strongly correlated Fermi systems, such as heavy fermion metals, quantum spin liquids, quasicrystals, and two-dimensional systems, considering these as a new state of matter. The book combines theoretical evaluations with arguments based on experimental grounds demonstrating that the entirety of very different strongly correlated Fermi systems demonstrates a universal behavior induced by FCQPT. In contrast to the conventional quantum phase transition, whose physics in the quantum critical region are dominated by thermal or quantum fluctuations and characterized by the absence of quasiparticles, the physics of a Fermi system near FCQPT are controlled by a system of quasiparticles resembling the Landau quasiparticles. The book discusses the modification of strongly correlated systems under the action of FCQPT, representing the "missing" instability, which paves the way for developing an entirely new approach to condensed matter theory; and presents this physics as a new method for studying many-body objects. Based on the authors' own theoretical investigations, as well as salient theoretical and experimental studies conducted by others, the book is well suited for both students and researchers in the field of condensed matter physics.

This book provides easy-to-understand explanations to systematically and comprehensively describe the X-ray CT technologies, techniques, and skills used for industrial and scientific purposes. Included are many references along with photographs, figures, and equations prepared by the author. These features all facilitate the reader's gaining a deeper understanding of the topics being discussed. The book presents expertise not only on fundamentals but also about hardware, software, and analytical methods for the benefit of technical users. The book targets engineers, researchers, and students who are involved in research, development, design, and quality assurance in industry and academia.

This volume is intended to show beginners in modern Fourier Transform-Infrared analysis which technique of infrared analysis should be selected and how to use it to obtain certain information from the most common samples brought into research and analytical laboratories in production industries.

In this important book, the author summarizes and generalizes the results of 25 years of work in this exciting field, which has been developing extensively within the last few decades. The reader will find discussions of many crystals that were investigated in the microwave region, including low-dimensional and ferroelectric semiconductors, protonic conductors, quasi-one-dimensional H-bonded. and other order-disorder ferroelectrics. This volume is an essential reference for all scientists and graduate students whose interests are connected to the physics of ferroelectrics and related materials; the physics of structural phase transitions; and superionic conductors. It will also be of value to those interested in developing or exploiting microwave measurement techniques.

Applications of Time-of-Flight and Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry in Environmental, Food, Doping, and Forensic Analysis deals with the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) in the analysis of small organic molecules. Over the past few years, time-of-flight (ToF) and Orbitrap MS have both experienced tremendous growth in a great number of analytical sectors and are now well established in many laboratories where high requirements are placed on analytical performance. This book gives a head-to-head comparison of these two technologies that compete directly with each other. As users with hands-on experience in both techniques, the authors provide a balanced description of the strengths and weaknesses of both techniques. In the vast majority of cases, ToF-MS and Orbitrap-MS have been used for qualitative purposes, mainly identification of discrete molecular entities such as drug metabolites or transformation products of environmental contaminants. This paradigm is now changing as quantitative capabilities are increasingly being explored, as are non-target approaches for unbiased broad-scope screening. In view of the continuous innovation of high-resolution MS instrument manufacturers in designing and developing more powerful machines, technological advances in both hardware and software are considerable, with many novel applications. This book summarizes and analyzes these trends. The compilation of selected examples from diverse analytical fields will allow the readers to discover not only the potential of high-resolution MS in their sector, but also shows advances in other fields that rely on hi-res MS.

Interest in the Turin Shroud continues to the present day even though it was finally carbon dated in 1988 and shown not to be of an age consistent with Christ's burial. Scientifically, the age of the shroud cloth is of little consequence, but to the general public, it is of considerable significance.
The author Harry E. Gove is a co-inventor of accelerator mass spectrometry and was responsible for its use in establishing whether the Turin Shroud could have been Christ's burial cloth. Relic, Icon or Hoax?: Carbon Dating the Turin Shroud presents an eyewitness account of the events that culminated in the final determination of the age of the linen cloth of the Turin Shroud and some of the subsequent reactions to the results. The book discusses the application of accelerator mass spectrometry to the carbon dating of the Turin Shroud using samples only a few square centimeters in area and weighing only a few tens of milligrams.

This book describes the physical basis of polarization modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy and its application in electrochemical studies. It provides a concise yet comprehensive review of the research done in this field in the last 20 years. Electrochemical methods are used to determine the rate and mechanism of charge transfer reactions between an electrode and species adsorbed or diffusing to its surface. In the past two decades PM-IRRAS has grown to be one of the most important vibrational spectroscopy techniques applied to investigate structural changes taking place at the electrochemical interface. The monograph presents foundations of this technique and reviews in situ studies of redox-inactive and redox-active films adsorbed on electrode surfaces. It also discusses experimental conditions required in electrochemical and spectroscopic studies and presents practical solutions to perform efficient experiments. As such, it offers an invaluable resource for graduate and postgraduate students, as well as for all researchers in academic and industrial laboratories.

This volume provides a wide range of imaging protocols that can be tailored to specific organisms or cell-types. Chapters guide readers through fixed-cell, live-cell, phenotype screening, super-resolution, intravital imaging techniques, and fluorescence life-time imaging microscopy (FLIM). Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Confocal Microscopy: Methods and Protocols aims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital field.

This book demonstrates the potential of novel in-situ experiments, performed on microscopic and macroscopic length scales, for investigating localized deformation processes in metallic materials, particularly their kinetics and the associated evolution of local strain fields. It features a broad methodological portfolio, spanning optical and electron microscopy, digital image correlation, infrared theromgraphy and acoustic emission testing, and particularly focuses on identifying the localized microscopic deformation processes in high-strength/high-ductility CrMnNi TRIP/TWIP (TRansformation Induced Plasticity/TWinning Induced Plasticity) steels. Presenting state-of-the art methodology applied to topical and pertinent problems in materials engineering, this book is a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students working in the field of plasticity and deformation of structural materials.

This book provides an understandable review of SU(3) representations, SU(3) Wigner-Racah algebra and the SU(3) SO(3) integrity basis operators, which are often considered to be difficult and are avoided by most nuclear physicists. Explaining group algebras that apply to specific physical systems and discussing their physical applications, the book is a useful resource for researchers in nuclear physics. At the same time it helps experimentalists to interpret data on rotational nuclei by using SU(3) symmetry that appears in a variety of nuclear models, such as the shell model, pseudo-SU(3) model, proxy-SU(3) model, symplectic Sp(6, R) model, various interacting boson models, various interacting boson-fermion models, and cluster models. In addition to presenting the results from all these models, the book also describes a variety of statistical results that follow from the SU(3) symmetry.

This book highlights emerging trends in terahertz engineering and system technologies, mainly, devices, advanced materials, and various applications in THz technology. It includes advanced topics such as terahertz biomedical imaging, pattern recognition and tomographic reconstruction for THz biomedical imaging by use of machine learning and artificial intelligence, THz imaging radars for autonomous vehicle applications, THZ imaging system for security and surveillance. It also discusses theoretical, experimental, established and validated empirical work on these topics and the intended audience is both academic and professional.

Prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA) is a unique, non-destructive nuclear analytical method with multi-element capabilities. It is most effective if intense neutron beams (especially cold beams) of nuclear reactors are used to induce the prompt gamma radiation. Based largely on the authors' pioneering research in cold neutron PGAA, the handbook describes the methodology in self-contained manner and reviews recent applications. The library of prompt gamma ray data and spectra for all natural elements, also provided on a CD-ROM supplement, is a unique aid to the practitioner. The level is understandable by a broad audience, which facilitates teaching and training.

The Handbook of Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis is a comprehensive handbook written for those practising the method, wanting to implement it at a reactor facility, or just looking for a powerful non-destructive method of element analysis. The book is also useful for nuclear physics, chemistry and engineering scientists, scholars and graduate students interested in neutron-induced gamma ray spectroscopy and nuclear analytical methods.

The quality and safety of food are crucial for human nutrition. However, evaluating the chemical composition of food is challenging for the analyst and requires powerful methods. Chromatography and mass spectrometry (MS) is the gold standard for analyzing complex food samples, including raw materials and intermediate and finished products. Mass Spectrometry in Food Analysis covers the MS-based analysis of different aspects of food quality, which include nutritional value, profile of macronutrients (proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates), micronutrients (vitamins), and nutraceutical active compounds. Additionally, sensory quality, flavor, food pigments, safety, and detection of pesticides, contact materials, veterinary drugs and pharmaceuticals, organic pollutants, and pathogens are covered. Key Features: Contains the basics of mass spectrometry and experimental strategies Explores determination of macro- and micronutrients Analyzes sensory and nutraceutical food quality Discusses detection of contaminants and proof of authenticity Presents emerging methods for food analysis This book contains an introductory section that explains the basics of MS and the difference between targeted and untargeted strategies for beginners. Further, it points out new analytical challenges, such as monitoring contaminants of emerging concern, and presents innovative techniques (e.g., ambient ionization MS and data mining). Also available in the Food Analysis & Properties Series: Nanoemulsions in Food Technology: Development, Characterization, and Applications, edited by Javed Ahmad and Leo M.L. Nollet (ISBN: 978-0-367-61492-8) Sequencing Technologies in Microbial Food Safety and Quality, edited by Devarajan Thangadurai, Leo M.L. Nollet, Saher Islam, and Jeyabalan Sangeetha (ISBN: 978-0-367-35118-2) Chiral Organic Pollutants: Monitoring and Characterization in Food and the Environment, edited by Edmond Sanganyado, Basil K. Munjanja, and Leo M.L. Nollet (ISBN: 978-0-367-42923-2) For a complete list of books in this series, please visit our website at: www.crcpress.com/Food-Analysis--Properties/book-series/CRCFOODANPRO

This book presents the latest advances and future trends in electron and phonon spectrometrics, focusing on combined techniques using electron emissions, electron diffraction, and phonon absorption and reflection spectrometrics from a substance under various perturbations to obtain new information on bond-electron-phonon dynamics. Discussing the principles of the bond order-length-strength (BOLS) correlation, nonbonding electron polarization (NEP), local bond average (LBA), and multi-field lattice oscillation dynamics for systems under perturbation, the book covers topics like differential photoelectron/phonon spectrometrics (DPS), which distils transition of the length, energy, stiffness and the fraction of bonds upon chemical or physical conditioning; and the derived performance of electrons in various bands in terms of quantum entrapment and polarization. This book appeals to researchers, scientists and engineers in the fields of chemistry, physics, surface and interface science, and materials science and engineering who are interested in electron and phonon spectrometrics.

This book provides a comprehensive summary of research to date in the field of stable iron isotope geochemistry. Since research began in this field 20 years ago, the field has grown to become one of the major research fields in "non-traditional" stable isotope geochemistry. This book reviews all aspects of the field, from low-temperature to high-temperature processes, biological processes, and cosmochemical processes. It provides a detailed history and state-of-the art summary about analytical methods to determine Fe-isotope ratios and discusses analytical and sample prospects.

This book offers a compact overview on crystallography, symmetry, and applications of symmetry concepts. The author explains the theory behind scattering and diffraction of electromagnetic radiation. X-ray diffraction on single crystals as well as quantitative evaluation of powder patterns are discussed.

Advanced Mass Spectrometry for Food Safety and Quality provides information on recent advancements made in mass spectrometry-based techniques and their applications in food safety and quality, also covering the major challenges associated with implementing these technologies for more effective identification of unknown compounds, food profiling, or candidate biomarker discovery. Recent advances in mass spectrometry technologies have uncovered tremendous opportunities for a range of food-related applications. However, the distinctive characteristics of food, such as the wide range of the different components and their extreme complexity present enormous challenges. This text brings together the most recent data on the topic, providing an important resource towards greater food safety and quality.

This thesis reports a rare combination of experiment and theory on the role of geometry in materials science. It is built on two significant findings: that curvature can be used to guide crack paths in a predictive way, and that protected topological order can exist in amorphous materials. In each, the underlying geometry controls the elastic behavior of quasi-2D materials, enabling the control of crack propagation in elastic sheets and the control of unidirectional waves traveling at the boundary of metamaterials. The thesis examines the consequences of this geometric control in a range of materials spanning many orders of magnitude in length scale, from amorphous macroscopic networks and elastic continua to nanoscale lattices.

Since its development toward the end of the past millennium, high-resolution Inelastic X-Ray Scattering (IXS) has substantially improved our knowledge of the collective dynamics of liquids at mesoscopic scales, that is, over distances and time-lapses approaching those typical of first neighboring atoms' interactions. However, despite the undoubted scientific relevance and the rapid evolution toward maturity, comprehensive monographs on this technique are not available. The primary purpose of this book is to partially fill this lack while providing a helpful reference for both mature scientists and less experienced researchers in the field.After a general introduction to the fundamental aspects of scattering measurements, the IXS cross-section is analytically derived, and the complementarity with Inelastic Neutron Scattering is discussed in detail.The remainder of the book reviews representative IXS studies on simple fluids focusing on topics as relevant as the dynamic crossover from the hydrodynamic to the kinetic regime, the onset of relaxation phenomena and related high-frequency viscoelasticity, the gradual emergence of quantum effects, the evidence of dynamic boundaries partitioning the supercritical domain, the prevalence of solid-like aspects in the high-frequency dynamics of fluids, and the dynamic fingerprints of the polymorphic nature of liquid aggregates.

This thesis reports on essential experimental work in the field of novel two-dimensional (2D) atomic crystals beyond graphene. It especially describes three new 2D crystal materials, namely germanene, hafnene, and monolayer PtSe2 fabricated experimentally for the first time, using an ultra-high vacuum molecular beam epitaxy (UHV-MBE) system. Multiple characterization techniques, including scanning tunneling microscope (STM), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), combined with theoretical studies reveal the materials' atomic and electronic structures, which allows the author to further investigate their physical properties and potential applications. In addition, a new epitaxial growth method for transition metal dichalcogenides involving direct selenization of metal supports is developed. These studies represent a significant step forward in expanding the family of 2D crystal materials and exploring their application potentials in future nanotechnology and related areas.