Recent trends in syntax and morphology have shown the great importance of doing research on variation in closely related languages. This book centers on the study of the morphology and syntax of the two major Romance Languages spoken in Latin America from this perspective. The works presented here either compare Brazilian Portuguese with European Portuguese or compare Latin American Spanish and Peninsular Spanish, or simply compare Portuguese and its varieties with Spanish and its varieties. The chapters advance on a great variety of theoretical questions related to coordination, clitics , hyper-raising, infinitives, null objects, null subjects, hyper-raising, passives, quantifiers, pseudo-clefts, questions and distributed morphology. Finally, this book provides new empirical findings and enriches the descriptions made about Portuguese and Spanish Spoken in the Americas by providing new generalizations, new data and new statistical evidence that help better understand the nature of such variation. The studies contained in this book show a vast array of new phenomena in these young varieties, offering empirical and theoretical windows to language variation and change.

The History of the English Language has been a standard university course offering for over 150 years. Yet relatively little has been written about teaching a course whose very title suggests its prodigious chronological, geographic, and disciplinary scope. In the nineteenth century, History of the English Language courses focused on canonical British literary works. Since these early curricula were formed, the English language has changed, and so have the courses. In the twenty-first century, instructors account for the growing prominence of World Englishes as well as the English language's transformative relationship with the internet and social media. Approaches to Teaching the History of the English Language addresses the challenges and circumstances that the course's instructors and students commonly face. The volume reads as a series of "master classes" taught by experienced instructors who explain the pedagogical problems that inspired resourceful teaching practices. Although its chapters are authored by seasoned teachers, many of whom are preeminent scholars in their individual fields, the book is designed for instructors at any career stage-beginners and veterans alike. The topics addressed in Approaches to Teaching the History of the English Language include: the unique pedagogical dynamic that transpires in language study; the course's origins and relevance to current university curricula; scholarly approaches that can offer an abiding focus in a semester-long course; advice about navigating the course's formidable chronological ambit; ways to account for the language's many varieties; and the course's substantial and pedagogical relationship to contemporary multimedia platforms. Each chapter balances theory and practice, explaining in detail activities, assignments, or discussion questions ready for immediate use by instructors.

In the context of Black Lives Matter, decolonizing initiatives, #MeToo, climate emergency protests and other movements for social and environmental justice, this volume posits a simple question: how can modern languages be taught so that they challenge rather than reinforce social inequalities? Informed by interdisciplinary theories, Critical Pedagogies for Modern Language Education focuses on practical discussions of case studies in areas directly relevant to the classroom contexts of modern languages educators. The volume transforms modern language educators and the modern language profession by putting the politics of language teaching at the centre of its analysis. With case studies covering 12 languages (Modern Standard Arabic, Dutch, English, French, German, Levantine, Mandarin, Portuguese, Spanish, Swahili, Swedish, Tamazight) across 14 countries and regions (Austria, Brazil, China, France, Italy, Kenya, the Levant, Morocco, the Netherlands, Palestine, Spain, Sweden, the UK, and the USA), the contributors cover a wide range of theories, including critical discourse analysis, activist pedagogies, culturally sustaining pedagogy, linguistic justice and translanguaging. With student-teacher collaboration at its heart, critical modern languages pedagogy unmasks the ideologies and hegemonies that lie behind mainstream language use and affirms the value of minority linguistic and cultural practices. The volume thus provides transformative approaches to modern languages teaching and learning that respond to the key social concerns of the 21st century.

This book addresses a significant gap in the research literature on transitions across the school years: the continuities and discontinuities in school literacy education and their implications for practice. Across different curriculum domains, and using social semiotic, ethnographic, and conversation-analytic approaches, the contributors investigate key transition points for individual students' literacy development, elements of literacy knowledge that are at stake at each of these points, and variability in students' experiences. Grounding its discussion in classroom voices, experiences and texts, this book reveals literacy-specific curriculum demands and considers how teachers and students experience and account for these evolving demands. The contributors include a number of established names (such as Freebody, Derewianka, Myhill, Rowsell, Moje and Lefstein), as well as emerging scholars gaining increasing recognition in the field. They draw out implications for how literacy development is theorized in school curriculum and practice, teacher education, further research and policy formation. In addition, each section of the book features a summary from an international scholar who draws together key ideas from the section and relates these to their current thinking. They deploy a range of different theoretical and methodological approaches in order to bring rich yet complementary perspectives to bear on the issue of literacy transition.

Population diversity is becoming more prevalent globally with increasing immigration, emigration, and refugee placement. These circumstances increase the likelihood that a child will be raised speaking a different language in the home than the common language used in each country. This necessitates the development of comprehensive strategies that promote second language learning through the adoption of new technological advancements. New Technological Applications for Foreign and Second Language Learning and Teaching is a scholarly publication that explores how the latest technologies have the potential to engage foreign and second language learners both within and outside the language classroom and to facilitate language learning and teaching in the target language. Highlighting a range of topics such as learning analytics, digital games, and telecollaboration, this book is ideal for teachers, instructional designers, curriculum developers, IT consultants, educational software developers, language learning specialists, academicians, administrators, professionals, researchers, and students.

Many research studies show that the use of technology inside and outside classrooms makes teaching and learning more engaging and motivating. Technology can provide learners with endless opportunities, for instance, it can (a) improve the learners' learning experience; (b) simplify access to educational resources; (c) enhance the learners' autonomous learning; meet the learners' individual learning needs, and (d) prepare the learners for future career success when using it to foster the 21st-century skills. However, the range and number of technologies currently available can yield challenges for educators if they do not know how to effectively integrate them into their teaching pedagogy. Therefore, this book, Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) explores language with technology focusing on English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context and sharing with educators everywhere how the effective use of technology can bring a positive transformation to the class dynamics and the students' learning process. With that being said, to professionally assist learners master all of the four language skills; learners need to be able to communicate in the target language fluently. This, of course, involves developing the learners' language proficiency through interactions and providing them with authentic opportunities for learning that go beyond repetition and memorization of grammatical patterns in isolation. To assist language learners in mastering these sets of competencies, they need to be given the opportunities to understand and use the language appropriately and to communicate in authentic social environments using a variety of well-planned activities. The effective integration of technology in language teaching and learning could support achieving the above-mentioned competencies and more. Luckily, there are many useful and easy to use educational technology tools that are available for all language teachers, educators, and learners to use during class time and/or independently. These tools are increasing rabidly that teachers might feel intimated and choose to avoid learning about them and integrating them in their teaching pedagogy and instead they would feel comfortable keeping with the traditional methods of teaching. Therefore, in this book, CALL experts will provide language teachers with some useful and easy to use technology tools for teaching and learning; support the recommendation with practical ideas such as mini-lesson plans to leverage the use of that specific technology; and promote all or any of the learners' 21st-century skills, e.g., building strong interpersonal communication skills, working as effective team players, thinking and creating in an innovative way, thinking critically about what they are doing and learning and more. The book is intended for all language teachers and educators, language program directors and administrators, Computer Assisted Language (CALL) coaches, university professors, instructional technology coaches, language instructional technology specialists, and all graduate and undergraduate students who are interested in teaching language through technology. Each chapter should include practical tips and ideas to support best practices for each soft skill and language strand with the use of technology.

This book explains why and how drama works as an enjoyable, social, and emotionally engaging way for young people and adults to learn and use a second language within imagined worlds and develop their 21st century skills. A flexible teachers' toolbox of drama strategies is offered and guidance on how to start using drama for learning with language students. Each strategy is presented in detail and used within the exemplar lessons. The authors refer to relevant educational, psychological and neurological theories and cite research that helps account for drama's efficacy in motivating talk and supporting second language acquisition, whilst developing important life skills such as communication, collaboration, critical thinking, creativity and resilience.

Over the last few decades, the use of virtual technologies in education, including foreign/second language instruction, has developed into a substantial field of study. Through virtual technologies, language learners can develop metacognitive and metalinguistic skills, and they can practice the language by interacting with real/virtual users or virtual objects, a very important issue for language learners who have no or little contact with native or target language speakers outside the classroom. Assessing the Effectiveness of Virtual Technologies in Foreign and Second Language Instruction provides emerging research exploring the theoretical and practical aspects of virtual technologies and applications in engaging language learners both within and outside the classroom. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as game-based learning, online classrooms, and learning management systems, this publication is ideally designed for academicians, researchers, scholars, educators, graduate-level students, software developers, instructional designers, linguists, and education administrators seeking current research on how virtual technologies can be utilized and interpreted methodologically in virtual classroom settings.

Despite their removal from England's National Curriculum in 1988, and claims of elitism, Latin and Greek are increasingly re-entering the 'mainstream' educational arena. Since 2012, there have been more students in state-maintained schools in England studying classical subjects than in independent schools, and the number of schools offering Classics continues to rise in the state-maintained sector. The teaching and learning of Latin and Greek is not, however, confined to the classroom: community-based learning for adults and children is facilitated in newly established regional Classics hubs in evenings and at weekends, in universities as part of outreach, and even in parks and in prisons. This book investigates the motivations of teachers and learners behind the rise of Classics in the classroom and in communities, and explores ways in which knowledge of classical languages is considered valuable for diverse learners in the 21st century. The role of classical languages within the English educational policy landscape is examined, as new possibilities exist for introducing Latin and Greek into school curricula. The state of Classics education internationally is also investigated, with case studies presenting the status quo in policy and practice from Australasia, North America, the rest of Europe and worldwide. The priorities for the future of Classics education in these diverse locations are compared and contrasted by the editors, who conjecture what strategies are conducive to success.

A reflective teacher as a growth-minded person seeks opportunities to continue professional development. Reflection not only ignites a teacher's desire for improvement, but also inspires continuous learning. Through an accurate grasp of self-assessment, confidence, self-appraisal, a reflective practitioner can plant the seeds of effective teaching. This book aims to guide EFL teachers to teach language reflectively and effectively. It includes two parts, the first focuses on the SLA theories and their impact on language teaching and the second centers on the reflective and effective teaching of language components and skills. The editors hope this book will be helpful to those wishing to become effective teachers since this results in nurturing learners' cravings to learn in a safe and supportive environment. Contributors are: Maryam Azarnoosh, Anne Burns, Graham V. Crookes, Michael R.W. Dawson, Richard R. Day, Akram Faravani, Dorothy Gillmeister, Christine C. M. Goh, Hamid Reza Kargozari, John M. Levis, John I. Liontas, Shawn Loewen, Parviz Maftoon, Jennifer Majorana, Shannon McCrocklin, Hossein Nassaji, Ulugbek Nurmukhamedov, Luke Plonsky, Nima Shakouri, Jun Tian, Laurens Vandergrift, Constance Weaver, and Mitra Zeraatpishe.

Shortlisted for the UK Literacy Association's Academic Book Award 2021 There is an increasing trend in teachers using graphic novels to get their students excited about reading and writing, using both original stories and adaptations of classic works by authors such as Homer, Shakespeare, and the Brontes. However, there is surprisingly little research available about which pedagogies and classroom practices are proven to be effective. This book draws on cutting-edge research, surveys and classroom observations to provide a set of effective methods for teaching with graphic novels in the secondary English language arts classroom. These methods can be applied to a broad base of uses ranging from understanding literary criticism, critical reading, multimodal composition, to learning literary devices like foreshadowing and irony. The book begins by looking at what English language arts teachers hope to achieve in the classroom. It then considers the affordances and constraints of using graphic novels to achieve these specific goals, using some of the most successful graphic novels as examples, including Maus; Persepolis; The Nameless City; and American Born Chinese and series such as Manga Shakespeare. Finally, it helps the teacher navigate through the planning process to figure out how to best use graphic novels in their own classroom. Drawing on their extensive teaching experience, the authors offer examples from real classrooms, suggested lesson plans, and a list of teachable graphic novels organized by purpose of teaching.

This book brings together studies from Georgia, Germany, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, South Korea, and the UK which explore links between policy and practice in language teaching in the twentieth century. The 14 contributions set out to expand the remit of 'grounded history' within the field of History of Language Learning and Teaching (HoLLT) by focusing on language teaching policies and linking these to practices and to contexts, situating policy formulation in particular contexts on the one hand, and exploring the relationship between policy and practice on the other. In this sense, the book shows how the theories, policy pronouncements, curricula, textbooks, and overall teaching approaches which tend to feature in most histories of language teaching always emerge from particular, researchable contexts, and, in the other direction, are interpreted and responded to in practice, again, in particular contexts. In this way, we hope to contribute a context-based perspective that highlights diversity of practices, in opposition to received views that language teaching methodology is 'universal' and context-free.

The theories and practices of teaching and learning English as a first or additional language within the context of the multilingual South African classroom as set out in the national curriculum. Includes practical examples and teaching strategies. Aimed at helping teachers working in any phase to understand the principles of language teaching, especially as the traditional distinctions of first and second language speakers have blurred.

Whilst the promotion of Intercultural Communicative Competence (ICC) is described as the main aim of foreign language pedagogy in Germany, its development from a performative-linguistic perspective lacks in research. To address this issue, this book argues that an extension of Byram's model of ICC to encompass a further newly-developed savoir is necessary. Savoir agir makes explicit the interplay of intercultural and communicative competences present in the model and foregrounds its embodiment in ad-hoc oral interaction. Furthermore, the book emphasises the potential of methods derived from Improvisational Theatre for developing savoir agir in the language classroom. The second part of the book presents a longitudinal, two-year mixed-methods action-research study in which improvisational tasks were designed and implemented on a regular basis in four English classes with the aim of promoting savoir agir.

This book is intended for readers who seek information on issues related to plurilingualism and the integration of subject content teaching with additional languages such as heritage, autochthonous, regional and foreign languages that are taught in school contexts. The book provides information on recent theoretical and pedagogical paradigm shifts in applied linguistics and highlights the links between research, theory and pedagogy. It provides a comprehensive review of concepts and epistemologies related to AL pedagogies and plurilingualism. The last part of the book presents various interaction types used in AL classrooms and proposes interaction analysis as a research method and teacher education tool.

Even though many pre-service and in-service teacher programs now address information and computer technology, computer- assisted language learning (CALL) teacher education is still reported as inadequate. Why is this? This book elaborates on some of the existing concerns and through deft analysis of longitudinal data begins to piece together a future road map for CALL teacher education. The book adopts a sociocultural approach, based on the principle that teaching (and learning how to teach) is a long term, complex developmental process that operates through participation in social practices that come with the territory. Euline Cutrim Schmid highlights the need for situated and localized learning, pre-service and in-service collaboration and collaborative peer-assisted learning. Above all of this, the book recommends and proves the efficacy of socially aware and professional reflective practice. This is an essential sociolinguistic take on the computer learning revolution.

This book explores the construct of language in use, specifically as operationalised through different item types in the Austrian Matura (school-leaving exam). Empirical research on some of these item types is scarce. The author reports on a mixed-methods study. The theoretical frameworks employed are Purpura's (2004) model of language ability and Weir's (2005) socio-cognitive framework. The findings suggest that the tasks under investigation assess grammatical form and meaning at the sub-sentential and sentential level. Different item types were also found to target different elements of lexicogrammatical competence. The study contributes to understanding the nature of language in use and sheds light on the application of the socio-cognitive framework to the validation of language in use tasks.

Building on and updating some of the issues addressed in Starting to Teach Latin, Steven Hunt provides a guide for novice and more experienced teachers of Latin in schools and colleges, who work with adapted and original Latin prose texts from beginners' to advanced levels. It draws extensively on up-to-date theories of second language development and on multiple examples of the practices of real teachers and students. Hunt starts with a detailed look at deductive, inductive and active teaching methods, which support teachers in making the best choices for their students' needs and for their own personal preferences, but goes on to organise the book around the principles of listening, reading, speaking and writing Latin. It is designed to be informative, experimental and occasionally provocative. The book closes with two chapters of particular contemporary interest: 'Access, Diversity and Inclusion' investigates how the subject community is meeting the challenge of teaching Latin more equitably in today's schools; and 'The Future' offers some thoughts on lessons that have been learnt from the experiences of online teaching practices during the Covid-19 lockdowns. Practical examples, extensive references and a companion website at www.stevenhuntclassics.com are included. Teachers of Latin will find this book an invaluable tool inside and outside of the classroom.

Processing Instruction is an approach to grammar instruction for second language learning, contrasting with traditional grammar instruction in its focus on structured input rather than learners' output. This book compares student assessment after traditional grammar instruction and after Processing Instruction to assess the positive benefits of this method of second language teaching. Rather than examining sentence-level tasks, the study looks at the relative effectiveness of Processing Instruction on discourse-level linguistic ability. Case studies using empirical data from second language learners of Japanese, Italian and English are used to highlight the benefits to the learner of this method of enhanced input. This monograph will be of interest to postgraduates and academics researching second language acquisition and applied linguistics.

Shortlisted for the UK Literacy Association's Academic Book Award 2021 This volume explores the literacy education master's degree program developed at Universidad de Guadalajara in Jalisco, Mexico, with the aim of addressing the nation's emerging social, economic, technological, and political needs. Developing the program required taking into account the cultural diversity, historical economic disparities, indigenous and colonial cultures, and power inequities of the Mexican nation. These conditions have produced economic structures that maintain the status quo that concentrates wealth and opportunity in the hands of the very few, creating challenges for the education and economic life for the majority of the population. The program advocates providing tools for youth to critique and change their surroundings, while also learning the codes of power that provide them a repertoire of navigational means for producing satisfying lives. Rather than arguing that the program can be replicated or taken to scale in different contexts, the editors focus on how their process of looking inward to consider Mexican cultures enabled them to develop an appropriate educational program to address Mexico's historically low literacy rates. They show that if all teaching and learning is context-dependent, then focusing on the process of program development, rather than on the outcomes that may or may not be easily applied to other settings, is appropriate for global educators seeking to provide literacy teacher education grounded in national concerns and challenges. The volume provides a process model for developing an organic program designed to address needs in a national context, especially one grounded in both colonial and heritage cultures and one in which literacy is understood as a tool for social critique, redress, advancement, and equity.