How jurors come to a verdict in a trial is a fascinating topic with many unexpected aspects. Inside the Juror presents the most interesting and sophisticated work to date on juror decision making from several traditions--social psychology, behavioral decision theory, cognitive psychology, and behavioral modeling. The authors grapple with crucial questions, such as: Why jurors who hear the same evidence and arguments in the courtroom enter the jury room with disagreements about the proper verdict and how biases and prejudices affect jurors' decisions. And just how "rational" is the typical juror? As an introduction to the scientific study of juror decision making in criminal trials, Inside the Juror provides a comprehensive and understandable summary of the major theories of juror decision making and the research that has been conducted to evaluate their validity.

This book conducts an interdisciplinary and comparative examination of tort liabilities of multinational enterprises (MNEs). It examines the social, economic, managerial and legal characteristics of MNEs and compares the findings of this examination to the current understanding of MNEs in the way that tort liability is applied to them. Existing laws and principles related to liability of MNEs are explored from a variety of jurisdictions with the aim of assessing whether these laws are adequate for the challenges that modern MNEs create. Muzaffer Eroglu also proposes solutions to the problems of tort liability of MNEs.Comparing the theory of control in existing laws and the theory of control in business management structure, Multinational Enterprises and Tort Liabilities will be of great interest to academics, researchers, students and practitioners. It will also appeal to NGOs particularly interested with the liabilities of MNEs for their human rights breaches.

The contributions to this edited volume engage with John Gardner's philosophical work on private law. The content is divided into three parts. The first part gathers contributions on general theoretical issues that bear upon private law. The second part is concerned with Gardner's well-known views on responding to wrongs and the justification of reparative duties - an issue that spans all of private law. The third part turns to theoretical issues within particular areas of private law. Its focus is Gardner's focus: tort law, but it also includes chapters on contract law and equity. The primary aim of Private Law and Practical Reason is to facilitate a critical assessment of the private law thinking of one of the most important legal philosophers of the last fifty years. Gardner's contributions to private law theory are recognised to be amongst the most significant and philosophically rich. This work assembles a group of contributors with diverse theoretical commitments, many of whom have not directly engaged previously with Gardner's work, and is intended to act as a reference point for central debates in private law theory, such as the role of moral duties, the justification of reparative obligations, and, more broadly, the role of reasons in private law.

Notwithstanding increases in the scope for interaction between European and national courts, little research has been undertaken into the potential impact of institutional cooperation and dialogue in European private law making. This coherent collection of original chapters provides unique insights into these developments - with a particular focus on consumer law, and changes in national civil procedure via substantive law enforcement - from a broad range of stakeholders, including academics and judges from the EU and the US. Dialogue of both a vertical (between national and European courts) and horizontal (between national courts) nature is visible in the growing number of preliminary references to the CJEU in European private law. Combined with activism on the part of national courts and the growing importance of regulators, this dialogue brings about new forms of development of European private law. This book offers a case-based analysis of these processes, highlighting the need to focus on the instruments of dialogue and cooperation, and pressing beyond the prevailing focus on constitutional dialogue to reveal a new perspective on the private law sphere. Judicial Cooperation in European Private Law will appeal to scholars, students, practising lawyers and judges interested in the creation and development of European private law at both national and EU levels. Contributors include: F. Cafaggi, A.C. Ciacchi, F. Gomez Pomar, M. Jozon, S. Law, K. Lyczkowska, M. Safjan, A.J. Scirica, C. Timmermans

Mit der im Zuge der letzten Zivilprozessreform einhergehenden Umgestaltung des Rechtsmittelrechts bot sich fur den Gesetzgeber die Moeglichkeit zu einer grundlegenden Integration des kontrovers diskutierten Instituts der ausserordentlichen Beschwerde in das kodifizierte Recht. Die Frage nach einer Existenzberechtigung ausserordentlicher Beschwerden auf der Grundlage des veranderten Zivilprozessrechts bedarf daher einer analytischen Beantwortung. Eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der aktuellen hoechstrichterlichen und obergerichtlichen Rechtsprechung soll dabei die Defizite in der Anwendung ausserordentlicher Rechtsbehelfe darlegen.

Die Betreuung als Rechtsinstitut lasst sich als staatlich geordnete Fursorge fur Erwachsene charakterisieren, die im Bereich der eigenstandigen und eigenverantwortlichen Erledigung ihrer Angelegenheiten Defizite aufweisen. Eine Anordnung von Betreuung fuhrt vielfach dazu, dass sich die Komplexitat des Verfahrensrechtsverhaltnisses erhoeht und die Betreuerbestellung die bestehenden prozessualen Handlungsbefugnisse modifiziert. Schwerpunkte der vorliegenden Publikation sind die prozessualen Folgen der Betreuung, die Verortung des Instituts im Verfassungsgefuge, die Auswirkungen der Betreuerbestellung im Kontext unterschiedlicher Prozess- und Verfahrensarten, sowie insbesondere die Rechte und Pflichten des Betreuers in der jeweiligen Verfahrungsordnung.

Die Arbeit untersucht die Regelungen der 217 ff. InsO auf ihren Reformbedarf, was die Stellung der Gesellschafter im Insolvenzplanverfahren angeht. Deren vergleichsweise starke Position ist ihrer wirtschaftlichen Situation unangemessen und kann sich bei der Sanierung insolventer Gesellschaften als Hemmnis erweisen. Soll das Planverfahren eine ernstzunehmende Alternative in der Insolvenz der Gesellschaft sein, scheint ein Abschied von der gesellschaftsrechtlichen Enthaltsamkeit der InsO unumganglich. Die Untersuchung legt dar, unter welchen Voraussetzungen sich Eingriffe in Gesellschafterrechte im Planverfahren rechtfertigen lassen und zeigt konkrete Loesungsansatze auf. Vor dem Hintergrund des Regierungsentwurfs zu einem Gesetz zur weiteren Erleichterung der Sanierung von Unternehmen (ESUG) ist die Problemstellung von hoechster Aktualitat.

To Which Is Added The Story Of His Attempted Assassination By A Former Associate On The Supreme Bench Of The State By Hon. George C. Gorman.

Versicherungsunternehmen sind oft der Kritik ausgesetzt, durch ihr Verhalten Grundsatzurteile des BGH zu verhindern, weil sie das Revisionsverfahren (z.B. durch Anerkenntnis oder Rucknahme) beenden, nachdem sich abzeichnet, dass das Gericht eine andere Rechtsauffassung vertritt. Die Autorin untersucht, ob die Kritik daran gerechtfertigt ist. Ausgangspunkt der UEberlegungen ist, dass die prozessualen Rechte der Rucknahme und des Anerkenntnisses gesetzlich vorgesehene Rechte der Prozessparteien sind. Sie sind Ausfluss der Dispositionsmaxime. Andererseits wird die Dispositionsmaxime kraft gesetzlicher Anordnung etwa dort eingeschrankt, wo ein besonderes oeffentliches Interesse dem Recht des Einzelnen vorgehen muss. Diese UEberlegungen sind Anknupfungspunkt der Untersuchung, welche die massgeblichen gegenlaufigen Rechtspositionen - Dispositionsfreiheit und besonderes oeffentliches Interesse - darstellt und gewichtet.

This book primarily provides assistance to litigators who find themselves acting for or against firms in contentious regulatory matters. The material covered is broad in that it covers matters of civil, criminal, administrative, and public law. It is also highly focused in that it is intended to act as a practical handbook for litigators; detailed explanations are given of practice, procedure, evidence, and remedies at the expense of general commentary on the non-contentious aspects of financial regulation. The book starts with two chapters that are primarily contextual. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the UK financial regulators whilst paying particular attention to the relationships between them and the ways in which those interactions can pose problems for litigators and the firms they represent. Chapter 2 summarises the authorisation process and its procedures, as well as the Senior Managers and Certification Regime. In both cases, it provides practical advice for firms and individuals in composing and submitting applications for authorisation and approval. Chapter 3 deals with the increasingly important topic of investigations and information gathering. It pays particular attention to the settlement of investigations and the FCA's procedures for determining discounts. The heart of this book is found in Chapters 4-7, which cover the various forums in which firms can be challenged for failing to adhere to regulatory standards. Unlike many works dealing with financial services regulation, which so often seem to focus on civil liability, this book aspires to be equally helpful to the criminal litigator. Criminal liability is therefore split in two. Chapter 4 covers practice, procedure, and evidence. Chapter 5 covers the substantive offences, defences, and sentencing. Civil liability is found in Chapters 6 and 7. Civil enforcement action taken by regulators, including RDC procedure, penalties, and an analysis of the basis and scope of the raft of potential remedies available to the regulator, are covered in Chapter 6. Individual action by investors and consumers is considered in Chapter 7 alongside wider legal principles that may come into play such as litigation. This chapter for the first time includes a detailed analysis of the types of claims often encountered by firms, including case studies on PPI and interest rate hedging products. Redress, complaints, the Financial Ombudsman Service, and relevant procedure are analysed in Chapter 8. Finally, Chapter 9 provides an overview of the independent methods of challenging regulators, including judicial review and the Financial Services Complaints Commissioner.

Identifies and evaluates the psychological choices implicit in the rules of evidence Evidence law is meant to facilitate trials that are fair, accurate, and efficient, and that encourage and protect important societal values and relationships. In pursuit of these often-conflicting goals, common law judges and modern drafting committees have had to perform as amateur applied psychologists. Their task has required them to employ what they think they know about the ability and motivations of witnesses to perceive, store, and retrieve information; about the effects of the litigation process on testimony and other evidence; and about our capacity to comprehend and evaluate evidence. These are the same phenomena that cognitive and social psychologists systematically study. The rules of evidence have evolved to restrain lawyers from using the most robust weapons of influence, and to direct judges to exclude certain categories of information, limit it, or instruct juries on how to think about it. Evidence law regulates the form of questions lawyers may ask, filters expert testimony, requires witnesses to take oaths, and aims to give lawyers and factfinders the tools they need to assess witnesses' reliability. But without a thorough grounding in psychology, is the "common sense" of the rulemakers as they create these rules always, or even usually, correct? And when it is not, how can the rules be fixed? Addressed to those in both law and psychology, The Psychological Foundations of Evidence Law draws on the best current psychological research-based knowledge to identify and evaluate the choices implicit in the rules of evidence, and to suggest alternatives that psychology reveals as better for accomplishing the law's goals.

The Compendium, like an encyclopedia, contains entries for most of the foundational principles and concepts underlying arbitration. Each entry takes a holistic view of international arbitration, as they tackle core concepts from both a commercial and an investment arbitration perspective, focusing on the fundamental issues underlying the various topics rather than on the solutions adopted in any particular jurisdiction, thus making the Compendium a truly cross-border, transnational resource. This innovative approach will allow readers to identify the commonalities as well as the differences between commercial and investment arbitration, whether and where cross-fertilization has taken place and what consequences it can have. This approach allows the Compendium to be a tool in promoting the creation of a culture of international arbitration that considers commercial arbitration and investment arbitration as part of a whole but with certain distinct features particular to each.

The underlying theme of this book is that the principles of law laid down by the Judges in the 19th century--however suited to social conditions of the time--are not suited to the social necessities and social opinion of the 20th century. They should be moulded and shaped to meet the needs and opinions of today. The Discipline of Law is a fascinating account of Lord Denning's personal contribution to the changing face of the law in this century.

This collection is in honour of Adrian Zuckerman, Emeritus Professor of Civil Procedure at the University of Oxford. Bringing together a distinguished group of judges and academics to reflect on the impact of his work on our understanding of civil procedure and evidence today. An internationally renowned scholar, Professor Zuckerman has dedicated his professional life to the law of evidence and civil procedure, drawing attention to the principles and policies that shape litigation practice and their wider social impact. His pioneering scholarship is admired by the judiciary and the academy and has influenced several major reforms of the civil justice system including the Woolf Reforms that heralded the introduction of the Civil Procedure Rules, and Lord Justice Jackson's Review of Civil Litigation Costs. His work has also informed law reform bodies and courts in other jurisdictions. Building upon Professor Zuckerman's work, the contributors address outstanding problems in the field of civil procedure and evidence, and in keeping with Adrian's record of always exploring new areas, the book includes chapters on the prospects for a digital justice system, including the new online court being developed in England and the potential role of algorithms in the court room.

The property tax in the United States has never been more important. Despite numerous attempts to limit its use, the property tax remains the most significant source of tax revenue for local governments. This is the "go to" book that draws together important legal cases and related materials on the fundamental legal issues concerning valuation, tax policy, and the property tax. This collection provides an overview of the structure and function of real property taxation in the U.S. It is intended to be useful to lawyers and law students, as well as to policy makers, practitioners, and others with an interest in the property tax. Originally published in 1994, this book has been updated and reissued.

Die gegenstandliche Abhandlung uber die roemische "indignitas" bildet eine Antwort auf "Paul Koschakers" Aufruf zur dogmengeschichtlichen und rechtsvergleichenden Untersuchung einzelner privatrechtlicher Rechtsinstitute. Trotz der gemeinsamen rechtsdogmatischen Herkunft - dem roemisch-gemeinen Indignitatsrecht - prasentieren sich die Erbunwurdigkeitsbestimmungen der franzoesischen, oesterreichischen und deutschen Privatrechtskodifikationen als ein aus vielen einzelnen Elementen zusammengestelltes Mosaik. Dieser historisch orientierte Rechtsvergleich der Erbunwurdigkeit liefert einen Beitrag zum besseren Verstandnis der gegenwartig geltenden Erbunwurdigkeitsrechte. Er "blickt" uber den Tellerrand der Landesjurisprudenz, erklart die nationalen Umformulierungen des roemischen Erbunwurdigkeitsrechts und erforscht ihre Ursachen.

Crowdfunding ermoeglicht die Einwerbung von Finanzmitteln uber das Internet. Der Autor beantwortet die Frage, wie die Einwerbung von Finanzmitteln durch Crowdfunding rechtlich zu bewerten ist. Dazu untersucht er sowohl die zivilrechtlichen Grundlagen als auch die aufsichtsrechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen einer Mitteleinwerbung durch Crowdfunding. Die sich hierbei auftuenden Rechtsfragen werden anhand wesentlicher Fallgruppen einer grundlegenden Klarung zugefuhrt. Die Untersuchung beschrankt sich auf den deutschen Rechtsraum.

The Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre (HKIAC) is one of the world's most highly sophisticated arbitration institutions, with a continuously growing annual caseload. Now in its second edition, this detailed commentary with its insider's perspective has firmly established itself as the leading, authoritative guide to the HKIAC Administered Arbitration Rules. The text has been updated to capture over 1,000 new cases since 2017. It begins with an introduction to the HKIAC, including a history with statistics and details of other services provided by the HKIAC. The commentary then examines each article of the Rules in depth, drawing on the authors' years of experience administering arbitrations under earlier HKIAC Administered Arbitration Rules (2008 & 2013), and highlighting changes introduced by the 2018 Rules, including provisions on online dispute resolution, the use of technology for the determination of the arbitral process, use of alternative dispute resolution techniques, early determination of proceedings, and concurrent proceedings. Offering practical guidance, the book makes reference to the Hong Kong Arbitration Ordinance as well as drawing comparisons with other institutional rules and the UNCITRAL Model Rules to emphasize key issues to consider when drafting an arbitral clause or strategizing over the conduct of an arbitration. Benefiting from the authors' previous experience with the HKIAC and with the support of the HKIAC Secretariat and other members of the HKIAC Rules Revision Committee, the book examines examples of anonymised cases handled at the HKIAC, and also discusses various issues arising from arbitrations involving mainland parties or enforcing arbitration awards in mainland China. In particular, the book details HKIAC's experience in handling applications under the new Interim Measures Arrangement between Mainland China and Hong Kong. The appendices include relevant supporting documents including recommended HKIAC Arbitration Clauses, the HKIAC Administered Arbitration Rules (2018), the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules 2010, the amended Hong Kong Arbitration Ordinance, and updated practice notes and statistics.

Dieses Buch analysiert eine 2017 angestossene Tendenz der hoechstrichterlichen Rechtsprechung, wonach die aus dem Arzthaftungsrecht stammende Beweisregel der Beweislastumkehr beim groben Behandlungsfehler auf andere Berufsgruppen ausgeweitet wird. In einem ersten Hauptteil werden umfangreich die Grundlagen zur Regelung des 630h Abs. 5 S. 1 BGB dargestellt; deren rechtsgeschichtliche Entwicklung, deren Starken und Schwachen, sowie Alternativloesungen fur das Beweisproblem bei der Kausalitat im Arzthaftungsrecht. Im darauffolgenden Hauptteil wird sodann die Entwicklung zur Anwendung der Vorschrift ausserhalb des Arzthaftungsrechts beleuchtet, beginnend mit einer umfassenden Auswertung von Entscheidungen seit dem Jahr 1962, die eine entsprechende Anwendung der Beweislastregel in Erwagung gezogen haben. Im Anschluss wird diese Entwicklung nach einer Festlegung der methodischen Bewertungsgrundlagen nach Fallgruppen differenziert beurteilt. So wird im Ergebnis eine subsumtionsfahige Formel fur kunftige Falle erarbeitet, die uber die Zulassigkeit einer Analogie zu 630h Abs. 5 S. 1 BGB entscheidet. Schlussendlich wird ein rechtspolitischer Vorschlag fur eine Alternativregelung unterbreitet, die nicht an die viel kritisierte Beweislastumkehr anknupft. Der Leser erhalt so einen umfassenden UEberblick zu der sich aktuell vollziehenden Rechtsfortbildung. Das Ergebnis ist ein Kompromiss aus den unubersehbaren Beweisnoeten in den gegenstandlichen Fallen auf der einen Seite, sowie dem Anliegen auf der anderen Seite, den Anwendungsbereich der Regelung zu begrenzen, um nicht das gesamte Haftungsrecht damit zu infiltrieren.

This work has been written to bridge the gap between the academic study of law and its practical application in so far as the preparation of court documents is concerned. Drawing on his experience in coaching pupils at the Bar, the author explains elementary matters and poses useful reminders to more experienced practitioners. This publication provides invaluable assistance in the preparation of pleadings and other court documents in civil proceedings.

Die Einordnung von Arbeitnehmeranspruchen in das insolvenzrechtliche Forderungssystem wirft erhebliche Probleme auf. Ausgehend vom insolvenzrechtlichen Gesamtsystem betrachtet der Autor die vielen denkbaren arbeitsrechtlichen Einzelphanomene, darunter auch kollektivvertragliche Anspruche. Dabei erfolgen eine Kategorisierung der Anspruche nach ihrer Sachnatur und eine ubergeordnete systematische Analyse, die den Grundstein zur Bezeichnung der Befriedigungsrangfolge im Insolvenzverfahren legt. Es stellt sich heraus, dass das Spannungsverhaltnis zwischen Glaubigergleichbehandlungsgrundsatz und Arbeitnehmerschutz nicht immer zufriedenstellend aufgeloest ist. Abschliessend geht der Autor auf die Vorzuge und Besonderheiten des Insolvenzplanverfahrens ein.

This engaging introduction explores the key principles of equity and trusts law and offers students effective learning features. By covering the essentials of each topic, it ensures students have the foundations for success. The law is made relevant to current practice through chapters that define and explain key legal principles, and examples and exercises set the law in context and make the subject interesting and dynamic by showing how these rules apply in real life. Key facts sections and summaries help students remember the crucial points of each topic and practical exercises offer students the opportunity to apply the law. This updated edition offers added features, in particular comprehensive lists of further reading and also a glossary of key terms. Every chapter has been updated and new case law has been added. Exploring clearly and concisely the subject's key principles, this should be every equity student's first port of call.

Returning to a theme featured in some of the earlier volumes in the Edinburgh Studies in Law series, this volume offers an in-depth study of 'mixed jurisdictions' -- legal systems which combine elements of the Anglo-American Common Law and the European Civil Law traditions. This new collection of essays compares key areas of private law in Scotland and Louisiana. In thirteen chapters, written by distinguished scholars on both sides of the Atlantic, it explores not only legal rules but also the reasons for the rules, discussing legal history, social and cultural factors, and the law in practice, in order to account for patterns of similarity and difference. Contributions are drawn from the Law Schools of Tulane University, Louisiana State University, Loyola University New Orleans, the American University Washington DC, and the Universities of Aberdeen, Strathclyde and Edinburgh. This title will be of interest to students of comparative law at senior undergraduate and postgraduate level, academics and researchers and also those who are interested in the mixed jurisdictions for the lessons they offer in the context of harmonisation of private law in Europe.

History comes alive-in this illustrated guide to the Constitution and all 27 Amendments.

* Which state refused to send a delegation to the Constitutional Convention?
* Why was the Convention held in secret, with sentries at the door?
* What are the 27 Amendments?

The U.S. Constitution for Everyone relates how the "traitorous" Founding Fathers wrote the nation's supreme laws and how the thirteen Disunited States became a more perfect Union. A must for students of American history and for everyone who'd like to know more about the supreme laws of our nation.