Advances in Virus Research, Volume 108, in this ongoing series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters on topics including Virus infections of the developing brain, Geminivirus assembly, Flavivirus assembly, Cell-cell transmission, Archael virus assembly, Potyvirus assembly, Poxvirus assembly and exit, Mycovirus assembly, Reo/orbivirus assembly and exit, Giant virus assembly, Quasi-enveloped virus assembly/exit, and Betaherpesvirus assembly and exit.

Food Applications of Nanotechnology, Volume 88, consolidates the literature on recent developments in nanotechnology, addressing production, safety and nutritional aspects pertaining to foods and nutraceuticals. Chapters in this new release include Assembled protein nanoparticles in food and nutrition applications, Nano-scale carbohydrate Materials in food/nutrition/agricultural applications, Nanotechnology-based colloidal delivery systems in foods, Electrospinning and Electrospraying in food, Bioavailability of nanotechnology-based bioactives and nutraceuticals, and more.

Natural gums are polysaccharides consisting of multiple sugar units linked together via glycosidic linkages. Most natural gums reveal appropriate safety for oral consumption in the form of food additives or drug carriers. Challenges related to the utilization of natural polysaccharides, however, include uncontrolled rates of hydration, pH dependent solubility, viscosity reduction during storage, and weak interfacial properties. Modification provides an efficient route for not only removing such drawbacks but also improving physicochemical properties, such as solubility, viscosity and swelling index, and introducing new properties for varied applications.This book provides a comprehensive review of the various modifications on gums to make them suitable for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The book is divided in four parts: an introduction to natural gums followed by in-depth coverage of chemical modification, physical modification, and enzymatic modification of gums. Each chapter includes reaction mechanisms, physicochemical properties, rheological properties, interfacial properties, applications and future perspectives. Presenting a succinct account on gum modification from a practical point of view, this book is a helpful reference for academic and industrial scientists and engineers in food technology, materials chemistry, pharmaceuticals, chemical, industrial, and applied engineering, biochemistry, and biopolymers.

This text comprehensively covers the rituals, traditions and receipts of ancestral processes of bread making from multiple countries, including the scientific and technological character of the science of bread making and sourdough biotechnology. Individual chapters cover the scientific aspects of bread making in different cultures and traditions as well as the technological phenomena occurring during the bread making process, utilizing the full network of SOURDOMICS from the COST initiative. Pictures and illustrations are used to explain the science behind bread making processes and the cultural, historical and traditional elements associated with bread making in multiple countries. Authored by bread making experts from the breadth of Europe, the process of bread fermentation in each country and region is covered in detail. The traditions surrounding bread making are simply the empirical know-how passed between generations, and this book's main purpose is to perpetuate these traditions and know-how. Provides a description of the culture of European peoples with respect to the technology of bread making and sourdough biotechnology; Explains the process of bread fermentation using simple language combined with scientific rigor; High quality pictures and illustrations enrich the scientific and cultural elements mentioned in each chapter.

Extremophiles are organisms that live in extreme conditions. Their ability of surviving in extreme environments is due to their unique physiological and genetic adaptations. Extremophiles are harnessed for their extremozymes that have wide applications in biotechnology, pharmaceutics and industry. Recent developments in genomics and proteomics have helped unravel the mechanism of survival, physiological adaptation and genomics structure of extremophiles. This book covers the latest developments in understanding the physiology and biochemistry of extremophiles. It gives a complete idea about the microorganisms in these groups along with their biotechnological applications and also discusses the molecular genomics and molecular aspects of the extremophiles. It also presents detailed aspects related to newer applications of extremophiles in the industry will also be covered. The study of extremophiles is gaining wide interest and this book bridges the critical gap in knowledge related to extremophiles. This book is essential to anyone who is interested in studying the microbiology, biochemistry and application of these microorganisms.

The present book embodies 15 s viz. Preparation of different liquid and solid media, isolation techniques for soil, air, water and seed borne microbes, micrometry, microbial growth, Ames test, assay of antibiotics, antibiotics sensitivity test, bacterial transformation, IMVIC test, growth curve of coliphage, culture techniques from body fluids, acid and alcoholic fermentation and each of which includes protocol of several microbiological practicals prescribed in the syllabi of graduate and post graduate courses of microbiology, biochemistry and biotechnology. Besides these, the book also contains the methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis of air, soil and water borne pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes and agriculturally important microbes. Authors have prepared this MS with a view to provide laboratory techniques to all categories of UG and PG students to carryout laboratory assignments prescribed in their syllabi. For the convenience and better understanding, most of the methods have been described with help of flow chart and sketches. Authors are confident that the present book will certainly be very useful to learn and handle different type of microbiological experiments in the laboratory.

The book is written in a very simple and lucid manner so that everybody can read and understand it very easily. The book is useful for scientists, teachers, students, officers, diagnosticians and laboratory technicians as cell culture has become an essential and indispensable tool in many branches of life sciences and application of cell culture is getting increased exponentially day by day in various fields of biological and medical research arena. This book will provide detailed information on all the aspects of the cell culture starting from establishment of a cell culture laboratory, primary culture, secondary culture, media filtration, collection, preservation and dispatch of samples for diagnosis of viral diseases, cell line authentication and characterization, contamination and curing, cryopreservation of cells and revival of cells besides description on ELISA, SNT, virus titration etc. In my opinion, this book will be extremely useful to the persons who are directly and indirectly involved in cell culture work for various biological experiments. Finally, students and examinees can enrich their knowledge on cell culture from the book and can face any challenge easily and confidently. s on the latest developments on biotechnological approaches for fish disease diagnostic, infection and immunity of brood carps, cryoconservation of fishes, probiotics and nanotechnology in aquaculture are of paramount interest, in addition to information on prawn aquaculture, ornamental fish farming and trade. Information on various software and their application for exploratory data analysis and data mining leading to knowledge discovery and visualization is the main attraction of the book. Another important feature of the book is that one can find appropriate as well as illustrated examples exclusively with fisheries data. The statistics section includes biometrical and qualitative techniques in genetics and selective breeding of fish, besides fundamental statistical test, design of experiments and sampling methods for planning of experiments and survey in fisheries and aquaculture research. The book also includes econometric approach for technical efficiency estimation and input-output analysis, project evaluation, and impact assessment, linear programming, market intelligence, fisheries legislation, policy and IPR issues all of which are new in the field of fisheries and aquaculture.

This book provides an in-depth overview on the manifold functions of fungal extracellular vesicles (EV) which span from cell-to-cell communication, pathogenicity and stimulation of host's immunity to export of hundreds of biomolecules. The book summarizes the present knowledge on the impact of extracellular vesicles on fungal biology. Extracellular vesicles participate in fundamental biological processes in all living cells but only during the last 15 years the production and functions of EVs were identified and studied in fungal species too. Up to date more than 50 independent studies have shown that extracellular vesicles are produced by at least 20 fungal species. The book addresses researchers and advanced students in Microbiology, Mycology and Biotechnology.

The book begins with fossil record of cyanobacteria and gives comprehensive treatment of antibacterial activity of cyanobacteria based on extensive research done by the authoIt also highlights the other aspects of biological activity like anti-fungal, anti-HIV, proteinase inhibitor, anti-mycobacterial, anti-helmintics, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and anti-cancer characteristics of cyanobacteria. Based on nine cyanobacterial spp. Anabaena variabilis, Anabaena fertilissima, Nostoc muscorum, Nostoc punctiforme, Nostoc linckia, Nostoc commune, Spirulina platensis, Westiellopsis prolifica and Hapalosiphon sp., monograph provides information regarding application of cyanobacteria. All the experiments are represented in a simple language with explanatory diagrams. The volume also provides a glossary of technical terms used and about more than 200 references and index are in the end for the convenience of reade The book would be useful for the research students and teachers of the universities and colleges who want to study microbiology, medicine and pharmaceutical sciences with respect to antibacterial effects. It will also be useful for the pharmaceutical industries for research and development R&D related to drug discovery. The book would be useful for the research students and teachers of the universities and colleges who want to study microbiology, medicine and pharmaceutical sciences with respect to antibacterial effects. It will also be useful for the pharmaceutical industries for research and development R&D related to drug discovery."

This book introduces the Chinese boletes, including the history, ecological and economic values, as well as the geographical distribution patterns with a highlight on the Tylopilus species. Species in Tylopilus s.l. are not only of important ecological values but also of scientific interests. They are very diverse in morphology, complex in structure and wide in ecological niches. China is one of the diverse hotspots of boletes, and many boletes were traditionally treated as members of Tylopilus based on hymenophore or spore-print colour. The studies revealed that the traditionally defined Tylopilus is polyphyletic. This book aims to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among the genera treated in Tylopilus s.l. previously; to delimit and recognize the taxa, and finally to reveal the diversity of the genera and species of Tylopilus s.l. in China. The book is intended to be a reference for biologists who conduct investigations of biological resources and biodiversity; university and college teachers and students carrying out studies in related fields; mycologists and amateur mycologists, or people who interested in mushrooms taxonomy and systematics; and workers in the development of non-timber forest products.

Somatic genome manipulation is required when a sexual crossing approach cannot be used in breeding or genetic treatment of an individual organism. Examples can include gene- or cell-therapy of a person to correct disease, genetic improvement of vegetatively propagated plants, and genetic replacement of cytoplasm without significantly modifying the nuclear genome. The advantage of somatic genome manipulation is maintenance of the general genotype while correcting one or more traits. Somatic genome manipulation is also an option for genetic improvement of sexually propagated plants in polyploidy breeding or in overcoming issues of sexual incompatibility. Recent novel technologies in somatic genome manipulation are developing quickly but much of this literature is fragmented and difficult or inconvenient to access. This book represents the first attempt to assemble updated reviews, detailed protocols, and their applications in all fields in which somatic genome manipulation has thrived. This is a truely one-of-a-kind work that brings together the most important and relevant advances in somatic genome manipulation in plants, algae, microorganisms, humans and animals, and demonstrates where the science interacts and where it diverges. The chapters are written by experts on the topic with ready-to-use protocols that were originally developed or adapted from the literature in their laboratories. We expect that this book will be useful for students, researchers, and teachers in both plant and animal research as a resource for the latest information on somatic genome manipulation and for its useful laboratory methods.

Microorganisms are ubiquitous and indispensable for the existence of mankind. They show diversity in size, shape, metabolism and the range of positive functions they perform for sustaining the life on this planet. Bacteria have been exploited by the mankind since times immemorial for the production of various foods and enzymes. They reveal several types of metabolic reactions which are absent in eukaryotic organisms. The present book highlights the potential of microorganisms in solving the global energy crisis. Presently, the world is facing energy crisis due to depleting fossil fuels which are expected to get exhausted during the next 50 yeaOne of the alternative energy resources for the new millennium is expected to be the renewable energy including biomass from which a variety of biofuels can be obtained by the exploitation of microbes. This volume has been organized in 13 s which have been prepared to provide the readers with both an in-depth study and a broad perspective of microorganisms for sustainability of mankind. Further, it makes the readers familiar with the diversity in energy generating pathways among different groups of microorganisms and different types of biomass energy resources available on this planet and the various possibilities which can be exploited for converting these in to alternate energy sources with the help of microbes. A great effort has been made to provide the readers a comprehensive knowledge about different alternative fuels and value added products from microbes for the 21st century. It is hoped that this volume will prove useful to the students and professionals who are pursuing their career in Microbiology, Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Environmental sciences and Energy studies related to the alternate biofuels to solve the global energy crisis.