Properties of systems with long range interactions are still poorly understood despite being of importance in most areas of physics. The present volume introduces and reviews the effort of constructing a coherent thermodynamic treatment of such systems by combining tools from statistical mechanics with concepts and methods from dynamical systems. Analogies and differences between various systems are examined by considering a large range of applications, with emphasis on Bose--Einstein condensates. Written as a set of tutorial reviews, the book will be useful for both the experienced researcher as well as the nonexpert scientist or postgraduate student.

The FIRST MEXICAN MEETING ON MATHEMATICAL AND EXPERI MENTAL PHYSICS was held at EL COLEGIO N ACIONAL in Mexico Cit y, Mexico, from September 10 to 14, 2001. This event consisted of the LEOPOLDO GARciA-COLiN SCHERER Medal Lecture, delivered by Prof. Nicholas G. van Kampen, a series of plenary talks by Leopoldo Garcia-Colin, Giinter Nimtz, Luis F. Rodriguez, Ruoon Barrera, and Donald Saari, and of three parallel symposia, namely, Cosmology and Gravitation, Statistical Physics and Beyond, and Hydrodynamics and Dynamical Systems. The response from the Physics community was enthusiastic, with over 200 participants and around 80 speakers, from allover the world: USA, Canada, Mexico, Germany, France, Holland, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Spain, and Hungary. The main aim of the conference is to provide a scenario to Mexican researchers on the topics of Mathematical and Experimental Physics in order to keep them in contact with work going on in other parts of the world and at the same time to motivate and support the young and mid career researchers from our country. To achieve this goal, we decided to the most distinguished experts in the subjects of the invite as lecturers conference and to give the opportunity to young scientist to communi cate the results of their work. The plan is to celebrate this international endeavor every three years."

This book deals with the various thermodynamic concepts used for the analysis of nonlinear dynamical systems. The most important invariants used to characterize chaotic systems are introduced in a way that stresses the interconnections with thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Among the subjects treated are probabilistic aspects of chaotic dynamics, the symbolic dynamics technique, information measures, the maximum entropy principle, general thermodynamic relations, spin systems, fractals and multifractals, expansion rate and information loss, the topological pressure, transfer operator methods, repellers and escape. The more advanced chapters deal with the thermodynamic formalism for expanding maps, thermodynamic analysis of chaotic systems with several intensive parameters, and phase transitions in nonlinear dynamics.

This monograph presents, from the viewpoint of continuum mechanics, a newly emerging field of irreversible thermodynamics, in which linear irreversible thermodynamics are extended to the nonlinear regime and macroscopic phenomena far removed from equilibrium are studied in a manner consistent with the laws of thermodynamics. The tool to develop this thermodynamic theory of irreversible processes are the generalized thermodynamics, which also extends the classical hydrodynamics of Navier, Stokes and Fourier to nonlinear irreversible processes. On the basis of mathematically rigorous representations of the first and the second law of thermodynamics, phenomenological theory (continuum mechanics) deductions are made from the thermodynamic laws of R. Clausius and Lord Kelvin and by this continuum mechanics theories are formulated for macroscopic irreversible processes occurring far removed from equilibrium. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics are developed for thermodynamic functions.

The macroscopic irreversible processes studied include global irreversible processes as well as local hydrodynamic processes at an arbitrary degree of removal from equilibrium. Applications of the theories cover global irreversible processes, simple flows of non-Newtonian and non-Fourier fluids, shock waves of monatomic and diatomic gases, rarefied gas dynamics, ultrasonic wave absorption and dispersion of monatomic and diatomic gases, electrochemical processes, neural networks of chemical reactors, microflows, etc. Variational principles in irreversible thermodynamics and contact manifolds in thermodynamics are also discussed.'

This monograph, will be of interest to condensed matter physicists, chemicalphysicists, biophysicists, mechanical and aerospace engineers, and specialists and graduate students in the fields of irreversible thermodynamics and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics.

Calorimetry is one of the oldest areas of physical chemistry. The date on which calorimetry came into being may be taken as 13 June 1783, the day on which Lavoisier and Laplace presented a contribution entitled, Memoire de la Chaleur" at a session of the Academie Francaise. Throughout the existence of calorimetry, many new methods have been developed and the measuring techniques have been improved. At p- sent, numerous laboratories worldwide continue to focus attention on the development and applications of calorimetry, and a number of com- nies specialize in the production of calorimeters. The calorimeter is an instrument that allows heat effects in it to be determined by directly measurement of temperature. Accordingly, to determine a heat effect, it is necessary to establish the relationship - tween the heat effect generated and the quantity measured in the ca- rimeter. It is this relationship that unambiguously determines the mathematical model of the calorimeter. Depending on the type of ca- rimeter applied, the accuracy required, and the conditions of heat and mass transfer that prevail in the device, the relationship between the measured and generated quantities can assume different mathematical forms."

This book is a modern presentation exploring the equations that govern heat and momentum transfer in laminar and turbulent boundary-layer flows with small temperature differences and buoyant flows. Numerical solutions are used to illustrate physical behavior and to demonstrate calculation methods. A large number of homework problems and several computer programs based on differential and integral methods are included. An accompanying CD-ROM contains computer programs which are of use to engineers and practitioners.

Thermodiffusion describes the coupling between a temperature gradient and a resulting mass flux. Traditionally, the focus has been on simple fluids, and it is now extending to more complex systems such as electrolytes, polymers, colloidal dispersions and magnetic fluids. This book widens the scope even further by including applications in ionic solids. Written as a set of tutorial reviews, it will be useful to experts, nonspecialist researchers and postgraduate students alike.

Applied Micromechanics of Complex Microstructures: Computational Modeling and Numerical Characterization explains the fundamental concepts of continuum modeling of various complicated microstructures, covering nanocomposites, multi-phase composites, biomaterials, biological materials, and more. The book's authors outline the calculation of effective mechanical and thermal properties, allowing readers to fully understand step-by-step modeling and homogenization of complicated microstructures. The book also features a chapter on microstructure hull and materials design, along with the modeling of complex samples with nonlinear properties such as neural tissue, bone microstructure, and liver tissue.

This book provides a framework for analysing complex systems for which classical thermodynamics is often not applicable. Since the success of the activated process in 1970, diamond growth with simultaneous graphite etching under low pressure has often been regarded as a violation of the second law of thermodynamics. A series of nonequilibrium phase diagrams, which agree excellently with the activated diamond experiments, have been calculated by the author and his coworkers on the basis of reaction coupling. The book goes on to demonstrate how these lead to a complete new systematization of modern thermodynamics.

Within the framework of Jaynes' "Predictive Statistical Mechanics," this book presents a detailed derivation of an ensemble formalism for open systems arbitrarily away from equilibrium. This involves a large systematization and extension of the fundamental works and ideas of the outstanding pioneers Gibbs and Boltzmann, and of Bogoliubov, Kirkwood, Green, Mori, Zwanzig, Prigogine and Zubarev, among others.
Chapters 1 to 5 include a description of the philosophy, foundations, and construction (methodology) of the formalism, including the derivation of a nonequilibrium grand-canonical ensemble for far-from-equilibrium systems as well as the derivation of a quantum nonlinear kinetic theory and a response function theory together with a theory of scattering. In chapter 6 applications of the theory are cataloged, making comparisons with experimental data (a basic step for the validation of any theory). Chapter 7 is devoted to the description of irreversible thermodynamics, providing a far-reaching generalization of Informational-Statistical Thermodynamics. The last chapter gives an overall picture of the formalism, and questions and criticisms related to it are discussed.
Audience: This book is directed at an audience of researchers in the field of Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics of open nonequilibrium systems. In addition, it is relevant for the study of far-from-equilibrium processes in condensed matter, particularly semiconductor physics, as well as molecular Hydrodynamics, Rheology, many-body systems with complex behavior and areas of engineering, etc. The book can also be used as a complement to advanced graduate courses in Statistical Mechanics.

Understanding the structural and thermodynamic properties of surfaces, interfaces, and membranes is important for both fundamental and practical reasons. Important applications include coatings, dispersants, encapsulating agents, and biological materials. Soft materials, important in the development of new materials and the basis of many biological systems, cannot be designed using trial and error methods due to the multiplicity of components and parameters. While these systems can sometimes be analyzed in terms of microscopic mixtures, it is often conceptually simpler to regard them as dispersions and to focus on the properties of the internal interfaces found in these systems. The basic physics centers on the properties of quasi-two-dimensional systems embedded in the three-dimensional world, thus exhibiting phenomena that do not exist in bulk materials. This approach is the basis behind the theoretical presentation of Statistical Thermodynamics of Surfaces, Interfaces, and Membranes. The approach adapted allows one to treat the rich diversity of phenomena investigated in the field of soft matter physics (including both colloid/interface science as well as the materials and macromolecular aspects of biological physics) such as interfacial tension, the roughening transition, wetting, interactions between surfaces, membrane elasticity, and self-assembly. Presented as a set of lecture notes, this book is aimed at physicists, physical chemists, biological physicists, chemical engineers, and materials scientists who are interested in the statistical mechanics that underlie the macroscopic, thermodynamic properties of surfaces, interfaces, and membranes. This paperback edition contains all the material published in the original hard-cover edition as well as additional clarifications and explanations.

The papers collected in this volume address all aspects related to thermofluidynamic processses in Diesel engines, from basic studies aiming to obtain a better understanding of the physical processes underlying diesel engine operation, to the real day-to-day problems associated with engine development. The topics covered comprise: Air management, injection systems, spray development and air interaction, combustion and pollutant formation, emission control strategies, and new concepts.

The problem of deriving irreversible thermodynamics from the re versible microscopic dynamics has been on the agenda of theoreti cal physics for a century and has produced more papers than can be digested by any single scientist. Why add to this too long list with yet another work? The goal is definitely not to give a gen eral review of previous work in this field. My ambition is rather to present an approach differing in some key aspects from the stan dard treatments, and to develop it as far as possible using rather simple mathematical tools (mainly inequalities of various kinds). However, in the course of this work I have used a large number of results and ideas from the existing literature, and the reference list contains contributions from many different lines of research. As a consequence the reader may find the arguments a bit difficult to follow without some previous exposure to this set of problems."

This book deals with models and model-building in classical and quantum physics; it relies on logic and the philosophy of science as well as on modern mathematics. The reader will also find vistas into the history of ideas. The philosophical analysis is based on the separation of syntax and semantics, which is at the root of Kolmogorov's theory of probability; recursive functions and algorithmic complexity are used to discuss entropy and randomness. Basic concepts are discussed, together with concrete physical models for phase transitions, scaling, renormalization semigroups, and the irreversible approach to equilibrium. The book is intended for mathematicians, physicists and philosophers of science, both researchers and graduate students.

Entropy and entropy generation play essential roles in our understanding of many diverse phenomena ranging from cosmology to biology. Their importance is manifest in areas of immediate practical interest such as the provision of global energy as well as in others of a more fundamental flavour such as the source of order and complexity in nature. They also form the basis of most modern formulations of both equilibrium and nonequilibrium thermodynamics. Today much progress is being made in our understanding of entropy and entropy generation in both fundamental aspects and application to concrete problems. The purpose of this volume is to present some of these recent and important results in a manner that not only appeals to the entropy specialist but also makes them accessible to the nonspecialist looking for an overview of the field. This book contains fourteen contributions by leading scientists in their fields. The content covers such topics as quantum thermodynamics, nonlinear processes, gravitational and irreversible thermodynamics, the thermodynamics of Taylor dispersion, higher order transport, the mesoscopic theory of liquid crystals, simulated annealing, information and biological aspects, global energy, photovoltaics, heat and mass transport and nonlinear electrochemical systems. Audience: This work will be of value to physicists, chemists, biologists and engineers interested in the theory and applications of entropy and its generation.

The series of texts Classical Theoretical Physics is based on the highly successful series of courses given by Walter Greiner and his colleagues at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Intended for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students, the volumes in this series will provide not only a complete survey of classical theoretical physics but also an enormous number of worked examples and problems to show students clearly how to apply the underlying principles to realistic problems. Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics covers: Thermodynamics - basic definitions of thermodynamics, equilibrium, state variables - the first and second laws - phase transitions and chemical reactions - thermodynamic potentials Statistical Mechanics - statistics of microscopic states and connection to the entropy - the microcanonical, canonical and grand canonical ensembles - applications of Boltzmann statistics Quantum Statistics - the density operator - many-particle wave functions - ideal quantum systems - the ideal Bose gas and applications to blackbody radiation, Kirchhoff's law, and lattice vibrations - the ideal Fermi gas and applications to condensed-matter physics, astrophysics, and nuclear physics - relativistic Bose and Fermi gases and applications to particle physics Real Gases and Phase Transitions - real gases and the virial expansion - classification of phase transitions and critical indices - the Ising and Heisenberg models

Ideal for one- or two-semester courses that assume elementary knowledge of calculus This text presents the fundamental concepts of thermodynamics and applies these to problems dealing with properties of materials, phase transformations, chemical reactions, solutions and surfaces.utilizing principles of statistical mechanics to illustrate key concepts from a microscopic perspective, as well as develop equations of kinetic theory. Discusses the second law of thermodynamics-considering entropy as the indicator of energy quality. Principles of Thermodynamics provides end-of-chapter question and problem sets, some using MathcadT and MathematicaT a useful glossary containing important symbols, definitions, and units appendices covering multivariable calculus and valuable numerical methods and examines the basic ideas of energy, entropy, and free energy chemical reactions neutral and ionic solutions and electrochemical systems phase diagrams for binary and ternary systems surface effects in single component and multicomponent systems the thermodynamics of steady-state systems polymers and nonequilibrium systems Principles of Thermodynamics is an authoritative text suitable for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in chemistry, physics, geosciences, and engineering.

This book provides an introduction to the most important optical measurement techniques that are applied to engineering problems. It will also serve as a guideline to selecting and applying the appropriate technique to a particular problem. The text of the first edition has been completely revised and new chapters added to describe the latest developments in Phase-Doppler Velocimetry and Particle Image Velocimetry.The editors and authors have made a special effort not only to describe and to explain the fundamentals of measuring techniques, but also to provide guidelines for their application and to demonstrate the capabilities of the various methods.The book comes with a CD-ROM containing high-speed movies visualizing the methods described in the book.

This is the first book dedicated to the glass transition since this concept became recognized as a distinct and independent field of investigation. The glass transition is a synonym for relaxation and dynamics in complex disordered systems, especially in liquids. It embraces time-scales ranging from picoseconds to years. The book describes and interrelates the following processes: cooperative alpha processes in a cold liquid, structural relaxation in the glass near Tg, the Johari-Goldstein beta process, the Williams-Götze process in a warm liquid, fast nonactivated cage rattling and boson peak, and ultraslow Fischer modes. By describing the salient facts, explaining and discussing the fundamentals, the author attempts to introduce a unifying concept for the entire material. The formulas, diagrams and references are carefully selected to illustrate the main current ideas about the glass transition.

This topical volume reviews applications of continuum mechanics to systems in geophysics and the environment. Part of the text is devoted to numerical simulations and modeling. The topics covered include soil mechanics and porous media, glacier and ice dynamics, climatology and lake physics, climate change as well as numerical algorithms. The book, written by well-known experts, addresses researchers and students interested in physical aspects of our environment.

Nonextensive statistical mechanics is now a rapidly growing field and a new stream in the research of the foundations of statistical mechanics. This generalization of the well-known Boltzmann--Gibbs theory enables the study of systems with long-range interactions, long-term memories or multi-fractal structures. This book consists of a set of self-contained lectures and includes additional contributions where some of the latest developments -- ranging from astro- to biophysics -- are covered. Addressing primarily graduate students and lecturers, this book will also be a useful reference for all researchers working in the field.

Recent years have witnessed a resurgence in the kinetic approach to dynamic many-body problems. Modern kinetic theory offers a unifying theoretical framework within which a great variety of seemingly unrelated systems can be explored in a coherent way. Kinetic methods are currently being applied in such areas as the dynamics of colloidal suspensions, granular material flow, electron transport in mesoscopic systems, the calculation of Lyapunov exponents and other properties of classical many-body systems characterised by chaotic behaviour. The present work focuses on Brownian motion, dynamical systems, granular flows, and quantum kinetic theory.

Recent years have witnessed a resurgence in the kinetic approach to dynamic many-body problems. Modern kinetic theory offers a unifying theoretical framework within which a great variety of seemingly unrelated systems can be explored in a coherent way. Kinetic methods are currently being applied in such areas as the dynamics of colloidal suspensions, granular material flow, electron transport in mesoscopic systems, the calculation of Lyapunov exponents and other properties of classical many-body systems characterised by chaotic behaviour. The present work focuses on Brownian motion, dynamical systems, granular flows, and quantum kinetic theory.

This graduate textbook is concerned with both the formulation and the solution of radiation heat transfer problems in enclosures. The book is essentially self-contained and includes a brief historical survey. The foundations are carefully discussed from the point of view of the exact mathematical basis of boundary value problems and their variational solutions as well as of the physical foundations. The computational methods developed by the authors are used in engineering applications. The combination of exact mathematical modelling with numerical skills makes this a unique textbook.

This sixth Volume of the International Workshop on Instabilities and Nonequilibrium Structures is dedicated to the memory of my friend Walter Zeller, Professor of the Universidad C'at6lica df' Valparaiso and Vice-Director of the Workshop. Walter Zeller was much more than an organizer of this meeting: his enthusiasm, dedication and critical views were many times the essential ingredients to continue with a task which in occasions faced difficulties and incomprehensiolls. It is in great part due to him that the workshop has adquired to-day tradition. maturity and international recognition. This Volume should have been coedited by Walter and it is with df'ep emotion that I learned that his disciples Javier Martinez and Rolando Tiemann wanted as a last hommage to their Professor and friend to coedit tfus book. No me seria posible terminal' estas lineas sin pensar en la senora Adriana Gamonal de Zelln. qUf' ella encuentre en este libro la admiraci6n y reconocimiento hacia su marido de quiPIlf's [l\Prall sus discipulos, colegas y amigos.