This book argues that the US Army has made four significant shifts in the content of its capstone operations doctrine along a spectrum of war since the end of WWII: 1) in 1954 it made a shift from a doctrine focused almost exclusively on mid-intensity conventional warfare to a doctrine that added significant emphasis to high-intensity nuclear warfare; 2) in 1962 it made an even greater shift in the opposite direction toward low-intensity unconventional warfare doctrine; 3) in 1976 it shifted back to an almost exclusive focus on mid-intensity conventional warfare content; 4) and this is where Army doctrine remained for 32 years until 2008, when it made a doctrinal shift back toward low-intensity unconventional warfare - five and seven years into the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan respectively. Closely tracking each of these shifts, the author zooms in on specific domestic, international and bureaucratic politics that had a direct impact on these shifts.

The writers examine how the eastward movement of NATO has led to a new organization. As they point out, the process was underway by the time the Soviet Union collapsed. Issues of western financial constraint, the Gulf War, events in the former Yugoslavia, and changing configurations of the major NATO partners led the way. In addition, the essays examine the potential effects of the incorporation of Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary as well as the more distant, but still conceivable inclusion of the Baltic states, Ukraine, and others and special arrangements with Russia. NATO is leading the way in creating a new security architecture for Europe and its look East policy is the most important part of the change. As the essays indicate, NATO's transformation leaves many questions for the future. Despite the new Russian-NATO agreement, what reactions will take place in Rusian domestic politics? What will happen in the ratification process throughout the extant member states? Can all 16 states come to a unanimous agreement? And lastly what will be the consequences for Eastern Europe: including the new members of Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic, and possibly and more importantly, those states inside the former communist empire which are not admitted as members in the first round of expansion? This is an important study for scholars, researchers, and policy makers involved with Eastern Europe and NATO.

Nowhere is the mid-20th century 'historiographical revolution' in Irish history better represented than in the writings of J. G. Simms, one of the most prolific historians of this generation. In a stream of books and papers from the early 1950s to his death in 1979, Simms tackled some of the most vexed and vexing questions in all Irish history: the wars, confiscations, persecutions and politics of the later 17th century. Topics such as Cromwell's sieges, the 'Glorious Revolution' and its aftermath, the later passage of the infamous 'penal laws' against Catholics are all episodes close to the heart of modern myth-makers, and yet all are described by Simms with fairness and exemplary clarity. This is a collection of his key essays, all of which remain a valuable resource for scholars of war and politics in early modern Ireland.

Settler-native conflicts in Northern Ireland, Israel/Palestine, and South Africa serve as excellent comparative cases as three areas linked to Britain where insurgencies occurred during roughly the same period. Important factors considered are settler parties, settler mythology, the role of native fighters, settler terror, the role of liberal parties, and the conduct of the war by security forces. Settlers and natives in each area share similar attitudes, liberal parties operate in similar fashions, and there are common explanations for the formation of splinter liberation groups. However, according to Mitchell, the key difference between the cases lies in the behavior of British security forces in comparison to South African and Israeli forces. Mitchell's chapter on liberal parties includes an independent account of the Progressive Federal Party of South Africa, the official parliamentary opposition from 1977 to 1987, along with the first major published account of the Alliance Party in Northern Ireland. His study of splinter group formation contains the first major account since 1964 of the Pan-Africanist Party of Azania, including its insurgency campaign in the 1980s and 1990s. Mitchell also contrasts behavior among the Inkatha Party and Labour Party in South Africa with the Social Democrat and Labour Party in Northern Ireland.

I'm living my life one day at a time. Sitting here picturing home with a small tear in my eyes. Spending time with my brothers who will hold my life in their hands... line of duty inspired U.S. law. In the passionate defense of his adopted homeland, Private First Class Diego Rincon lost his life to the first-known suicide attack on U.S. soldiers in Operation Iraqi Freedom. spear fight to Baghdad with the Outlaw Platoon--a conviction that compels his proud immigrant family to assume not only the blessings but the extreme burdens of freedom. More than a timeless war story, this true account of devotion to the American dream pays tribute to liberty's brave defenders, and those they leave behind in the continued War on Terror. momentous in the wake of the war. the Army, Diego's father gave his blessing again, and his mother turned her head.

Using the lens of postcolonial feminism and with particular focus on immigration accross the U.S.across/Mexico border, this book explores the processes by which security threats are identified and interpreted, and thus the relationship between national, civilizational, and environmental security within mainstream environment security discourse in the United States. Another distinctive element of the book is that its focus on the broader discourse of environmental security and immigration, examining the articulation of environmental security concerns over immigration across U.S. institutions such as the media, the state, NGOs, and academia to unpack the ways these threats are identified and interpreted.

An extensively researched account of the infamous Benedict Arnold, framed in Martin's biography as a hero rather than a traitor Benedict Arnold stands as one of the most vilified figures in American history. Stories of his treason have so come to define him that his name, like that of Judas, is virtually synonymous with treason. Yet Arnold was one of the most heroic and remarkable men of his time, indeed in all of American history. A brilliant military leader of uncommon bravery, Arnold dedicated himself to the Revolutionary cause, sacrificing family life, health, and financial well-being for a conflict that left him physically crippled, sullied by false accusations, and profoundly alienated from the American cause of liberty. By viewing Arnold's life backward through the prism of his treason, we invariably succumb to the demonizations that arose only after his abandonment of the rebel forces. We thereby overlook his critical role as one of the influential actors in the American Revolution. Distinguished historian James Kirby Martin's landmark biography, the result of a decade's labor, stands as an invaluable antidote to this historical distortion. Careful not to endow the Revolutionary generation with mythical proportions of virtue, Martin shows how self-serving, venal behavior was just as common in the Revolutionary era as in our own time. Arnold, a deeply committed patriot, suffered acutely because of his lack of political savvy in dealing with those who attacked his honor and reputation. Tracing Arnold's life, from his difficult childhood through his grueling winter trek across the howling Maine wilderness, his valiant defense of Lake Champlain, and his crucial role in the Quebec and Saratoga campaigns, Martin has given us an entirely new perspective on this dramatic and exceptional life, set against the tumultuous background of the American Revolution.

Once warfare became established in ancient civilizations, it's hard to find any other social institution that developed as quickly. In less than a thousand years, humans brought forth the sword, sling, dagger, mace, bronze and copper weapons, and fortified towns. The next thousand years saw the emergence of iron weapons, the chariot, the standing professional army, military academies, general staffs, military training, permanent arms industries, written texts on tactics, military procurement, logistics systems, conscription, and military pay. By 2,000 B.C.E., war was an important institution in almost all major cultures of the world. This book shows readers how soldiers were recruited, outfitted, how they fought, and how they were cared for when injured or when they died. It covers soldiers in major civilizations from about 4000 B.C.E. to about 450 C.E. Soldiers' Lives through History; The Ancient World is divided into two parts, the first addressing military life and the second the ancient armies themselves. "Military Life" presents twenty-one chapters, on significant aspects of military life in the ancient world. Some of the topics include The physical condition of the soldier Recruitment Rations The soldier's equipment Camp life Discipline and punishment Weapons The chariot The cavalry Siegecraft and artillery Death and wounding Military medical care Topics are discussed cross-culturally, drawing examples from several of the cultures, armies, and time periods within each chapter in order to provide the reader with as comprehensive an understanding as possible and to avoid the usual "Western-centric" perspective too common in analyses of ancient warfare. The second part of the book,"Ancient Armies," seeks to present a detailed description of eighteen major armies of antiquity. Some of the armies included are those of Sumer and Akkad Egypt The Mitanni The Hittites The Philistines The Israelites China India Classical Greece Republican Rome Carthage The Barbarians The Roman Empire The book also provides a timeline at the beginning of the book in order to put some of the events, inventions, and developments into more context. There are 36 illustrations and 3 maps that help readers visualize some of the equipment, armor, transport, and formations that ancient soldiers used, carried, and fought in. Chapter bibliographies as well as a general bibliography and a comprehensive index round out the volume.

Based upon a wide range of historical and literary sources, An Apprenticeship in Arms is a scholarly study of the military experiences of peers and gentlemen from the British Isles who volunteered to fight in the religious and dynastic wars of mainland Europe, as well as the ordinary men who were impressed to serve in the ranks from the time of the English intervention in the Dutch war of independence in 1585 to the death of the soldier-king William III in 1702. This apprenticeship in arms exposed these men to the technological innovations of the military revolution, laid the foundations for a fledgling professional officer class based upon merit and established a fund of military expertise. This remilitarization of aristocratic culture and society was completed by 1640, and provided numerous experienced military officers for the various armies of the civil wars and, subsequently, for the embryonic British army after William III invaded and conquered the British Isles and committed the Three Kingdoms to the armed struggle against Louis XIV during the Nine Years War. Conflicts between amateur aristocrats and so-called 'soldiers of fortune' led to continuing debates about the relative merits of standing armies and a select militia; the individual pursuit of honour and glory by such amateurs also obscured the more rational military and political objectives of the modern state, subverted military discipline, and delayed the process of the professionalization of the officer corps of the British army.

This book examines the security, defence and foreign policy choices and challenges of small states in NATO and its small partner states in the new security environment. The main aim of the book is to analyse how these states are dealing with current and emerging security challenges and how they might better prepare for these challenges. A special focus is on 'new' security threats and solutions, such as drones and hybrid warfare. Simultaneously, the book focusses on how small states are responding to emerging 'old threats', such as Russian aggression in its neighbouring states and increased activity in the North Atlantic. The book makes an attempt to answer questions like: How are the small states of NATO and its small partner states adjusting to the new geo-political and geo-economic environment? Do small states in NATO manage the tension between alliance commitments differently from small states that are not members of NATO? What are the core strategic interests of the NATO and non-NATO partner small states? The book is about the external dimension of inherent size-related difficulties in states and how small states compensate for their inbuilt structural weaknesses compared with their larger neighbouring states. One third of the member states of NATO are small and most NATO partner states are small states too. Small states frequently have a disproportionate effect on global politics and they are more often affected by global shifts of power, yet they have less resources available to address security challenges. The aim of the book is to enhance the understanding of the role of small states in the changing global international security environment. The book presents the theory of shelter (which is derived from the diverse and extensive literature on small states) and uses it to examine how small states respond to new and old security threats. Shelter theory addresses three interrelated issues of common concerns to small states: the reduction of risk before a possible crisis event, assistance in absorbing shocks in times of crises, and help in recovering after such an event. In short, shelter theory claims that small states need external shelter in order to survive and prosper. They are dependent on the economic, political, and societal shelter provided by larger states, as well as regional and international organizations.

This volume addresses a timely subject--the question of small wars and the limits of power from a historical perspective. The theme is developed through case studies of small wars that the Great Powers conducted in Africa and Asia during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This historical overview clearly shows the dangers inherent for a metropolitan government and its armed forces once such military operations are undertaken. Importantly, these examples from the past stand as a warning against current and future misapplication of military strength and the misuse of military forces.

While continuing diplomatic efforts at limiting nuclear weapons, at reducing stockpiles of conventional arms, and the ongoing political change in Eastern Europe have lessened the dangers of a major war between the superpowers, small wars like the Persian Gulf War still occur. The end of the Cold War has brought more armed conflict in Europe, albeit in the form of sporadic civil war or ethnic violence, than during the height of NATO and Warsaw Pact confrontation. Indeed, it seems that as the risks of nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union have diminished, political leaders have become more willing to resort to military force to solve complex international problems before exhausting diplomatic channels. This study will be of interest to policymakers and scholars interested in the judicial exercise of power.

Do the news media have any role in the transformation of war and warfare? A constellation of labels by academics and practitioners have been coined in the last twenty years to describe the new forms of a phenomenon as old as the human race. However, this book claims that it remains to be fully understood what the specific role of the news media is in this process. It argues that the news media, old and new alike, alter the cognitive and strategic environment of the actors of war and politics and change the way these interact with one another. Building on a four-dimensional definition of power and focusing on the role of television, this book recognises the importance of interactions upon the understanding of any social phenomenon. It suggests that the nature of war is changing partly because it is no longer just a matter of linear strategic interactions but also, and mainly, of 'mediated' ones.

For the first time, Sophie Harwood uses the Old French tradition as a lens through which to examine women and warfare from the 12th to the 14th centuries. The result is a skilled analysis of gender roles in the medieval era, and a heightened awareness of how important literary texts are to our understanding of the historical period in which they circulated. Medieval Women and War examines both the text and illustrations of over 30 Old French manuscripts to highlight the ways in many of the texts differ from their traditionally assumed (usually classical) sources. Structured around five pivotal female types - women cited as causes for violence, women as victims of violence, women as ancillaries to warriors, women as warriors themselves, and women as political influences - this important book unpicks gendered boundaries to shed new light on the social, political and military structures of warfare as well as adding nuance to current debates on womanhood in the middle ages.

Growing up in Da' Harbor, a rough steel town with more than its share of notorious criminals passing through, a young boy seemed destined to a life of crime or, at best, a hazardous life in the steel mill. In Harbor Knight: From Harbor 'Hoodlum' to Honored CIA Agent, Ralph Garcia reflects on "pivotal moments" when his life in East Chicago, Indiana might have taken a horrible turn for the worse. Harbor Knight follows Garcia through his tumultuous childhood, to fatherhood at age sixteen...and to a bunker in Vietnam, where an unconventional message to the CIA gains him an exciting career in covert defense of the United States.

With much humor (and a few other emotions), the author shares incidents from his life of espionage and speaks frankly of how this career has affected his family life. In retirement, Garcia describes how he has been given a second, unexpected opportunity at fatherhood. Keeping one foot in the spy business, he also assists veterans and youth on a variety of fronts and has become involved in politics.

..".an account of the life of that guy next door, the average American, doing his best overseas and at home to defend US national security."

-Michael J. Sulick, former CIA Director of National Clandestine Service

The '82 Kenyan Military Coup is a summary of events that took place in Kenya from the eyes of a victim.It starts with the dreams of a young man aspiring to be a soldier. It talks about the challenges he underwent through in the recruitment process, and in military training. The author talks about how he participated in an attempted Military Coup, and narrowly escaping death. Whereas the book deals with personal experiences and survival in prison, it is a testament of inner strength and triumph over adversity relying on mental toughness.