Engineers need to understand the legal and commercial context in which they draw up technical specifications. This thoroughly up-dated edition of Haslam's successful Writing Engineering Specifications provides a concise guide to technical specifications and leads the reader through the process of writing these instructions, with clear advice to help the student and professional avoid legal disputes or the confusion and time wasting caused by poor drafting. Designers and project managers should find this invaluable, and it should be helpful to insurers, lawyers, estimators and the like.

Intended for the general student of the Indonesian language and the professional linguist, this short descriptive grammar is a useful guide as a well as a point of departure for more intensive study.

Routledge English Language Introductions cover core areas of language study and are one-stop resources for students.
Assuming no prior knowledge, books in the Routledge English Language Introductions series offer an accessible overview of the subject, with activities, study questions, sample analyses, commentaries and key readings - all in the same volume. The innovative and flexible 'two-dimensional' structure is built around four sections - introduction, development, exploration and extension - which offer self-contained stages for study. Each topic can also be read across these sections, enabling the reader to build gradually on the knowledge gained.
Grammar and Vocabulary:
* covers the core areas of the subject: words and sentences, word classes, word structure, slots and fillers, sentence patterns, clause and phrase, grammar rules and vocabularies
* draws on a wide range of real texts from newspaper articles, adverts, poems and websites
* provides classic readings by key names in the discipline, such as Halliday, Quirk, Ayto and Trudgill.
This is an accessible and user-friendly textbook for all students of English language and linguistics.

Related link: www.routledge.com/textbooks/grammar

First Published in 2001. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Indonesian, the official language of Indonesia, is spoken by that nation's approximately 240 million inhabitants. A tropical paradise made up of about 13,000 islands, Indonesia annually receives more than 5 million foreign tourists. This title contains over 20,000 entries of essential, modern Indonesian. It is intended for travellers.

With more than 14 million speakers, Shanghainese is the most widespread member of the Wu family of Chinese dialects and the predominant language of the city of Shanghai and the Yangzi River delta. Distinct from and mutually unintelligible with the official Chinese dialect of Mandarin, Shanghainese is experiencing a revival both within Shanghai and throughout central China. Contains 4,000 dictionary entries, and also provides concise grammar and pronunciation sections.

The Beginner's Series is designed to meet the bilingual needs of the traveling businessperson, tourist, and student. These language lessons cover such common situations as: passing through customs, checking into a hotel, placing phone calls, going to the post office, and extending and accepting invitations. First learn about the country's history and culture, acquaint yourself with social customs, restaurant practices, and transportation systems. Then learn basic language skills, including vocabulary, grammar, and useful phrases that will have you communicating with natives and moving about feeely. Clear, easy to use, and insightful, the Beginner's Series will introduce you to the languages of the world.

As Lynn Visson explores in this fascinating book, sometimes simply knowing a language is not enough to ensure good communication. Speaking a language without understanding the culture in which it is spoken can lead to misunderstandings and miscommunication. This book explores the problems of language and culture facing both Russians speaking English and Americans speaking Russian. An introduction to the basic issues of the link between language and culture is followed by a discussion of the reasons for some common errors in Russian and English. Numerous practical examples help readers to understand the importance of cultural markers and signposts in both languages.

Using language - speaking and understanding it - is a defining ability of human beings, woven into all human activity. It is therefore inevitable that it should be deeply implicated in the design, production and use of buildings. Building legislation, design guides, competition and other briefs, architectural criticism, teaching and scholarly material, and the media all produce their characteristic texts.
The authors use texts about such projects as Berlin's new Reichstag, Scotland's new Parliament, and the Auschwitz concentration camp museum to clarify the interaction between texts, design, critical debate and response.

Containing almost 200 entries from 'accountability' to the 'Westminster model' the Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought explores all the ideas that matter to democracy past, present and future. It is destined to become the first port-of-call for all students, teachers and researchers of political science interested in democratic ideas, democratic practice, and the quality of democratic governance. The Encyclopedia provides extensive coverage of all the key concepts of democratic thought written by a stellar team of distinguished international contributors. The Encyclopedia draws on every tradition of democratic thought, as well as developing new thinking, in order to provide full coverage of the key democratic concepts and engage with their practical implications for the conduct of democratic politics in the world today. In this way, it brings every kind of democratic thinking to bear on the challenges facing contemporary democracies and on the possibilities of the democratic future. The Encyclopedia is global in scope and responds in detail to the democratic revolution of recent decades. Referring both to the established democratic states of Western Europe, North America and Australasia, and to the recent democracies of Latin America, Eastern and Central Europe, Africa and Asia, classical democratic concerns are related to new democracies, and to important changes in the older democracies. Supplemented by full bibliographical information, extensive cross-referencing and suggestions for further reading, the Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought is a unique work of reference combining the expertise of many of the world's leading political scientists, political sociologists and political philosophers. It will be welcomed as an essential resource for both teaching and for independent study, and as a solid starting point both for further research and wider exploration.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203422104

Corpus Perspectives on the Spoken Models used by EFL Teachers illustrates the key principles and practical guidelines for the design and exploitation of corpora for classroom-based research. Focusing on the nature of the spoken English used by L2 teachers, which serves as an implicit target model for learners alongside the curriculum model, this book brings an innovative perspective to the on-going academic debate concerning the models of spoken English that are taught today. Based on research carried out in the EFL classroom in Ireland, this book: explores issues and challenges that arise from the use of "non-standard" varieties of spoken English by teachers, alongside the use of Standard British English, and examines the controversies surrounding sociolinguistic approaches to the study of variation in spoken English; combines quantitative corpus linguistic investigations with qualitative functional discourse analytic approaches from pragmatics and SLA for classroom-based research; demonstrates the ways in which changing trends and perspectives surrounding spoken English may be filtering down to the classroom level. Drawing on a corpus of 60,000 words and highlighting strategies and techniques that can be applied by researchers and teachers to their own research context, this book is key reading for all pre- and in-service teachers of EFL as well as researchers in this field.

Series Information:
Interface

'It reads as freshly today as it did fifty years ago, when it surprised everyone with its originality and daring, an intriguing blend of personal insight and solid detective-work. If ever a word-book deserved to be called a classic, it is this.' - David Crystal

Contents:
Preface List of Abbreviations Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Morphologically-motivated phrase structures Chapter 3 The Relationship between the Conjunct Verb and the Complementizer Position Chapter 4 Wh -constructions Chapter 5 Negation Chapter 6 Raising Constructions Chapter 7 Summary and Questions Arising References Appendix 1: Abbreviations used in other author's work Appendix 2: Verb paradigms: Western Naskapi Independent Indicative Neutral and Conjunct Indicative Neutral Index

Suffixes, prefixes and other bound forms play a prominent part in the grammar of Burmese/Myanmar: they carry almost all the grammatical information contained in a sentence. This dictionary is a comprehensive list and account of those grammatical forms, providing a much needed supplement to the standard Burmese-English dictionaries, where the grammatical forms receive scant attention.

Suffixes, prefixes and other bound forms play a prominent part in the grammar of Burmese/Myanmar: they carry almost all the grammatical information contained in a sentence. This dictionary is a comprehensive list and account of those grammatical forms, providing a much needed supplement to the standard Burmese-English dictionaries, where the grammatical forms receive scant attention.

Though clinical aspects of epilepsy such as seizure control are crucially important to its management, increasing attention is being given to wider quality of life issues. Epilepsy continues to be an often misunderstood and stigmatising condition; for the vast majority of people whose seizures can be well controlled, the social and psychological repercussions are often of greater significance than the seizures themselves.
The increasing emphasis on the importance of non-clinical outcomes in the assessment of new treatments and management strategies for chronic conditions such as epilepsy has stimulated interest in methodological issues in assessing quality of life. This book reviews the recent literature on the impact of epilepsy on everyday experience and the methodological issues involved in assessing that impact. It also considers the perspectives of a range of health professionals involved in caring for people with epilepsy and how, through appropriate management, the impact on their lives can be minimised.

The Middle East and other Arabic-speaking regions are of central importance in the world today. This handy booklet, designed to be carried in one's pocket, presents the basics of reading and understanding Arabic script. It begins with an introduction to the alphabet and the pronunciation of Arabic characters. The book also features the rules of reading and writing the language, including reading direction, consonant-vowel elisions, and, of course, letter linkages or ligatures, notoriously the most difficult aspect of the script to learn. It is an essential tool for travellers, business-people, and military personnel in the Middle East and other places where Arabic is spoken.

Exam Board: AQA, Edexcel & Eduqas Level: AS/A-level Subject: Modern Languages First Teaching: September 2016 First Exam: June 2017 Film analysis made easy. Build your students' confidence in their language abilities and help them develop the skills needed to critique their chosen work: putting it into context, understanding the themes and director's technique, as well as specialist terminology. Breaking down each scene, character and theme in Au revoir les enfants (Goodbye, Children), this accessible guide will enable your students to understand the historical and social context of the film and give them the critical and language skills needed to write a successful essay. - Strengthen language skills with relevant grammar, vocab and writing exercises throughout - Aim for top marks by building a bank of textual examples and quotes to enhance exam response - Build confidence with knowledge-check questions at the end of every chapter - Revise effectively with pages of essential vocabulary and key mind maps throughout - Feel prepared for exams with advice on how to write an essay, plus sample essay questions, two levels of model answers and examiner commentary

The Chinese Lexicon is a detailed study of the words and word combinations used in modern Chinese.
Yip Po-Ching defines the general properties of a language's lexicon, or vocabulary, prior to a thorough discussion of the organizational features of the Chinese lexicon. Comparisons are made between Chinese and English, highlighting the similarities and differences between the two lexicons.
This fascinating work examines the relationships between word and meanings, and demonstrates the ability of language to combine continuity and change. It surpasses the scope of a dictionary and reveals the systematic nature of vocabulary.
Features include:
* a wealth of language examples
* clear comparisons between Chinese and English
* Chinese characters and pinyin romanization throughout
* comprehensive index.
The Chinese Lexicon surpasses the scope of a dictionary and reveals the systematic nature of vocabulary. It will prove an invaluable resource for all students and teachers of Chinese.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203442261

Fragmentation in Archaeology revolutionises archaeological studies of material culture, by arguing that the deliberate physical fragmentation of objects, and their (often structured) deposition, lies at the core of the archaeology of the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Copper Age of Central and Eastern Europe.
John Chapman draws on detailed evidence from the Balkans to explain such phenomena as the mass sherd deposition in pits and the wealth of artefacts found in the Varna cemetery to place the significance of fragmentation within a broad anthropological context.

Intermediate students and their teachers will find this compact manual an invaluable resource for essay-writing and debate in German. Thirty sections provide questions and vocabulary on a range of contemporary issues guaranteed to stimulate thought and discussion. Includes introductory notes on approaches to group work and writing strategies. Topics include:
*computers
*the environment
*young people
*war and peace
*the third world