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Books > Science & Mathematics > Physics > Thermodynamics & statistical physics > Thermodynamics
This book describes and systemizes analytical and numerical
solutions for a broad range of instantaneous and continuous,
stationary and moving, concentrated and distributed, 1D, 2D and 3D
heat sources in semi-infinite bodies, thick plane layers, thin
plates and cylinders under various boundary conditions. The
analytical solutions were mainly obtained by the superimposing
principle for various parts of the proposed 1D, 2D and 3D heat
sources and based on the assumption that only heat conduction plays
a major role in the thermal analysis of welds. Other complex
effects of heat transfer in weld phenomena are incorporated in the
solutions by means of various geometrical and energetic parameters
of the heat source. The book is divided into 13 chapters. Chapter 1
briefly reviews various welding processes and the energy
characteristics of welding heat sources, while Chapter 2 covers the
main thermophysical properties of the most commonly used alloys.
Chapter 3 describes the physical fundamentals of heat conduction
during welding, and Chapter 4 introduces several useful methods for
solving the problem of heat conduction in welding. Chapters 5 and 6
focus on the derivation of analytical solutions for many types of
heat sources in semi-infinite bodies, thick plane layers, thin
plates and cylinders under various boundary conditions. The heat
sources can be instantaneous or continuous, stationary or moving,
concentrated or distributed (1D, 2D or 3D). In Chapter 7 the
temperature field under programmed heat input (pulsed power sources
and weaving sources) is analyzed. In turn, Chapters 8 and 9 cover
the thermal cycle, melting and solidification of the base metal.
Heating and melting of filler metal are considered in Chapter 10.
Chapter 11 addresses the formulation and solution of inverse heat
conduction problems using zero-, first- and second-order
algorithms, while Chapter 12 focuses on applying the solutions
developed here to the optimization of welding conditions. In
addition, case studies confirm the usefulness and feasibility of
the respective solutions. Lastly, Chapter 13 demonstrates the
prediction of local microstructure and mechanical properties of
welded joint metals, while taking into account their thermal cycle.
The book is intended for all researches, welding engineers,
mechanical design engineers, research engineers and postgraduate
students who deal with problems such as microstructure modeling of
welds, analysis of the mechanical properties of welded metals,
weldability, residual stresses and distortions, optimization of
welding and allied processes (prewelding heating, cladding, thermal
cutting, additive technologies, etc.). It also offers a useful
reference guide for software engineers who are interested in
writing application software for simulating welding processes,
microstructure modeling, residual stress analysis of welds, and for
robotic-welding control systems.
This book investigates a wide range of phase equilibrium modelling
and calculation problems for compositional thermal simulation.
Further, it provides an effective solution for multiphase
isenthalpic flash under the classical framework, and it also
presents a new flash calculation framework for multiphase systems,
which can handle phase equilibrium and chemical reaction
equilibrium simultaneously. The framework is particularly suitable
for systems with many phases and reactions. In this book, the
author shows how the new framework can be generalised for different
flash specifications and different independent variables. Since the
flash calculation is at the heart of various types of compositional
simulation, the findings presented here will promote the
combination of phase equilibrium and chemical equilibrium
calculations in future simulators, aiming at improving their
robustness and efficiency.
Features twenty-five chapter contributions from an international
array of distinguished academics based in Asia, Eastern and Western
Europe, Russia, and the USA. This multi-author contributed volume
provides an up-to-date and authoritative overview of cutting-edge
themes involving the thermal analysis, applied solid-state physics,
micro- and nano-crystallinity of selected solids and their macro-
and microscopic thermal properties. Distinctive chapters featured
in the book include, among others, calorimetry time scales from
days to microseconds, glass transition phenomena, kinetics of
non-isothermal processes, thermal inertia and temperature
gradients, thermodynamics of nanomaterials, self-organization,
significance of temperature and entropy. Advanced undergraduates,
postgraduates and researchers working in the field of thermal
analysis, thermophysical measurements and calorimetry will find
this contributed volume invaluable. This is the third volume of the
triptych volumes on thermal behaviour of materials; the previous
two receiving thousand of downloads guaranteeing their worldwide
impact.
This book discusses the elementary ideas and tools needed for open
quantum systems in a comprehensive manner. The emphasis is given to
both the traditional master equation as well as the functional
(path) integral approaches. It discusses the basic paradigm of open
systems, the harmonic oscillator and the two-level system in
detail. The traditional topics of dissipation and tunneling, as
well as the modern field of quantum information, find a prominent
place in the book. Assuming a basic background of quantum and
statistical mechanics, this book will help readers familiarize with
the basic tools of open quantum systems. Open quantum systems is
the study of quantum dynamics of the system of interest, taking
into account the effects of the ambient environment. It is
ubiquitous in the sense that any system could be envisaged to be
surrounded by its environment which could naturally exert its
influence on it. Open quantum systems allows for a systematic
understanding of irreversible processes such as decoherence and
dissipation, of the essence in order to have a correct
understanding of realistic quantum dynamics and also for possible
implementations. This would be essential for a possible development
of quantum technologies.
This book covers emerging energy storage technologies and material
characterization methods along with various systems and
applications in building, power generation systems and thermal
management. The authors present options available for reducing the
net energy consumption for heating/cooling, improving the thermal
properties of the phase change materials and optimization methods
for heat storage embedded multi-generation systems. An in-depth
discussion on the natural convection-driven phase change is
included. The book also discusses main energy storage options for
thermal management practices in photovoltaics and phase change
material applications that aim passive thermal control. This book
will appeal to researchers and professionals in the fields of
mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, electrical
engineering, renewable energy, and thermodynamics. It can also be
used as an ancillary text in upper-level undergraduate courses and
graduate courses in these fields.
This book focuses on Creep in Ceramics. The book consists of two
parts. In part A general knowledge of creep in ceramics is
considered, while part B specifies creep in technologically
important ceramics, namely creep in oxide ceramics, carnides and
nitrides. While covering all relevant information regarding raw
materials and characterization of creep in ceramics, the book also
summarizes most recent innovations and developments in this field
as a result of extensive literature search.
This book covers the parameterization of entry capsules, including
Apollo capsules and planetary probes, and winged entry vehicles
such as the Space Shuttle and lifting bodies. The aerodynamic
modelling is based on a variety of panel methods that take
shadowing into account, and it has been validated with flight and
wind tunnel data of Apollo and the Space Shuttle. The shape
optimization is combined with constrained trajectory analysis, and
the multi-objective approach provides the engineer with a Pareto
front of optimal shapes. The method detailed in Conceptual Shape
Optimization of Entry Vehicles is straightforward, and the output
gives the engineer insight in the effect of shape variations on
trajectory performance. All applied models and algorithms used are
explained in detail, allowing for reconstructing the design tool to
the researcher's requirements. Conceptual Shape Optimization of
Entry Vehicles will be of interest to both researchers and graduate
students in the field of aerospace engineering, and to
practitioners within the aerospace industry.
This thesis presents pioneering experimental and numerical studies
on three aspects of the combustion characteristics of lean premixed
syngas/air flames, namely the laminar flame speed, extinction limit
and flammability limit. It illustrates a new extinction exponent
concept, which enriches the combustion theory. Above all, the book
provides the following: a) a series of carefully measured data and
theoretical analyses to reveal the intrinsic mechanisms of the fuel
composition effect on the propagation and extinction of lean
syngas/air flames; b) a mixing model and correlation to predict the
laminar flame speed of multi-component syngas fuels, intended for
engineering computations; c) a new "extinction exponent" concept to
describe the critical effects of chemical kinetics on the
extinction of lean premixed syngas/air flames; and d) the effects
and mechanism of the dilution of incombustible components on lean
premixed syngas/air flames and the preferential importance among
the thermal, chemical and diffusion effects.
This thesis investigates the combustion chemistry of cyclohexane,
methylcyclohexane, and ethylcyclohexane on the basis of
state-of-the-art synchrotron radiation photoionization mass
spectrometry experiments, quantum chemistry calculations, and
extensive kinetic modeling. It explores the initial decomposition
mechanism and distribution of the intermediates, proposes a novel
formation mechanism of aromatics, and develops a detailed kinetic
model to predict the three cycloalkanes' combustion properties
under a wide range of conditions. Accordingly, the thesis provides
an essential basis for studying much more complex cycloalkanes in
transport fuels and has applications in engine and fuel design, as
well as emission control.
This book is the first major work covering applications in thermal
engineering and offering a comprehensive introduction to optimal
control theory, which has applications in mechanical engineering,
particularly aircraft and missile trajectory optimization. The book
is organized in three parts: The first part includes a brief
presentation of function optimization and variational calculus,
while the second part presents a summary of the optimal control
theory. Lastly, the third part describes several applications of
optimal control theory in solving various thermal engineering
problems. These applications are grouped in four sections: heat
transfer and thermal energy storage, solar thermal engineering,
heat engines and lubrication.Clearly presented and easy-to-use, it
is a valuable resource for thermal engineers and thermal-system
designers as well as postgraduate students.
A text- and exercise book for physical chemistry students! This
book deals with the fundamental aspects of physical chemistry
taught at the undergraduate level in chemistry and the engineering
sciences in a compact and practice-oriented form. Numerous problems
and detailed solutions offer the possibility of an in-depth
reflection of topics like chemical thermodynamics and kinetics,
atomic structure and spectroscopy. Every chapter starts with a
recapitulation of important background information, before leading
over to representative exercises and problems. Detailed
descriptions systematically present and explain the solutions to
the problems, so that readers can carefully check their own
solutions and get clear-cut introductions on how to approach
similar problems systematically. The book addresses students at the
(upper) undergraduate level, as well as tutors and teachers. It is
a rich source of exercises for exam preparation and can be used
alongside classical textbooks. Furthermore it can serve teachers
and tutors for the conception of their lessons. Its
well-thought-through presentation, structure and design make the
book appeal to everybody who wants to succeed with the physical
chemistry lessons and exercises.
This is the physical chemistry textbook for students with an
affinity for computers! It offers basic and advanced knowledge for
students in the second year of chemistry masters studies and
beyond. In seven chapters, the book presents thermodynamics,
chemical kinetics, quantum mechanics and molecular structure
(including an introduction to quantum chemical calculations),
molecular symmetry and crystals. The application of
physical-chemical knowledge and problem solving is demonstrated in
a chapter on water, treating both the water molecule as well as
water in condensed phases. Instead of a traditional textbook
top-down approach, this book presents the subjects on the basis of
examples, exploring and running computer programs (Mathematica
(R)), discussing the results of molecular orbital calculations
(performed using Gaussian) on small molecules and turning to
suitable reference works to obtain thermodynamic data. Selected
Mathematica (R) codes are explained at the end of each chapter and
cross-referenced with the text, enabling students to plot
functions, solve equations, fit data, normalize probability
functions, manipulate matrices and test physical models. In
addition, the book presents clear and step-by-step explanations and
provides detailed and complete answers to all exercises. In this
way, it creates an active learning environment that can prepare
students for pursuing their own research projects further down the
road. Students who are not yet familiar with Mathematica (R) or
Gaussian will find a valuable introduction to computer-based
problem solving in the molecular sciences. Other computer
applications can alternatively be used. For every chapter learning
goals are clearly listed in the beginning, so that readers can
easily spot the highlights, and a glossary in the end of the
chapter offers a quick look-up of important terms.
This highly interdisciplinary thesis covers a wide range of topics
relating to the interface of cold atoms, quantum simulation,
quantum magnetism and disorder. With a self-contained presentation,
it provides a broad overview of the rapidly evolving area of cold
atoms and is of interest to both undergraduates and researchers
working in the field. Starting with a general introduction to the
physics of cold atoms and optical lattices, it extends the theory
to that of systems with different multispecies atoms. It advances
the theory of many-body quantum systems in excited bands (of
optical lattices) through an extensive study of the properties of
both the mean-field and strongly correlated regimes. Particular
emphasis is given to the context of quantum simulation, where as
shown here, the orbital degree of freedom in excited bands allows
the study of exotic models of magnetism not easily achievable with
the previous alternative systems. In addition, it proposes a new
model Hamiltonian that serves as a quantum simulator of various
disordered systems in different symmetry classes that can easily be
reproduced experimentally. This is of great interest, especially
for the study of disorder in 2D quantum systems.
Der Grundkurs Theoretische Physik deckt in 7 Banden alle fur das
Diplom und fur Bachelor/Master-Studiengange massgeblichen Gebiete
ab. Jeder Band vermittelt das im jeweiligen Semester notwendige
theoretisch-physikalische Rustzeug. UEbungsaufgaben mit
ausfuhrlichen Loesungen dienen der Vertiefung des Stoffs. Der 4.
Band behandelt die Gebiete Thermodynamik und Relativitatstheorie.
Fur die Neuauflage wurde er grundlegend uberarbeitet und um 24
Aufgaben erganzt. Durch die zweifarbige Gestaltung ist der Stoff
jetzt noch ubersichtlicher gegliedert.
This book is about the mechanisms of wealth creation, or what we
like to think of as evolutionary "progress." The massive circular
flow of goods and services between producers and consumers is not a
perpetual motion machine; it has been dependent for the past 150
years on energy inputs from a finite storage of fossil fuels. In
this book, you will learn about the three key requirements for
wealth creation, and how this process acts according to physical
laws, and usually after some part of the natural wealth of the
planet has been exploited in an episode of "creative destruction."
Knowledge and natural capital, particularly energy, will interact
to power the human wealth engine in the future as it has in the
past. Will it sputter or continue along the path of evolutionary
progress that we have come to expect? Can the new immaterial wealth
of information and ideas, which makes up the so-called knowledge
economy, replace depleted natural wealth? These questions have no
simple answers, but this masterful book will help you to understand
the grand challenge of our time. Praise for Energy, Complexity and
Wealth Maximization: "... people who run the modern world
(politicians, economists and lawyers) have a very poor grasp of how
it really works because they do not understand the fundamentals of
energy, exergy and entropy ... those decision-makers would greatly
benefit from reading this book ..." - Vaclav Smil, Distinguished
Professor Emeritus, University of Manitoba "... A grandiose design;
impressive, worth reading and reflecting!" - Prof. Dr. Ernst Ulrich
von Weizacker, Founder of Wuppertal Institute; Co-President of the
Club of Rome, Former Member of the German Bundestag, co-chair of
the UN's Resource Panel "... The book is a must read for concerned
citizens and decision makers across the globe." - RK Pachauri,
Founder and Executive Vice Chairman, The Energy and Resources
Institute (TERI) and ex-chair, International Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC)
This book presents the fundamentals of irreversible thermodynamics
for nonlinear transport processes in gases and liquids, as well as
for generalized hydrodynamics extending the classical hydrodynamics
of Navier, Stokes, Fourier, and Fick. Together with its companion
volume on nonrelativistic contexts, it provides a comprehensive
picture of the relativistic covariant kinetic theory of gases and
relativistic hydrodynamics of gases.Relativistic theories of
macroscopic irreversible processes must strictly conform to the
thermodynamic laws at every step and in all approximations that
enter their derivation from the mechanical principles. Upholding
this as the inviolable tenet, the author develops theories of
irreversible transport processes in fluids (gases or liquids). They
apply regardless of whether the processes are near to or far
removed from equilibrium, or whether they are linear or nonlinear
with respect to macroscopic fluxes or thermodynamic forces. The
irreversible covariant Boltzmann as well as the covariant form of
the Boltzmann-Nordheim-Uehling-Uhlenbeck equation is used for
deriving theories of irreversible transport equations and
generalized hydrodynamic equations for either classical gases or
quantum gases. They all conform rigorously to the tenet. All
macroscopic observables described by the so-formulated theories
therefore are likewise expected to strictly obey the tenet.
The book offers a comprehensive report on the design and
optimization of a thermochemical heat storage system for use in
buildings. It combines theoretical and experimental work, with a
special emphasis on model-based methods. It describes the numerical
modeling of the heat exchanger, which allows recovery of about two
thirds of the waste heat from both solar and thermal energy. The
book also provides readers with a snapshot of current research on
thermochemical storage systems, and an in-depth review of the most
important concepts and methods in thermal management modeling. It
represents a valuable resource for students, engineers and
researchers interested in thermal energy storage processes, as well
as for those dealing with modeling and 3D simulations in the field
of energy and process engineering.
This monograph discusses the essential principles of the
evaporationprocess by looking at it at the molecular and atomic
level. In the first part methods of statistical physics, physical
kinetics andnumerical modeling are outlined including the Maxwell's
distributionfunction, the Boltzmann kinetic equation, the Vlasov
approach, and theCUDA technique. The distribution functions of
evaporating particles are then defined.Experimental results on the
evaporation coefficient and the temperaturejump on the evaporation
surface are critically reviewed and compared tothe theory and
numerical results presented in previous chapters. The book ends
with a chapter devoted to evaporation in differentprocesses, such
as boiling and cavitation.This monograph addressesgraduate students
and researchers working on phase transitions andrelated fields.
Thermal processes are ubiquitous and an understanding of thermal
phenomena is essential for a complete description of the physics of
nanoparticles, both for the purpose of modeling the dynamics of the
particles and for the correct interpretation of experimental data.
The second edition of this book follows the logic of first edition,
with an emphasis on presentation of literature results and to guide
the reader through derivations. Several topics have been added to
the repertoire, notably magnetism, a fuller exposition of
aggregation and the related area of nucleation theory. Also a new
chapter has been added on the transient hot electron phenomenon.
The book remains focused on the fundamental properties of
nanosystems in the gas phase. Each chapter is enriched with
additional new exercises and three Appendices provide additional
useful material.
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