Essential Chinese Vocabulary: Rules and Scenarios is an indispensable guide for beginner to intermediate students of Chinese who wish to use essential Chinese words and phrases accurately. The book provides the crucial context and explanations of grammar structures and language rules related to important Chinese words and phrases, too often glossed over in primary textbooks. Students are given the tools necessary to refine their use of these words and phrases in order to communicate effectively in Chinese. Key features: In-depth explanations of commonly used words and phrases contextualized with a range of authentic examples providing learners with a comprehensive understanding of the vocabulary-use and allowing them to express themselves accurately and appropriately. Bridges the gap between grammar and vocabulary by presenting the frequently-neglected rules that govern the use of words and phrases. Clear and systematic comparisons between the uses of ostensibly similar words, highlighting the nuances of the Chinese language. Examples provided in simplified Chinese characters, pinyin and English Identifies common mistakes made by learners and ways to avoid them Extensive cross-references. Essential Chinese Vocabulary: Rules and Scenarios is a unique reference and useful complement to basic and intermediate Chinese language textbooks.

Basic German: A Grammar and Workbook comprises an accessible reference grammar and related exercises in a single volume. The book introduces German people and culture through the medium of the language used today, covering the core material which students would expect to encounter in their first years of learning German. Each of the 29 units presents one or more related grammar topics, illustrated by examples which serve as models for the exercises that follow. These wide-ranging and varied exercises enable the student to master each grammar point thoroughly. Features include: * Clear grammatical explanations with examples in both English and German * Authentic language samples from a range of media * Checklists at the end of each unit to reinforce key points * Cross-referencing to other grammar chapters * Full exercise answer key * 'Did you know?' sections with extra learning tips on specific grammar points and insights into current usage of German * Glossary of grammatical terms The new edition has been thoroughly revised, including more varied exercises for practice, and grammar points have been reformulated to use a more learner-centred approach. Suitable for independent study and for class use, Basic German: A Grammar and Workbook is the ideal reference and practice book for beginners, as well as for students with some knowledge of the language.

Many employers complain about the poor communication skills of many young people seeking employment; and many people in employment are handicapped by the poor quality of their written work. While bad spelling, ineffective punctuation and faults in grammar create barriers between the writer and the reader, good English makes the reader feel at ease. The benefits of being a good writer at work are: Managers need to be able to communicate in order to get ideas across. If they cannot, they will be unable to make their viewpoint heard and they will be unable to influence customers, suppliers and colleagues as desired If you can write well, you will find that your views are given prominence over those of others. Effective communication, and that includes writing, is the key to career success and advancement This book is for those who have difficulty in getting thoughts into words or their ideas across, as well as those who are satisfied with their writing but are ready to consider the possibility of improving it. It is all about the ways in which writing at work is important - helping the reader to observe, remember, think, plan, organise and communicate.

English Grammar: * helps users to understand grammatical concepts * encourages the reader to practise applying newly discovered concepts to everyday texts * teaches students to analyze almost every word in any English text * provides teachers and students with a firm grounding in a system which they can both understand and apply.

Burmese: A Comprehensive Grammar is a complete reference guide to modern Burmese grammar. It presents a fresh and thorough description of the language, concentrating on the real patterns of use in modern Burmese. The volume is organized to promote a thorough understanding of Burmese grammar. It offers a stimulating analysis of the complexities of the language, with clear explanations. Throughout, the emphasis is on Burmese as used by present-day native speakers. Features include: detailed treatment of the common grammatical structures and parts of speech particular attention to areas of confusion and difficulty all examples given in Burmese script, IPA phonetic transcription, and English glossary of linguistic terminology The Grammar is the ideal reference source for intermediate to advanced learners and users of Burmese and will remain the standard reference work for years to come.

The Routledge Intensive Italian Workbook is a comprehensive book of exercises and tasks for beginner and intermediate learners of Italian. It includes a wide variety of exercises - covering a broad range of situations and functions - and will help students to progress rapidly and master the language accurately. Students can check their own progress using the answer key. The Workbook can be used independently, or in conjunction with the Routledge Intensive Italian Course, an accelerated course in Italian for adult beginners, which is accompanied by audio material.

Structure and Meaning in English is designed to help teachers of English develop an understanding of those aspects of English which are especially relevant for learners who speak other languages. Using corpus research, Graeme Kennedy cuts to the heart of what is important in the teaching of English. The book provides pedagogically- relevant information about English at the levels of sounds, words, sentences and texts. It draws attention to those linguistic items and processes which research has shown are typically hard for learners and which lead to errors. Each chapter contains: a description of one or more aspects of English an outline of typical errors or problems for learners specific learning objectives listed at the beginning of each chapter exercises or tasks based on aEURO~real EnglishaEURO (TM) taken from newspapers and other sources. discussion topics which can be worked through independently either as part of a course, or self study With answers to many of the tasks given at the back of the book, this groundbreaking work provides a comprehensive and accessible textbook on the structure and use of the language for teachers of English.

Burmese: A Comprehensive Grammar is a complete reference guide to modern Burmese grammar. It presents a fresh and thorough description of the language, concentrating on the real patterns of use in modern Burmese. The volume is organized to promote a thorough understanding of Burmese grammar. It offers a stimulating analysis of the complexities of the language, with clear explanations. Throughout, the emphasis is on Burmese as used by present-day native speakers. Features include: detailed treatment of the common grammatical structures and parts of speech particular attention to areas of confusion and difficulty all examples given in Burmese script, IPA phonetic transcription, and English glossary of linguistic terminology The Grammar is the ideal reference source for intermediate to advanced learners and users of Burmese and will remain the standard reference work for years to come.

Just the core concepts you need to write and speak French correctly

If you have some knowledge of French and want to polish your skills, "French Essentials For Dummies" focuses on just the core concepts you need to communicate effectively. From conjugating verbs to understanding tenses, this easy-to-follow guide lets you skip the suffering and score high at exam time.

French 101 -- get the lowdown on the basics, from expressing dates and times to identifying parts of speech

Gender matters -- see how a noun's gender determines the articles, adjectives, and pronouns you have to use

The here and now -- learn how to conjugate verbs in the present tense, choose subject pronouns, and form the present participle

Way back when -- get guidance on working with the past tense, including hints about when to use the compound past (passe compose) and when to use the imperfect

What lies ahead -- discover the different ways to express the future

Open the book and find:

A review of numbers, dates, and times

The parts of speech

How to determine a noun's gender

How to select the correct preposition

Rules for making adjectives agree

Tips for asking and answering yes/no questions

Ways to spice up your descriptions

Ten important verb distinctions

Learn:

The basics of French grammar and sentence construction

How to conjugate regular, irregular, and stem-changing verbs

To express ideas about the past, present, and future

Dieser Sammelband besteht zum Teil aus den Referaten der Sprachinselsektion der 1. Internationalen Tagung der IGDD, die im Marz 2003 in Marburg an der Lahn stattgefunden hat. Die anderen Beitrage wurden von Forschern aus verschiedenen Sprachinselregionen der Welt beigesteuert. Im Zentrum der Aufsatze stehen soziolinguistische, dialektologische und kontaktlinguistische Entwicklungen, die in deutschen Sprachinseln der Welt am Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts stattfinden. This collection of papers contains contributions to the language island section of the First International Conference of the International Society for German Dialectology (IGDD), which took place in Marburg an der Lahn, Germany in March 2003. In addition, further contributions are included on research done in language island regions of the world. The focus of the essays is the socio-linguistic, dialectological and contact-linguistic survey of the development of German language islands across the world as registered at the beginning of the 21st century.

Slovene: A Comprehensive Grammar is the most complete reference guide to the contemporary language. Key features of this new edition include: updated examples reflecting current usage, expanded discussions of particular areas of difficulty, a brief history of the language, dialects and register, clear distinction between written and spoken usage, new tables and charts for quick reference. The Grammar provides a jargon-free and systematic description of all parts of speech promoting an in-depth understanding of the Slovene language. Slovene: A Comprehensive Grammar is a key resource for linguists and students of Slovene at intermediate and advanced levels.

This book brings together papers which address a range of issues regarding the nature and structure of sign languages and other gestural systems, and how they exploit the space in which they are conveyed. The chapters focus on five pertinent areas reflecting different, but related research topics: * space in language and gesture, * point of view and referential shift, * morphosyntax of verbs in ASL, * gestural systems and sign language, and * language acquisition and gesture. Sign languages and gestural systems are produced in physical space; they manipulate spatial contrasts for linguistic and communicative purposes. In addition to exploring the different functions of space, researchers discuss similarities and differences between visual-gestural systems -- established sign languages, pidgin sign language (International Sign), "homesign" systems developed by deaf children with no sign language input, novel gesture systems invented by hearing nonsigners, and the gesticulation that accompanies speech. The development of gesture and sign language in children is also examined in both hearing and deaf children, charting the emergence of gesture ("manual babbling"), its use as a prelinguistic communicative device, and its transformation into language-like systems in homesigners. Finally, theoretical linguistic accounts of the structure of sign languages are provided in chapters dealing with the analysis of referential shift, the structure of narrative, the analysis of tense and the structure of the verb phrase in American Sign Language. Taken together, the chapters in this volume present a comprehensive picture of sign language and gesture research from a group of international scholars who investigate a range of communicative systems from formal sign languages to the gesticulation that accompanies speech.

En Activo is a contemporary course which provides students with a structured development of written and spoken business language skills, focusing on real business people and situations from all over the Spanish-speaking world. The book consists of twenty chapters that incorporate contextual information on the business environment of Spain and Latin America, role-plays, illustrative dialogues, dedicated written exercises, relevant grammar instruction, practical communicative exercises, up-to-date practical advice, model items of written and spoken business protocol, and links to numerous carefully-selected and integrated websites. Each chapter is structured as follows: -Le Presento a...: introduction of the central individual and their working life -Escuche, por favor: extensive listening exercises and accompanying activities -Recuerde que...: grammar revision and communicative exercises -Para saber mas: deepens knowledge about Spanish and Latin-American business culture and etiquette -Asi se hace: hands-on section practising business situations and day-to-day tasks -?Sabe navegar?: practices web research and web etiquette. Each fifth chapter is a revision chapter, which puts the acquired knowledge in practice via discussion groups, presentations and debates. An audio CD containing all interviews and listening comprehension exercises is available separately. At the end of this course the student will have a sound knowledge of the Spanish speaking business world and the language skills required to put this knowledge in practice.

Advanced Arabic Literary Reader is a truly representative collection of literary extracts from across the Arabic-speaking world. Extracts from each country in the Arab world have been carefully selected, with a balance of both male and female writers and prominent and emerging voices, providing a unique window into the Arab world. Suitable for both class use and independent study, each extract is supported by an introduction to the author, pre-reading activities, comprehension questions and discussion questions. These activities are designed to help learners expand and reinforce their vocabulary, develop their oral and written proficiency and stimulate further exploration of the cultural and historical background of the texts. Written entirely in Arabic, the Advanced Arabic Literary Reader is an essential text for advanced students who wish to further their reading, speaking, and writing ability in Modern Standard Arabic. Free audio recordings of the extracts are available online at www.routledge.com/books/details/9781138828698 to enable students to improve listening skills.

The Routledge Modern German Reader is designed for intermediate and advanced learners of German. It provides a clear and engaging introduction to reading authentic German language texts for learners who wish to move beyond elementary course material to more rewarding works of fiction and non-fiction. Features include: twenty-eight readings, graded according to difficulty, beginning with shorter, simpler texts and progressing to longer, more complex texts fourteen literary texts, written by well-known writers from German-speaking countries, on universal themes and fourteen non-literary texts from magazines, newspapers and the internet, featuring a range of engaging topics relating to culture, society and history varied, contextualized pre- and post- reading exercises designed to stimulate discussion, develop comprehension strategies, expand and refine vocabulary, and foster awareness of grammatical structures as they occur in authentic contexts a German-English glossary with separate vocabulary lists for each chapter and a complete answer key available at www.routledge.com/products/9781138898035 Suitable for both classroom use and independent study, The Routledge Modern German Reader provides insights into the culture of German-speaking countries while also acting as a stimulus to further independent reading. It is an essential tool for developing vocabulary and increasing reading proficiency.

This text is designed for learners who have achieved basic proficiency and wish to progress to more complex language. Each of the units combines concise grammar explanations with examples and exercises to help build confidence and fluency. Features include: clear explanations of the similarities and differences in English and Spanish grammar authentic language examples from a range of contemporary media reading comprehensions at the end of each unit full cross-referencing throughout extra tips on language learning and learning specific grammar points. Suitable for students learning with or without a teacher, Intermediate Spanish, together with Basic Spanish form a structured course in the essentials of Spanish grammar.

Modern French Grammar Workbook, second edition, is an innovative book of exercises and language tasks for all learners of French. The book is divided into two sections: * section 1 provides exercises based on essential grammatical structures * section 2 practises everyday functions (e.g. making introductions, apologizing, expressing needs). A comprehensive answer key at the back of the book enables you to check your progress. Taking into account feedback from the first edition, this second edition now features: * exercises graded on a 3-point scale according to their level of difficulty * cross-referencing to the Modern French Grammar, Second Edition, for each and every exercise * topical exercises that develop vocabulary. Modern French Grammar Workbook is ideal for all learners of French: beginners, intermediate and advanced students. It can be used both independently and alongside the Modern French Grammar (ISBN 0-415-33162-5).

This new edition of Modern Hebrew: An Essential Grammar is an up-to-date and practical reference guide to the most important aspects of modern Hebrew as used by contemporary native speakers of the language. It presents an accessible description of the language, focusing on the real patterns of use today. The Grammar aims to serve as a reference source for the learner and user of Hebrew irrespective of level, by setting out the complexities of the language in short, readable sections that are clear and free from jargon. It is ideal either for independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types. Features of this new edition include: * Much expanded coverage of a large part of the syntax and morphology * Reformulation and clarification of many details * Enrichment of the vocabulary to mirror the digital and Internet age.

When writing a dissertation or thesis, it is essential to produce a work that is well-structured and well-presented. Giving clear examples throughout, this book offers all the practical advice that students will need, when writing a dissertation or thesis. Part 1: Content - from the layout order of contents to the compilation of the bibliography and appendices Part 2: Presentation and Style - the details of how work should be presented and covering aspects such as writing styles, page numbers, margins and abbreviations. The first edition of this book contributed to improving countless dissertations and this new edition will continue to do the same - using the practical advice and guidance it offers could mean the difference between success and failure.

Kazakh: A Comprehensive Grammar is the first thorough analysis of Kazakh to be published in English. The volume is systematically organized to enable users to find information quickly and easily, and provides a thorough understanding of Kazakh grammar, with special emphasis given to syntax. Features of this book include: descriptions of phonology, morphology and syntax; examples from contemporary usage; tables summarizing discussions, for reference; a bibliography of works relating to Kazakh. Kazakh: A Comprehensive Grammar reflects the richness of the language, focusing on spoken and written varieties in post-Soviet Kazakhstan. It is an essential purchase for all linguists and scholars interested in Kazakh or in Turkic languages as well as advanced learners of Kazakh.

First published in 1994. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.