Electromagnetic vibration transducers are seen as an effective way of harvesting ambient energy for the supply of sensor monitoring systems. Different electromagnetic coupling architectures have been employed but no comprehensive comparison with respect to their output performance has been carried out up to now. "Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvesting Devices" introduces an optimization approach which is applied to determine optimal dimensions of the components (magnet, coil and back iron). Eight different commonly applied coupling architectures are investigated. The results show that correct dimensions are of great significance for maximizing the efficiency of the energy conversion. A comparison yields the architectures with the best output performance capability which should be preferably employed in applications. A prototype development is used to demonstrate how the optimization calculations can be integrated into the design-flow." Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvesting Devices" targets the designer of electromagnetic vibration transducers who wishes to have a greater in-depth understanding for maximizing the output performance.

Discrete-Time Inverse Optimal Control for Nonlinear Systems proposes a novel inverse optimal control scheme for stabilization and trajectory tracking of discrete-time nonlinear systems. This avoids the need to solve the associated Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation and minimizes a cost functional, resulting in a more efficient controller. Design More Efficient Controllers for Stabilization and Trajectory Tracking of Discrete-Time Nonlinear Systems The book presents two approaches for controller synthesis: the first based on passivity theory and the second on a control Lyapunov function (CLF). The synthesized discrete-time optimal controller can be directly implemented in real-time systems. The book also proposes the use of recurrent neural networks to model discrete-time nonlinear systems. Combined with the inverse optimal control approach, such models constitute a powerful tool to deal with uncertainties such as unmodeled dynamics and disturbances. Learn from Simulations and an In-Depth Case Study The authors include a variety of simulations to illustrate the effectiveness of the synthesized controllers for stabilization and trajectory tracking of discrete-time nonlinear systems. An in-depth case study applies the control schemes to glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, to calculate the adequate insulin delivery rate required to prevent hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia levels. The discrete-time optimal and robust control techniques proposed can be used in a range of industrial applications, from aerospace and energy to biomedical and electromechanical systems. Highlighting optimal and efficient control algorithms, this is a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and students working in nonlinear system control.

The merging of the concept of introduction of asymmetry of the wave vector space of the charge carriers in semiconductors with the modern techniques of fabric- ing nanostructured materials such as MBE, MOCVD, and FLL in one, two, and three dimensions (such as ultrathin ?lms, nipi structures, inversion and accumu- tion layers, quantum well superlattices, carbon nanotubes, quantum wires, quantum wire superlattices, quantumdots, magnetoinversionand accumulationlayers, qu- tum dot superlattices, etc. ) spawns not only useful quantum effect devices but also unearth new concepts in the realm of nanostructured materials science and related disciplines. It is worth remaking that these semiconductor nanostructures occupy a paramount position in the entire arena of low-dimensional science and technology by their own right and ?nd extensive applications in quantum registers, resonant tunneling diodes and transistors, quantum switches, quantum sensors, quantum logic gates, heterojunction ?eld-effect, quantum well and quantum wire trans- tors, high-speed digital networks, high-frequency microwave circuits, quantum cascade lasers, high-resolution terahertz spectroscopy, superlattice photo-oscillator, advanced integrated circuits, superlattice photocathodes, thermoelectric devices, superlattice coolers, thin ? lm transistors, intermediate-band solar cells, micro- tical systems, high-performanceinfrared imaging systems, bandpass ?lters, thermal sensors, optical modulators, optical switching systems, single electron/molecule electronics, nanotube based diodes, and other nanoelectronic devices.

The 2016 International Conference on Advances in Energy and Environment Research (ICAEER 2016) took place on August 12-14, 2016 in Guangzhou, China. ICAEER 2016 has been a meeting place for innovative academics and industrial experts in the field of energy and environment research. The primary goal of the conference is to promote research and developmental activities in energy and environment research and further to promote scientific information exchange between researchers, developers, engineers, students, and practitioners working all around the world. The conference will be organized every year making it an ideal platform for people to share views and experiences in energy and environment research and related areas. ICAEER 2016 is dedicated to presenting and publishing novel and fundamental advances in energy and environment research fields. Scholars and specialists on ICAEER 2016, originating from over 10 countries or regions, have shared their knowledge and interesting research results. During the conference, an international stage was prepared for the participants to present their theoretical studies and practical applications.

Smart distribution networks are one of the key research topics of countries looking to modernise electric power networks. Smart Electricity Distributions Networks aims to provide a basic discussion of the smart distribution concept and new technologies related to it, including distributed energy resources (DERs), demand side integration, microgrids, CELL and virtual power plants. With writing from leading contributors in the field of smart distribution networks, this volume discusses different concepts within the field as well as the best methods to analyse smart distribution systems to provide a cohesive overview of issues relating to Smart Grid and related technologies. This book will be valuable to those with an interest in understanding the technologies and performance of smart distribution networks as well as engaging with the wider debate over the future Smart Grid.

This book provides an original analysis of the problems facing global governance and in particular that of one of the most globalised of all industries - shipping. Central to all global trade and its dramatic growth, shipping faces difficulties of governance stemming from its every globalised nature. The current characteristics of global governance - nation-state fixation, anachronistic institutions, inadequate stakeholder involvement and an over-domination of owner interests are dwarfed by the problems of stasis and fixation which means that policies to address problems of safety, the environment and security are inadequate. This book provides a full and wide ranging discussion of how governance can be animated in a global context so that the dynamism of the maritime industry and its problems can be prevented, regulated and understood. Its unique approach to governance makes it essential reading for all maritime policy-makers and those analysing maritime issues, alongside those with an interest in governance in its widest sense.

This book presents to the design engineer the transducers and measurement techniques available, and evaluates their features and drawbacks. It is written for the instrument and systems designer, not the theoretician.

Electricity Economics: Production Functions with Electricity studies the production output from analyzing patterns of electricity consumption. Since electricity data can be used to measure scenarios of economic performance due to its accuracy and reliability, it could therefore also be used to help scholars explore new research frontiers that directly and indirectly benefits human society. Our research initially explores a similar pattern to substitute the Cobb-Douglas function with the production function with electricity to track and forecast economic activities. The book systematically introduces the theoretical frameworks and mathematical models of economics from the perspective of electricity consumption. The E-GDP functions are presented for case studies of more than 20 developed and developing countries. These functions also demonstrate substantial similarities between human DNA and production functions with electricity in terms of four major characteristics, namely replication, mutation, uniqueness, and evolution. Furthermore, the book includes extensive data and case studies on the U.S., China, Japan, etc. It is intended for scientists, engineers, financial professionals, policy makers, consultants, and anyone else with a desire to study electricity economics as well as related applications. Dr. Zhaoguang Hu is the vice president and chief energy specialist at the State Grid Energy Research Institute, China. Zheng Hu is a PhD candidate at the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, University of Delaware, USA.

This new edition covers a wide area from transients in power systems-including the basic theory, analytical calculations, EMTP simulations, computations by numerical electromagnetic analysis methods, and field test results-to electromagnetic disturbances in the field on EMC and control engineering. Not only does it show how a transient on a single-phase line can be explained from a physical viewpoint, but it then explains how it can be solved analytically by an electric circuit theory. Approximate formulas, which can be calculated by a pocket calculator, are presented so that a transient can be analytically evaluated by a simple hand calculation. Since a real power line is three-phase, this book includes a theory that deals with a multi-phase line for practical application. In addition, methods for tackling a real transient in a power system are introduced. This new edition contains three completely revised and updated chapters, as well as two new chapters on grounding and numerical methods.

The utility sector's transition to renewable energy and the smart grid has already begun. The first step towards smart grid is microgrid, which is a smaller electricity grid with access to all the essential assets of a larger grid. This book provides a glimpse into an actual microgrid project. It supplies a system-level approach to the design of smart Microgrids, covering the entire design process-from roadmap to realization. Detailing lessons learned and pitfalls to avoid in Microgrid technology, the book provides an interdisciplinary approach to design and problem solving for smart microgrids.

This book highlights the latest research in the field of Sustainable Aviation. In recent decades, there have been considerable improvements in aircraft efficiency and noise reduction. However, with the demand for both passenger and freight transportation expected to increase significantly in future years, the aviation sector is becoming a growing source of environmental problems and a major contributor to global warming. Focusing on the need to address this mounting problem, this book discusses important new trends and outlines likely future developments in carbon emission reduction, carbon trading, and the impact of emerging technologies, as well as social, legal, and regulatory changes as they pertain to the aviation sector. The book offers an invaluable reference guide for practitioners, regulators, academics, and students alike, in fields ranging from business and engineering to the social sciences. It can be used as a textbook, and will benefit anyone interested in the future of aviation and our planet.

In this book, first published in 1965, the authors identify the technological opportunities and costs of water recirculation and water quality adjustment in thermal plants, relating them to the possibilities for minimal expenditure and maximum efficiency in the use of water for servicing an entire region with thermal power. Water Demand for Steam Electric Generation will be of interest to students of environmental studies.

Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS): Newton Power-Flow Modeling of Voltage-Sourced Converter-Based Controllers introduces different voltage-sourced converter (VSC)-based FACTS controllers and VSC-based high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) systems and their working principles, explaining how FACTS controllers exchange real and reactive power with systems. Subsequently, the book: Describes the Newton-Raphson method and its application for solving the power-flow problem Presents the Newton power-flow modeling of the static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), unified power-flow controller (UPFC), interline power-flow controller (IPFC), generalized unified power-flow controller (GUPFC), and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), accommodating the practical device constraint limits (because of the unique modeling strategy, the existing Newton power-flow codes can be reused) Develops a unified Newton power-flow model of AC systems incorporating multiterminal VSC-HVDC systems with pulse-width modulation (PWM) control schemes, directly yielding the VSC modulation indices from the power-flow solution Provides numerous case studies for validation of Newton power-flow models, elaborating on the occurrences and checking of unrealistic power-flow solutions in isolated cases Includes detailed derivations of all the difficult formulae as well as solved problems on typical VSC-based FACTS controllers Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS): Newton Power-Flow Modeling of Voltage-Sourced Converter-Based Controllers assumes at least an undergraduate-level understanding of engineering mathematics, network analysis, electrical machines, electrical power systems, and power electronics. Thus, the book provides a valuable reference for practitioners as well as senior-undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering and electrical power systems.

Embedded Systems and Robotics with Open-Source Tools provides easy-to-understand and easy-to-implement guidance for rapid prototype development. Designed for readers unfamiliar with advanced computing technologies, this highly accessible book: Describes several cutting-edge open-source software and hardware technologies Examines a number of embedded computer systems and their practical applications Includes detailed projects for applying rapid prototype development skills in real time Embedded Systems and Robotics with Open-Source Tools effectively demonstrates that, with the help of high-performance microprocessors, microcontrollers, and highly optimized algorithms, one can develop smarter embedded devices.

This book takes a very close look at energy and energy security from a hands-on, technical point of view with an ultimate goal of sorting out and explaining the deep meaning of energy as well as the key factors and variables of our energy security. The book reviews the major energy sources-coal, crude oil, natural gas, the renewables, and other alternative fuels and technologies-according to the way they affect our energy security now and what consequences might be expected in the future. Topics include the different technical, logistics, regulatory, social, political, and financial aspects of modern energy products and technologies. The advantages and disadvantages of the different fuels, technologies, energy strategies, regulations, and policies are reviewed in detail, sorted, and clearly laid out as well as their effects on our present and future energy security in a way that is easy to understand by high school students, engineers, and professors alike. This book is a must-read for energy executives, environmental specialists, investors, bankers, lawyers, regulators, politicians, and anyone involved, or interested, in today's energy production and use and their effects on our energy security.

This research monograph presents both fundamental science and applied innovations on several key and emerging technologies involving fossil and alternate fuel utilization in power and transport sectors from renowned experts in the field. Some of the topics covered include: autoignition in laminar and turbulent nonpremixed flames; Langevin simulation of turbulent combustion; lean blowout (LBO) prediction through symbolic time series analysis; lasers and optical diagnostics for next generation IC engine development; exergy destruction study on small DI diesel engine; and gasoline direct injection. The book includes a chapter on carbon sequestration and optimization of enhanced oil and gas recovery. The contents of this book will be useful to researchers and professionals working on all aspects on combustion.

Transient Control of Gasoline Engines drives to move progress forward. A stimulating examination of car electronics and digital processing technology, this book chronicles significant advances that have occurred over the past 20 years (including the change from combustion engines to computerized machines) and presents new and exciting ways to enhance engine efficiency using real-time control technology. Dedicated to improving the emissions of automotive powertrains, it provides an introduction to modeling, control design, and test bench, and explains the fundamentals of modeling and control design for engine transient operation. It also presents a model-based transient control design methodology from the perspective of the dynamical system control theory. Written with graduate students in mind, this book: Addresses issues relevant to transient operation, cycle-to-cycle transient, and cylinder-to-cylinder balancing Examines the real-time optimizing control problem (receding horizon optimization, for torque tracking control and speed control) Covers three benchmark problems related to the modeling and control of gasoline engines: engine start control, identification of the engines, and the boundary modeling and extreme condition control Transient Control of Gasoline Engines describes the behavior of engine dynamics operated at transient mode as a dynamical system and employs the advanced control theory to design a real-time control strategy that can be used to improve efficiency and emission performance overall. Geared toward graduate students, this book also serves as a trusted source for researchers and practitioners focused on engine and engine electronics design, car electronics, and control engineering.

Thin Film Metal-Oxides provides a representative account of the fundamental structure-property relations in oxide thin films. Functional properties of thin film oxides are discussed in the context of applications in emerging electronics and renewable energy technologies. Readers will find a detailed description of deposition and characterization of metal oxide thin films, theoretical treatment of select properties and their functional performance in solid state devices, from leading researchers. Scientists and engineers involved with oxide semiconductors, electronic materials and alternative energy will find Thin Film Metal-Oxides a useful reference.

Power Quality Issues: Current Harmonics provides solutions for the mitigation of power quality problems related to harmonics. Focusing on active power filters (APFs) due to their excellent harmonic and reactive power compensation in two-wire (single phase), three-wire (three-phase without neutral), and four-wire (three-phase with neutral) AC power networks with nonlinear loads, the text: Introduces the APF technology, describing various APF configurations and offering guidelines for the selection of APFs for specific application considerations Compares shunt active filter (SHAF) control strategies for extracting three-phase reference currents, evaluating their performance under a number of source voltage conditions using a proportional-integral (PI) controller Presents PI controller-based SHAF instantaneous active and reactive power (p-q) and instantaneous active and reactive current (Id-Iq) control strategies, supplying detailed MATLAB (R)/Simulink simulation results Proposes SHAF control strategies using type 1 and type 2 fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) with different fuzzy membership functions (MFs), analyzing their harmonic mitigation and DC link voltage regulation Verifies the proposed type 2 FLC-based SHAF control strategies with trapezoidal, triangular, and Gaussian fuzzy MFs using RT-LAB, a real-time digital simulation software from OPAL-RT Technologies Power Quality Issues: Current Harmonics is a useful resource for those tackling electrical power quality challenges. The compensation techniques described in this book alleviate harmonic issues that can distort voltage waveforms, fry a building's wiring, trigger nuisance tripping, overheat transformer units, and cause random end-user equipment failure.

Microgeneration - producing energy for the home, in the home - is a substantial improvement over the current centralised and detached energy model employed the world over. Domestic Microgeneration is the first in-depth reference work for this exciting and emerging field of energy generation. It provides detailed reviews of ten state-of-the-art technologies: including solar PV and thermal, micro-CHP and heat pumps; and considers them within the wider context of the home in which they are installed and the way that they are operated. Alongside the many successes, this book highlights the common pitfalls that beset the industry. It offers best-practice guidance on how they can be avoided by considering the complex linkages between technology, user, installer and government. This interdisciplinary work draws together the social, economic, political and environmental aspects of this very diverse energy 'genre' into a single must-have reference for academics and students of sustainability and energy related subjects, industry professionals, policy makers and the growing number of energy-literate householders who are looking for ways to minimise their environmental footprint and their energy bills with microgeneration.

This book is intended for electric utility managers, directors, and power system planners, regulators, and policy makers interested in the steps needed to realize the value of a modern power delivery system. This book describes the elements needed in planning and implementing a "Smart Grid" by outlining how the electricity delivery system can be modernized so it monitors, protects, and automatically optimizes the operation of its interconnected elements-from the central and distributed generator through the high-voltage network and distribution system, to energy storage installations and to end-use consumers and their thermostats, electric vehicles, appliances, and other household devices. This comprehensive guide highlights emerging concepts of cyber and physical security, resiliency, and the newest architecture-"The Integrated Grid." You'll gain an understanding of how a two-way flow of electricity and information can be used to create an automated, widely distributed energy delivery network.

Testing and Measurement: Techniques and Applications is divided into 6 sections: Microwave, Ultrasonic and Acoustic Measurement and Application; Material Performance and Measuring and Testing Technique; Laser, Optics Fiber and Sensor; Industrial Autoimmunization and Measurement; Artificial Intelligence and Application; and Image, Signal and Information Processing, and presents a broad and deep understanding of recent achievements and future trends of testing and measuring technology.

A comprehensive review of state-of-the-art CCHP modeling, optimization, and operation theory and practice This book was written by an international author team at the forefront of combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems R&D. It offers systematic coverage of state-of-the-art mathematical modeling, structure optimization, and CCHP system operation, supplemented with numerous illustrative case studies and examples. CCHP systems are an exciting emerging energy technology offering significant economic and environmental benefits. Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems: Modelling, Optimization, and Operation is a timely response to ongoing efforts to maximize the efficiency of that technology. It begins with a survey of CCHP systems from the technological and societal perspectives, offering readers a broad and stimulating overview of the field. It then digs down into topics crucial for optimal CCHP operation. Discussions of each topic are carefully structured, walking readers from introduction and background to technical details. A set of new methodologies for the modeling, optimization and control of CCHP systems are presented within a unified framework. And the authors demonstrate innovative solutions to a variety of CCHP systems problems using new approaches to optimal power flow, load forecasting, and system operation design. * Provides a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art of CCHP system development * Presents new methodologies for mathematical modeling, optimization, and advanced control * Combines theoretical rigor with real-world application perspectives * Features numerous examples demonstrating an array of new design strategies * Reflects the combined experience of veteran researchers in the field whose contributions are well recognized within the energy community * Offers excellent background reading for students currently enrolled in the growing number of courses on energy systems at universities worldwide Timely, authoritative, and offering a balanced presentation of theory and practice, Combined Cooling, Heating, and Power Systems: Modelling, Optimization, and Operation is a valuable resource forresearchers, design practitioners, and graduate students in the areas of control theory, energy management, and energy systems design.

This book details how to leverage big data style analytics to manage and coordinate the key issues in both energy supply and demand. It presents a detailed explanation of the underlying systems technology that enables big data in buildings and how this technology provides added cost benefit from efficiency, onsite solar, and electricity markets. It is a primer on Building Automation Systems Standards, web services and electricity markets and programs plus a complete tutorial on energy analytics hardware, software, and Internet-enabled offerings that energy managers must understand today.

This book is written as a practical guide to those interested in the pursuit of energy resilience at a local scale. Energy resilience is defined as the relative ability of an institution to carry out its mission during a shock to the energy system and approach the concept on the level of a single site occupied by a single community or institution. Examples are drawn from four key community types: military bases, healthcare campuses, educational campuses, and municipal governments. The book then describes a framework for developing an energy resilience plan that applies to each. While the focus is clearly on the United States, understanding the energy resilience threat and conducting long-range energy resilience planning will benefit communities all over the globe. Divided into three main parts, Part One describes the specific energy security threats that are facing local institutions and communities and how an energy shock can affect the mission at each of the four community types and the advantages that each will enjoy in their pursuit of energy resilience. Part Two provides concrete guidance for pursuing energy resilience at a particular institution and allows managers to assess where their institution lies on the energy resilience spectrum and plot a course toward where they would like to be. Part Three describes the three main areas of energy resilience performance: energy efficiency, on-site generation, and emergency planning. Case studies are also provided.