Hyperbolic systems of partial differential equations are important in modelling various physical systems, in particular the development of shock waves in fluids. As such they find many applications in areas of engineering and aerospace research. This book provides a self-contained introduction to the mathematical theory of hyperbolic systems of conservation laws, with particular emphasis on the study of discontinuous solutions characterized by the appearance of shock waves. It is the first monograph on the subject which gives a detailed description of the front tracking algorithm, and a comprehensive account of the new, fundamental results on the uniqueness and stability of solutions.

Dimensional analysis is a magical way of finding useful results with almost no effort. It makes it possible to bring together the results of experiments and computations in a concise but exact form, so that they can be used efficiently and economically to make predictions. It takes advantage of the fact that phenomena go their way independently of the units we measure them with, because the units have nothing to do with the underlying physics. This simple idea turns out to be unexpectedly powerful.Students often fail to gain from dimensional analysis, because bad teaching has led them to suppose it cannot be used to derive new results, and can only confirm results that have been secured by some other route. That notion is false. This book demonstrates what can be done with dimensional analysis through a series of examples, starting with Pythagoras' theorem and the simple pendulum, and going on to a number of practical examples, many from the author's experience in ocean engineering. In parallel, the book explains the underlying theory, starting with Vaschy's elegant treatment, whilst avoiding unnecessary complexity. It also explores the use and misuse of models, which can be useful but can also be seriously misleading.

Dimensional analysis is a magical way of finding useful results with almost no effort. It makes it possible to bring together the results of experiments and computations in a concise but exact form, so that they can be used efficiently and economically to make predictions. It takes advantage of the fact that phenomena go their way independently of the units we measure them with, because the units have nothing to do with the underlying physics. This simple idea turns out to be unexpectedly powerful.Students often fail to gain from dimensional analysis, because bad teaching has led them to suppose it cannot be used to derive new results, and can only confirm results that have been secured by some other route. That notion is false. This book demonstrates what can be done with dimensional analysis through a series of examples, starting with Pythagoras' theorem and the simple pendulum, and going on to a number of practical examples, many from the author's experience in ocean engineering. In parallel, the book explains the underlying theory, starting with Vaschy's elegant treatment, whilst avoiding unnecessary complexity. It also explores the use and misuse of models, which can be useful but can also be seriously misleading.

Basic Analysis: Volumes I-V is written with the aim of balancing theory and abstraction with clear explanations and arguments, so that students and researchers alike who are from a variety of different areas can follow this text and use it profitably for self-study. The first volume is designed for students who have completed the usual calculus and ordinary differential equation sequence and a basic course in linear algebra. This is a critical course in the use of abstraction, but is just first volume in a sequence of courses which prepare students to become practicing scientists. The second volume focuses on differentiation in n-dimensions and important concepts about mappings between finite dimensional Euclidean spaces, such as the inverse and implicit function theorem and change of variable formulae for multidimensional integration. These important topics provide background in important applied and theoretical areas which are no longer covered in mathematical science curricula. Although it follows on from the preceding volume, this is a self-contained book, accessible to undergraduates with a standard course in undergraduate analysis. The third volume is intended as a first course in abstract linear analysis. This textbook covers metric spaces, normed linear spaces and inner product spaces, along with many other deeper abstract ideas such a completeness, operators and dual spaces. These topics act as an important tool in the development of a mathematically trained scientist. The fourth volume introduces students to concepts from measure theory and continues their training in the abstract way of looking at the world. This is a most important skill to have when your life's work will involve quantitative modeling to gain insight into the real world. This text generalizes the notion of integration to a very abstract setting in a variety of ways. We generalize the notion of the length of an interval to the measure of a set and learn how to construct the usual ideas from integration using measures. We discuss carefully the many notions of convergence that measure theory provides. The final volume introduces graduate students in science with concepts from topology and functional analysis, both linear and nonlinear. It is the fifth book in a series designed to train interested readers how to think properly using mathematical abstractions, and how to use the tools of mathematical analysis in applications. It is important to realize that the most difficult part of applying mathematical reasoning to a new problem domain is choosing the underlying mathematical framework to use on the problem. Once that choice is made, we have many tools we can use to solve the problem. However, a different choice would open up avenues of analysis from a different, perhaps more productive perspective. In this volume, the nature of these critical choices is discussed using applications involving the immune system and cognition. Features: Can be used as a supplementary text for anyone whose work requires that they begin to assimilate more abstract mathematical concepts as part of their professional growth Function as a traditional textbook as well as a resource for self-study Suitable for mathematics students and for those in other disciplines such as biology, physics, and economics and others requiring a careful and solid grounding in the use of abstraction in problem solving Emphasizes learning how to understand the consequences of the underlying assumptions used in building a model Regularly uses computation tools to help understand abstract concepts.

Krichever and Novikov introduced certain classes of infinite dimensional Lie algebras to extend the Virasoro algebra and its related algebras to Riemann surfaces of higher genus. The author of this book generalized and extended them to a more general setting needed by the applications. Examples of applications are Conformal Field Theory, Wess-Zumino-Novikov-Witten models, moduli space problems, integrable systems, Lax operator algebras, and deformation theory of Lie algebra. Furthermore they constitute an important class of infinite dimensional Lie algebras which due to their geometric origin are still manageable. This book gives an introduction for the newcomer to this exciting field of ongoing research in mathematics and will be a valuable source of reference for the experienced researcher. Beside the basic constructions and results also applications are presented.

"The Art of Proof" is designed for a one-semester or two-quarter course. A typical student will have studied calculus (perhaps also linear algebra) with reasonable success. With an artful mixture of chatty style and interesting examples, the student's previous intuitive knowledge is placed on solid intellectual ground. The topics covered include: integers, induction, algorithms, real numbers, rational numbers, modular arithmetic, limits, and uncountable sets. Methods, such as axiom, theorem and proof, are taught while discussing the mathematics rather than in abstract isolation. The book ends with short essays on further topics suitable for seminar-style presentation by small teams of students, either in class or in a mathematics club setting. These include: continuity, cryptography, groups, complex numbers, ordinal number, and generating functions.

This book pioneers a nonlinear Fredholm theory in a general class of spaces called polyfolds. The theory generalizes certain aspects of nonlinear analysis and differential geometry, and combines them with a pinch of category theory to incorporate local symmetries. On the differential geometrical side, the book introduces a large class of `smooth' spaces and bundles which can have locally varying dimensions (finite or infinite-dimensional). These bundles come with an important class of sections, which display properties reminiscent of classical nonlinear Fredholm theory and allow for implicit function theorems. Within this nonlinear analysis framework, a versatile transversality and perturbation theory is developed to also cover equivariant settings. The theory presented in this book was initiated by the authors between 2007-2010, motivated by nonlinear moduli problems in symplectic geometry. Such problems are usually described locally as nonlinear elliptic systems, and they have to be studied up to a notion of isomorphism. This introduces symmetries, since such a system can be isomorphic to itself in different ways. Bubbling-off phenomena are common and have to be completely understood to produce algebraic invariants. This requires a transversality theory for bubbling-off phenomena in the presence of symmetries. Very often, even in concrete applications, geometric perturbations are not general enough to achieve transversality, and abstract perturbations have to be considered. The theory is already being successfully applied to its intended applications in symplectic geometry, and should find applications to many other areas where partial differential equations, geometry and functional analysis meet. Written by its originators, Polyfold and Fredholm Theory is an authoritative and comprehensive treatise of polyfold theory. It will prove invaluable for researchers studying nonlinear elliptic problems arising in geometric contexts.

In this book, we study theoretical and practical aspects of computing methods for mathematical modelling of nonlinear systems. A number of computing techniques are considered, such as methods of operator approximation with any given accuracy; operator interpolation techniques including a non-Lagrange interpolation; methods of system representation subject to constraints associated with concepts of causality, memory and stationarity; methods of system representation with an accuracy that is the best within a given class of models; methods of covariance matrix estimation;
methods for low-rank matrix approximations; hybrid methods based on a combination of iterative procedures and best operator approximation; and
methods for information compression and filtering under condition that a filter model should satisfy restrictions associated with causality and different types of memory.
As a result, the book represents a blend of new methods in general computational analysis,
and specific, but also generic, techniques for study of systems theory ant its particular
branches, such as optimal filtering and information compression.
- Best operator approximation,
- Non-Lagrange interpolation,
- Generic Karhunen-Loeve transform
- Generalised low-rank matrix approximation
- Optimal data compression
- Optimal nonlinear filtering

Although the analysis of scattering for closed bodies of simple geometric shape is well developed, structures with edges, cavities, or inclusions have seemed, until now, intractable to analytical methods. This two-volume set describes a breakthrough in analytical techniques for accurately determining diffraction from classes of canonical scatterers with comprising edges and other complex cavity features. It is an authoritative account of mathematical developments over the last two decades that provides benchmarks against which solutions obtained by numerical methods can be verified. The first volume, Canonical Structures in Potential Theory, develops the mathematics, solving mixed boundary potential problems for structures with cavities and edges. The second volume, Acoustic and Electromagnetic Diffraction by Canonical Structures, examines the diffraction of acoustic and electromagnetic waves from several classes of open structures with edges or cavities. Together these volumes present an authoritative and unified treatment of potential theory and diffraction-the first complete description quantifying the scattering mechanisms in complex structures.

Although the theory behind solitary waves of strain shows that they hold significant promise in nondestructive testing and a variety of other applications, an enigma has long persisted-the absence of observable elastic solitary waves in practice. Inspired by this apparent contradiction, Strain Solitons in Solids and How to Construct Them refines the existing theory, explores how to construct a powerful deformation pulse in a waveguide without plastic flow or fracture, and proposes a direct method of strain soliton generation, detection, and observation. The author focuses on the theory, simulation, generation, and propagation of strain solitary waves in a nonlinearly elastic, straight cylindrical rod under finite deformations. He introduces the general theory of wave propagation in nonlinearly elastic solids and shows, from first principles, how its main ideas can lead to successful experiments. In doing so, he develops a new approach to solving the corresponding doubly dispersive equation (DDE) with dissipative terms, leading to new explicit and exact solutions. He also shows that the method is applicable to a variety of nonlinear problems. First discovered in virtual reality, nonlinear waves and solitons in solids are finally moving into the genuine reality of physics, mechanics, and engineering. Strain Solitons in Solids and How to Construct Them shows how to balance the mathematics of the problem with the application of the results to experiments and ultimately to generating and observing solitons in solids.

This book contains papers presented at the Chicago Conference on Harmonic Analysis in 1981. The papers are compiled under topics, namely trigonometric series, singular integrals and pseudodifferential operators, hardy spaces, differentiation theory, and partial differential equations.

The Euclidean algorithm is one of the oldest in mathematics, while the study of continued fractions as tools of approximation goes back at least to Euler and Legendre. While our understanding of continued fractions and related methods for simultaneous diophantine approximation has burgeoned over the course of the past decade and more, many of the results have not been brought together in book form. Continued fractions have been studied from the perspective of number theory, complex analysis, ergodic theory, dynamic processes, analysis of algorithms, and even theoretical physics, which has further complicated the situation. This book places special emphasis on continued fraction Cantor sets and the Hausdorff dimension, algorithms and analysis of algorithms, and multi-dimensional algorithms for simultaneous diophantine approximation. Extensive, attractive computer-generated graphics are presented, and the underlying algorithms are discussed and made available.

This book is an unique integrated treatise, on the concepts of fractional calculus as models with applications in hydrology, soil science and geomechanics. The models are primarily fractional partial differential equations (fPDEs), and in limited cases, fractional differential equations (fDEs). It develops and applies relevant fPDEs and fDEs mainly to water flow and solute transport in porous media and overland, and in some cases, to concurrent flow and energy transfer. It is an integrated resource with theory and applications for those interested in hydrology, hydraulics and fluid mechanics. The self-contained book summaries the fundamentals for porous media and essential mathematics with extensive references supporting the development of the model and applications.

The series is devoted to the publication of high-level monographs which cover the whole spectrum of current nonlinear analysis and applications in various fields, such as optimization, control theory, systems theory, mechanics, engineering, and other sciences. One of its main objectives is to make available to the professional community expositions of results and foundations of methods that play an important role in both the theory and applications of nonlinear analysis. Contributions which are on the borderline of nonlinear analysis and related fields and which stimulate further research at the crossroads of these areas are particularly welcome. Editor-in-Chief Jurgen Appell, Wurzburg, Germany Honorary and Advisory Editors Catherine Bandle, Basel, Switzerland Alain Bensoussan, Richardson, Texas, USA Avner Friedman, Columbus, Ohio, USA Umberto Mosco, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA Louis Nirenberg, New York, USA Alfonso Vignoli, Rome, Italy Editorial Board Manuel del Pino, Bath, UK, and Santiago, Chile Mikio Kato, Nagano, Japan Wojciech Kryszewski, Torun, Poland Vicentiu D. Radulescu, Krakow, Poland Simeon Reich, Haifa, Israel Please submit book proposals to Jurgen Appell. Titles in planning include Lucio Damascelli and Filomena Pacella, Morse Index of Solutions of Nonlinear Elliptic Equations (2019) Tomasz W. Dlotko and Yejuan Wang, Critical Parabolic-Type Problems (2019) Rafael Ortega, Periodic Differential Equations in the Plane: A Topological Perspective (2019) Ireneo Peral Alonso and Fernando Soria, Elliptic and Parabolic Equations Involving the Hardy-Leray Potential (2020) Cyril Tintarev, Profile Decompositions and Cocompactness: Functional-Analytic Theory of Concentration Compactness (2020) Takashi Suzuki, Semilinear Elliptic Equations: Classical and Modern Theories (2021)

Stochastic Partial Differential Equations and Applications gives an overview of current state-of-the-art stochastic PDEs in several fields, such as filtering theory, stochastic quantization, quantum probability, and mathematical finance. Featuring contributions from leading expert participants at an international conference on the subject, this book presents valuable information for PhD students in probability and PDEs as well as for researchers in pure and applied mathematics. Coverage includes Navier-Stokes equations, Ornstein-Uhlenbeck semigroups, quantum stochastic differential equations, applications of SPDE, 3D stochastic Navier-Stokes equations, and nonlinear filtering.

This monograph is divided into five parts and opens with elements of the theory of singular integral equation solutions in the class of absolutely integrable and non-integrable functions. The second part deals with elements of potential theory for the Helmholtz equation, especially with the reduction of Dirichlet and Neumann problems for Laplace and Helmholtz equations to singular integral equations. Part three contains methods of calculation for different one-dimensional and two-dimensional singular integrals. In this part, quadrature formulas of discrete vortex pair type in the plane case and closed vortex frame type in the spatial case for singular integrals are described for the first time. These quadrature formulas are applied to numerical solutions of singular integral equations of the 1st and 2nd kind with constant and variable coefficients, in part four of the book. Finally, discrete mathematical models of some problems in aerodynamics, electrodynamics and elasticity theory are given.

Fourier analysis is a mathematical technique for decomposing a signal into identifiable components. It is used in the study of all types of waves. This book explains the basic mathematical theory and some of the principal applications of Fourier analysis, in areas ranging from sound and vibration to optics and CAT scanning. The author provides in-depth coverage of the techniques and includes exercises that range from straightforward applications of formulas to more complex collections of problems. The text will be a valuable guide for courses in electrical engineering, applied mathematics, and signal processing.

The study of the symmetric groups forms one of the basic building blocks of modern group theory. This book is the first completely detailed and self-contained presentation of the wealth of information now known on the projective representations of the symmetric and alternating groups. Prerequisites are a basic familiarity with the elementary theory of linear representations and a modest background in modern algebra. The authors have taken pains to ensure that all the relevant algebraic and combinatoric tools are clearly explained in such a way as to make the book suitable for graduate students and research workers. After the pioneering work of Issai Schur, little progress was made for half a century on projective representations, despite considerable activity on the related topic of linear representations. However, in the last twenty years important new advances have spurred further research. This book develops both the early theory of Schur and then describes the key advances that the subject has seen since then. In particular the theory of Q-functions and skew Q-functions is extensively covered which is central to the development of the subject.

Including previously unpublished, original research material, this comprehensive book analyses topics of fundamental importance in theoretical fluid mechanics. The five papers appearing in this volume are centred around the mathematical theory of the Navier-Stokes equations (incompressible and compressible) and certain selected non-Newtonian modifications.

The first book to examine weakly stationary random fields and their connections with invariant subspaces (an area associated with functional analysis). It reviews current literature, presents central issues and most important results within the area. For advanced Ph.D. students, researchers, especially those conducting research on Gaussian theory.

This is an introductory textbook on isometry groups of the hyperbolic plane. Interest in such groups dates back more than 120 years. Examples appear in number theory (modular groups and triangle groups), the theory of elliptic functions, and the theory of linear differential equations in the complex domain (giving rise to the alternative name Fuchsian groups). The current book is based on what became known as the famous Fenchel-Nielsen manuscript. Jakob Nielsen (1890-1959) started this project well before World War II, and his interest arose through his deep investigations on the topology of Riemann surfaces and from the fact that the fundamental group of a surface of genus greater than one is represented by such a discontinuous group. Werner Fenchel (1905-1988) joined the project later and overtook much of the preparation of the manuscript. The present book is special because of its very complete treatment of groups containing reversions and because it avoids the use of matrices to represent Moebius maps. This text is intended for students and researchers in the many areas of mathematics that involve the use of discontinuous groups.

As computer-assisted modeling and analysis of physical processes have continued to grow and diversify, sensitivity and uncertainty analyses have become indispensable investigative scientific tools. Most of the techniques used for these analyses are well documented. However, a particularly useful method based on adjoint operators and applicable to a much wider variety of problems than methods traditionally used in control theory has lacked a full, systematic treatment.

Sensitivity and Uncertainty Analysis. Volume I: Theory, fills that gap, focusing on the mathematical underpinnings of the Forward Sensitivity Analysis Procedure (FSAP), the Adjoint Sensitivity Analysis Procedure (ASAP), and the use of deterministically obtained sensitivities for uncertainty analysis. After a review of the requisite background material, the author explores the concepts of local sensitivity analysis for both linear and nonlinear systems. This leads to the presentation of a global sensitivity analysis procedure for determining all of the system's critical points, and then analyzing these points locally by the ASAP. Along the way, the book presents several significant paradigms that illustrate the unique advantages of using the ASAP for large-scale systems characterized by many variables and parameters.

The treatment is rigorous but accessible and includes a discussion of the relative advantages and disadvantages of the ASAP and FSAP methods. The broad applicability of ASAP and FSAP make them valuable additions to your analytical toolbox and make this book a welcome complement to the available literature.

This book provides a comprehensive discussion on the existence and regularity of minima of regular integrals in the calculus of variations and of solutions to elliptic partial differential equations and systems of the second order. While direct methods for the existence of solutions are well known and have been widely used in the last century, the regularity of the minima was always obtained by means of the Euler equation as a part of the general theory of partial differential equations. In this book, using the notion of the quasi-minimum introduced by Giaquinta and the author, the direct methods are extended to the regularity of the minima of functionals in the calculus of variations, and of solutions to partial differential equations. This unified treatment offers a substantial economy in the assumptions, and permits a deeper understanding of the nature of the regularity and singularities of the solutions. The book is essentially self-contained, and requires only a general knowledge of the elements of Lebesgue integration theory.

This book is intended as an introduction to harmonic analysis and generalized Gelfand pairs. Starting with the elementary theory of Fourier series and Fourier integrals, the author proceeds to abstract harmonic analysis on locally compact abelian groups and Gelfand pairs. Finally a more advanced theory of generalized Gelfand pairs is developed. This book is aimed at advanced undergraduates or beginning graduate students. The scope of the book is limited, with the aim of enabling students to reach a level suitable for starting PhD research. The main prerequisites for the book are elementary real, complex and functional analysis. In the later chapters, familiarity with some more advanced functional analysis is assumed, in particular with the spectral theory of (unbounded) self-adjoint operators on a Hilbert space. From the contents Fourier series Fourier integrals Locally compact groups Haar measures Harmonic analysis on locally compact abelian groups Theory and examples of Gelfand pairs Theory and examples of generalized Gelfand pairs

At the heart of modern cryptographic algorithms lies computational number theory. Whether you're encrypting or decrypting ciphers, a solid background in number theory is essential for success. Written by a number theorist and practicing cryptographer, Cryptanalysis of Number Theoretic Ciphers takes you from basic number theory to the inner workings of ciphers and protocols.

First, the book provides the mathematical background needed in cryptography as well as definitions and simple examples from cryptography. It includes summaries of elementary number theory and group theory, as well as common methods of finding or constructing large random primes, factoring large integers, and computing discrete logarithms. Next, it describes a selection of cryptographic algorithms, most of which use number theory. Finally the book presents methods of attack on the cryptographic algorithms and assesses their effectiveness. For each attack method the author lists the systems it applies to and tells how they may be broken with it.

Computational number theorists are some of the most successful cryptanalysts against public key systems. Cryptanalysis of Number Theoretic Ciphers builds a solid foundation in number theory and shows you how to apply it not only when breaking ciphers, but also when designing ones that are difficult to break.