Using real-life examples to illustrate the performance of learning algorithms and instructing readers how to apply them to practical applications, this work offers a comprehensive treatment of subspace learning algorithms for neural networks. The authors summarize a decade of high quality research offering a host of practical applications. They demonstrate ways to extend the use of algorithms to fields such as encryption communication, data mining, computer vision, and signal and image processing to name just a few. The brilliance of the work lies with how it coherently builds a theoretical understanding of the convergence behavior of subspace learning algorithms through a summary of chaotic behaviors.

Electricity Economics: Production Functions with Electricity studies the production output from analyzing patterns of electricity consumption. Since electricity data can be used to measure scenarios of economic performance due to its accuracy and reliability, it could therefore also be used to help scholars explore new research frontiers that directly and indirectly benefits human society. Our research initially explores a similar pattern to substitute the Cobb-Douglas function with the production function with electricity to track and forecast economic activities. The book systematically introduces the theoretical frameworks and mathematical models of economics from the perspective of electricity consumption. The E-GDP functions are presented for case studies of more than 20 developed and developing countries. These functions also demonstrate substantial similarities between human DNA and production functions with electricity in terms of four major characteristics, namely replication, mutation, uniqueness, and evolution. Furthermore, the book includes extensive data and case studies on the U.S., China, Japan, etc. It is intended for scientists, engineers, financial professionals, policy makers, consultants, and anyone else with a desire to study electricity economics as well as related applications. Dr. Zhaoguang Hu is the vice president and chief energy specialist at the State Grid Energy Research Institute, China. Zheng Hu is a PhD candidate at the Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, University of Delaware, USA.

What the experts have to say about Model-Based Testing for Embedded Systems: "This book is exactly what is needed at the exact right time in this fast-growing area. From its beginnings over 10 years ago of deriving tests from UML statecharts, model-based testing has matured into a topic with both breadth and depth. Testing embedded systems is a natural application of MBT, and this book hits the nail exactly on the head. Numerous topics are presented clearly, thoroughly, and concisely in this cutting-edge book. The authors are world-class leading experts in this area and teach us well-used and validated techniques, along with new ideas for solving hard problems. "It is rare that a book can take recent research advances and present them in a form ready for practical use, but this book accomplishes that and more. I am anxious to recommend this in my consulting and to teach a new class to my students." -Dr. Jeff Offutt, professor of software engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA "This handbook is the best resource I am aware of on the automated testing of embedded systems. It is thorough, comprehensive, and authoritative. It covers all important technical and scientific aspects but also provides highly interesting insights into the state of practice of model-based testing for embedded systems." -Dr. Lionel C. Briand, IEEE Fellow, Simula Research Laboratory, Lysaker, Norway, and professor at the University of Oslo, Norway "As model-based testing is entering the mainstream, such a comprehensive and intelligible book is a must-read for anyone looking for more information about improved testing methods for embedded systems. Illustrated with numerous aspects of these techniques from many contributors, it gives a clear picture of what the state of the art is today." -Dr. Bruno Legeard, CTO of Smartesting, professor of Software Engineering at the University of Franche-Comte, Besancon, France, and co-author of Practical Model-Based Testing

This book offers a bird's-eye view of the recent development trends in photovoltaics - a big business field that is rapidly growing and well on its way to maturity. The book describes current efforts to develop highly efficient, low-cost photovoltaic devices based on crystalline silicon, III-V compounds, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) and perovskite photovoltaic cells along with innovative, cost-competitive glass/ flexible tubular glass concentrator modules and systems, highlighting recent attempts to develop highly efficient, low-cost, flexible photovoltaic cells based on CIGS and perovskite thin films. This second edition presents, for the first time, the possible applications of perovskite modules together with Augsburger Tubular photovoltaics.

Smart distribution networks are one of the key research topics of countries looking to modernise electric power networks. Smart Electricity Distributions Networks aims to provide a basic discussion of the smart distribution concept and new technologies related to it, including distributed energy resources (DERs), demand side integration, microgrids, CELL and virtual power plants. With writing from leading contributors in the field of smart distribution networks, this volume discusses different concepts within the field as well as the best methods to analyse smart distribution systems to provide a cohesive overview of issues relating to Smart Grid and related technologies. This book will be valuable to those with an interest in understanding the technologies and performance of smart distribution networks as well as engaging with the wider debate over the future Smart Grid.

The merging of the concept of introduction of asymmetry of the wave vector space of the charge carriers in semiconductors with the modern techniques of fabric- ing nanostructured materials such as MBE, MOCVD, and FLL in one, two, and three dimensions (such as ultrathin ?lms, nipi structures, inversion and accumu- tion layers, quantum well superlattices, carbon nanotubes, quantum wires, quantum wire superlattices, quantumdots, magnetoinversionand accumulationlayers, qu- tum dot superlattices, etc. ) spawns not only useful quantum effect devices but also unearth new concepts in the realm of nanostructured materials science and related disciplines. It is worth remaking that these semiconductor nanostructures occupy a paramount position in the entire arena of low-dimensional science and technology by their own right and ?nd extensive applications in quantum registers, resonant tunneling diodes and transistors, quantum switches, quantum sensors, quantum logic gates, heterojunction ?eld-effect, quantum well and quantum wire trans- tors, high-speed digital networks, high-frequency microwave circuits, quantum cascade lasers, high-resolution terahertz spectroscopy, superlattice photo-oscillator, advanced integrated circuits, superlattice photocathodes, thermoelectric devices, superlattice coolers, thin ? lm transistors, intermediate-band solar cells, micro- tical systems, high-performanceinfrared imaging systems, bandpass ?lters, thermal sensors, optical modulators, optical switching systems, single electron/molecule electronics, nanotube based diodes, and other nanoelectronic devices.

This book presents to the design engineer the transducers and measurement techniques available, and evaluates their features and drawbacks. It is written for the instrument and systems designer, not the theoretician.

This book provides an original analysis of the problems facing global governance and in particular that of one of the most globalised of all industries - shipping. Central to all global trade and its dramatic growth, shipping faces difficulties of governance stemming from its every globalised nature. The current characteristics of global governance - nation-state fixation, anachronistic institutions, inadequate stakeholder involvement and an over-domination of owner interests are dwarfed by the problems of stasis and fixation which means that policies to address problems of safety, the environment and security are inadequate. This book provides a full and wide ranging discussion of how governance can be animated in a global context so that the dynamism of the maritime industry and its problems can be prevented, regulated and understood. Its unique approach to governance makes it essential reading for all maritime policy-makers and those analysing maritime issues, alongside those with an interest in governance in its widest sense.

This book highlights the latest research in the field of Sustainable Aviation. In recent decades, there have been considerable improvements in aircraft efficiency and noise reduction. However, with the demand for both passenger and freight transportation expected to increase significantly in future years, the aviation sector is becoming a growing source of environmental problems and a major contributor to global warming. Focusing on the need to address this mounting problem, this book discusses important new trends and outlines likely future developments in carbon emission reduction, carbon trading, and the impact of emerging technologies, as well as social, legal, and regulatory changes as they pertain to the aviation sector. The book offers an invaluable reference guide for practitioners, regulators, academics, and students alike, in fields ranging from business and engineering to the social sciences. It can be used as a textbook, and will benefit anyone interested in the future of aviation and our planet.

In this book, first published in 1965, the authors identify the technological opportunities and costs of water recirculation and water quality adjustment in thermal plants, relating them to the possibilities for minimal expenditure and maximum efficiency in the use of water for servicing an entire region with thermal power. Water Demand for Steam Electric Generation will be of interest to students of environmental studies.

Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS): Newton Power-Flow Modeling of Voltage-Sourced Converter-Based Controllers introduces different voltage-sourced converter (VSC)-based FACTS controllers and VSC-based high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) systems and their working principles, explaining how FACTS controllers exchange real and reactive power with systems. Subsequently, the book: Describes the Newton-Raphson method and its application for solving the power-flow problem Presents the Newton power-flow modeling of the static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), unified power-flow controller (UPFC), interline power-flow controller (IPFC), generalized unified power-flow controller (GUPFC), and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), accommodating the practical device constraint limits (because of the unique modeling strategy, the existing Newton power-flow codes can be reused) Develops a unified Newton power-flow model of AC systems incorporating multiterminal VSC-HVDC systems with pulse-width modulation (PWM) control schemes, directly yielding the VSC modulation indices from the power-flow solution Provides numerous case studies for validation of Newton power-flow models, elaborating on the occurrences and checking of unrealistic power-flow solutions in isolated cases Includes detailed derivations of all the difficult formulae as well as solved problems on typical VSC-based FACTS controllers Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS): Newton Power-Flow Modeling of Voltage-Sourced Converter-Based Controllers assumes at least an undergraduate-level understanding of engineering mathematics, network analysis, electrical machines, electrical power systems, and power electronics. Thus, the book provides a valuable reference for practitioners as well as senior-undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering and electrical power systems.

This book is a comprehensive introductory text on electrical power, encompassing generation, electrical machines, motors, electrical materials, etc. David Tyler's approach is designed for independent or classroom study, with plenty of learning checks and activities throughout. The content is designed to cover Advanced GNVQ and BTEC NII syllabuses, but it is also ideal as an introduction for first year degree students or for professionals seeking to reinforce their grasp of the fundamentals.

This research monograph presents both fundamental science and applied innovations on several key and emerging technologies involving fossil and alternate fuel utilization in power and transport sectors from renowned experts in the field. Some of the topics covered include: autoignition in laminar and turbulent nonpremixed flames; Langevin simulation of turbulent combustion; lean blowout (LBO) prediction through symbolic time series analysis; lasers and optical diagnostics for next generation IC engine development; exergy destruction study on small DI diesel engine; and gasoline direct injection. The book includes a chapter on carbon sequestration and optimization of enhanced oil and gas recovery. The contents of this book will be useful to researchers and professionals working on all aspects on combustion.

Embedded Systems and Robotics with Open-Source Tools provides easy-to-understand and easy-to-implement guidance for rapid prototype development. Designed for readers unfamiliar with advanced computing technologies, this highly accessible book: Describes several cutting-edge open-source software and hardware technologies Examines a number of embedded computer systems and their practical applications Includes detailed projects for applying rapid prototype development skills in real time Embedded Systems and Robotics with Open-Source Tools effectively demonstrates that, with the help of high-performance microprocessors, microcontrollers, and highly optimized algorithms, one can develop smarter embedded devices.

This book details how to leverage big data style analytics to manage and coordinate the key issues in both energy supply and demand. It presents a detailed explanation of the underlying systems technology that enables big data in buildings and how this technology provides added cost benefit from efficiency, onsite solar, and electricity markets. It is a primer on Building Automation Systems Standards, web services and electricity markets and programs plus a complete tutorial on energy analytics hardware, software, and Internet-enabled offerings that energy managers must understand today.

Analytical Techniques in Electromagnetics is designed for researchers, scientists, and engineers seeking analytical solutions to electromagnetic (EM) problems. The techniques presented provide exact solutions that can be used to validate the accuracy of approximate solutions, offer better insight into actual physical processes, and can be utilized in finding precise quantities of interest over a wide range of parameter values. Beginning with a review of basic EMs, the text: Describes the use of the separation of variables technique in Laplace, heat, and wave equations, covering rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems Explains the series expansion method, providing the solution of Poisson's equation in a cube and in a cylinder, and scattering by cylinders and spheres, as examples Addresses the conformal transformation technique, offering a visual display of conformal mapping and a brief introduction to the Schwarz-Christoffel transformation Employs worked-out problems to demonstrate various applications of Fourier sine and cosine, two-sided Fourier, Laplace, Hankel, and Mellin transform techniques Discusses perturbation techniques, supplying examples of perturbed results degenerating to their unperturbed versions as the perturbation parameters tend to zero Analytical Techniques in Electromagnetics maintains a balanced view of techniques for solving EM problems, refusing to overemphasize the importance of analytical methods at the expense of numerical techniques. Carefully selected topics give readers an appreciation of the kinds of EM problems that can be solved exactly.

This book is intended for electric utility managers, directors, and power system planners, regulators, and policy makers interested in the steps needed to realize the value of a modern power delivery system. This book describes the elements needed in planning and implementing a "Smart Grid" by outlining how the electricity delivery system can be modernized so it monitors, protects, and automatically optimizes the operation of its interconnected elements-from the central and distributed generator through the high-voltage network and distribution system, to energy storage installations and to end-use consumers and their thermostats, electric vehicles, appliances, and other household devices. This comprehensive guide highlights emerging concepts of cyber and physical security, resiliency, and the newest architecture-"The Integrated Grid." You'll gain an understanding of how a two-way flow of electricity and information can be used to create an automated, widely distributed energy delivery network.

Power Quality Issues: Current Harmonics provides solutions for the mitigation of power quality problems related to harmonics. Focusing on active power filters (APFs) due to their excellent harmonic and reactive power compensation in two-wire (single phase), three-wire (three-phase without neutral), and four-wire (three-phase with neutral) AC power networks with nonlinear loads, the text: Introduces the APF technology, describing various APF configurations and offering guidelines for the selection of APFs for specific application considerations Compares shunt active filter (SHAF) control strategies for extracting three-phase reference currents, evaluating their performance under a number of source voltage conditions using a proportional-integral (PI) controller Presents PI controller-based SHAF instantaneous active and reactive power (p-q) and instantaneous active and reactive current (Id-Iq) control strategies, supplying detailed MATLAB (R)/Simulink simulation results Proposes SHAF control strategies using type 1 and type 2 fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) with different fuzzy membership functions (MFs), analyzing their harmonic mitigation and DC link voltage regulation Verifies the proposed type 2 FLC-based SHAF control strategies with trapezoidal, triangular, and Gaussian fuzzy MFs using RT-LAB, a real-time digital simulation software from OPAL-RT Technologies Power Quality Issues: Current Harmonics is a useful resource for those tackling electrical power quality challenges. The compensation techniques described in this book alleviate harmonic issues that can distort voltage waveforms, fry a building's wiring, trigger nuisance tripping, overheat transformer units, and cause random end-user equipment failure.

Thin Film Metal-Oxides provides a representative account of the fundamental structure-property relations in oxide thin films. Functional properties of thin film oxides are discussed in the context of applications in emerging electronics and renewable energy technologies. Readers will find a detailed description of deposition and characterization of metal oxide thin films, theoretical treatment of select properties and their functional performance in solid state devices, from leading researchers. Scientists and engineers involved with oxide semiconductors, electronic materials and alternative energy will find Thin Film Metal-Oxides a useful reference.

This book takes a very close look at energy and energy security from a hands-on, technical point of view with an ultimate goal of sorting out and explaining the deep meaning of energy as well as the key factors and variables of our energy security. The book reviews the major energy sources-coal, crude oil, natural gas, the renewables, and other alternative fuels and technologies-according to the way they affect our energy security now and what consequences might be expected in the future. Topics include the different technical, logistics, regulatory, social, political, and financial aspects of modern energy products and technologies. The advantages and disadvantages of the different fuels, technologies, energy strategies, regulations, and policies are reviewed in detail, sorted, and clearly laid out as well as their effects on our present and future energy security in a way that is easy to understand by high school students, engineers, and professors alike. This book is a must-read for energy executives, environmental specialists, investors, bankers, lawyers, regulators, politicians, and anyone involved, or interested, in today's energy production and use and their effects on our energy security.

This book is written as a practical guide to those interested in the pursuit of energy resilience at a local scale. Energy resilience is defined as the relative ability of an institution to carry out its mission during a shock to the energy system and approach the concept on the level of a single site occupied by a single community or institution. Examples are drawn from four key community types: military bases, healthcare campuses, educational campuses, and municipal governments. The book then describes a framework for developing an energy resilience plan that applies to each. While the focus is clearly on the United States, understanding the energy resilience threat and conducting long-range energy resilience planning will benefit communities all over the globe. Divided into three main parts, Part One describes the specific energy security threats that are facing local institutions and communities and how an energy shock can affect the mission at each of the four community types and the advantages that each will enjoy in their pursuit of energy resilience. Part Two provides concrete guidance for pursuing energy resilience at a particular institution and allows managers to assess where their institution lies on the energy resilience spectrum and plot a course toward where they would like to be. Part Three describes the three main areas of energy resilience performance: energy efficiency, on-site generation, and emergency planning. Case studies are also provided.

A fresh and innovative technology is currently being recognized as a viable replacement for batteries. Research in the field of supercapacitors, as well as in the area of ceramic materials and their application to supercapacitor development, has spawned Nanostructured Ceramic Oxides for Supercapacitor Applications. Featuring key contributions from well-established experts, this book highlights the field of high-energy and power storage devices, and considers the potential of nanostructured ceramic oxides for supercapacitors. It explores the role of different ceramic oxide systems and their surface nano-architecture in governing the efficacy of a supercapacitor, and presents a detailed understanding of the basic design and science associated with nanostructured ceramic oxide-based supercapacitors. It examines the history and development of this promising energy system, covering the fundamentals, science, and problems associated with this swiftly emerging field. The book also looks extensively into different measurement techniques that can evaluate the performance of this device. Presents an overview of a given field with examples chosen primarily for their educational purpose Provides exhaustive references at the end of each chapter Fits the background of various science and engineering disciplines Contains detailed mathematical analyses Each chapter includes several simple, well-illustrated equations and schematic diagrams to augment the research topics and help the reader grasp the subject. Background theories and techniques are introduced early on, leading to the evolution of the field of nanostructured ceramic oxide--based supercapacitors. Nanostructured Ceramic Oxides for Supercapacitor Applications chronicles significant strides in device development, and benefits seniors and graduate students studying physics, electrical and computer engineering, chemistry, mechanical engineering, materials science, and nanotechnology.

Completely revised, this second edition of a bestseller explores the latest technology advancements and the many changes and developments in the utility and environmental regulation areas. It includes new information on the state of deregulation and market pricing as well as discussion of smart grid and other emerging programs. The environmental sections reflect the current emphasis on greenhouse gas emissions and carbon management, updates to CAAA regulations and timelines and the latest developments in the use and control of refrigerants.

With the increased concern for energy conservation in recent years, much attention has been focused on lighting energy consumption and methods for reducing it. Along with this concern for energy efficient lighting has come the realization that lighting has profound effects on worker productivity as well as important aesthetic qualities. This book presents an introduction to lighting design and energy efficiency which can be utilized while maintaining the quality of illumination. Topics include lighting energy management, selection of lamps, task lighting, lighting design, lighting control, reflectors, ballast selection, natural daylighting, wireless lighting control, and case studies.

Due to increasing economic and environmental pressures, small-scale grids have received increasing attention in the last fifteen years. These renewable sources, such as solar PVs, wind turbines, and fuel cells, integrated with grid, have changed the way we live our lives. This book describes microgrid dynamics modeling and nonlinear control issues from introductory to the advanced steps. The book addresses the most relevant challenges in microgrid protection and control including modeling, uncertainty, stability issues, local control, coordination control, power quality, and economic dispatch.