The Advanced Study Institute of which this volume is the proceedings was held at the University of Exeter during 24 August to 6 September 1975. There were seventy participants of whom eighteen were lecturers and members of the advisory committee. All NATO countries except Holland, Iceland and Portugal were re presented. In addition a small number of participants came from non-NATO countries Japan, Ireland and Switzerland. An aim of the organising committee was to bring together scientists of wide interests and expertise in the defect structure of insulators and semiconductors. Thus major emphases in the pro gramme concerned the use of spectroscopy and microscopy in revealing the structure of point defects and their aggregates, line defects as well as planar and volume defects. The lectures revealed that in general little is known of the fate of the interstitial in most irradiated solids. Nor are the dynamic properties of defects under stood in sufficient detail that one can state how point defects cluster and eventually become macroscopic defects. Although this book faithfully reproduces the material covered by the invited speakers, it does not really follow the flow of the lectures. This is because it seemed advisable for each lecturer to provide a single self-contained and authoritative manuscript, rather than a series of short articles corresponding to the lectures."

Surface physics and chemistry have in recent years become one of the most active fields in solid state research. A number of techniques have been developed, and both the experimental aspect and the correlated theory are evolving at an extremely fast rate. Electron and ion spectroscopy are of major importance in this development. In this volume, which contains edited and extended versions of eight sets of lectures given at the NATO Advanced Study Institute held at Ghent, Belgium, from August 29 to September 9, 1977, a re view of the state of the art in these fields is given from both an experimental and a theoretical point of view. Electron emission techniques such as UPS (ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy), XPS (x-ray photoemission spectroscopy), and AES (Auger electron spectroscopy) constitute the major part of this volume, reflecting the fact that they continue to be the most widely applied surface techniques. Recent developments in the application of synchrotron radiation to angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy are extensively covered, from an experimental point of view by Prof. W. E. Spicer (Stanford University, U.S.A.) and from a theoretical point of view by Dr. A. Liebsch (Kernforschungsanlage Julich, Germany). Emphasis is put on the study of energy bands in layered structures, and on chemisorption on well-defined surfaces. Chemisorption and catalysis on metals is treated in detail by Prof. G. Ertl (Universitat Munchen, Germany). This chapter contains a review of the application of the different surface techniques to specific surface systems."

Proceedings of a Summer School at Michigan State University held in East Lansing, Michigan, July 17-19, 1994

Principles and Applications of ESR Spectroscopy fills the gap between the detailed monographs in ESR spectroscopy and the general textbooks in molecular physics, physical chemistry, biochemistry or spectroscopy. The latter only briefly explain the underlying theory and do not provide details about applications, while the currently available ESR textbooks are primarily focused on the technique as such. This text is based upon the authors' long experience of teaching the subject to a mixed audience, in the extreme case ranging from physics to biology. The potential of the method is illustrated with applications in fields such as molecular science, catalysis and environmental sciences, polymer and materials sciences, biochemistry and radiation chemistry/physics. Theoretical derivations have in general been omitted, as they have been presented repeatedly in previous works. The necessary theory is instead illustrated by practical examples from the literature.

Since 1963 the Research Materials Information Center has been answering inquiries on the availability, preparation, and properties of ultrapure inorganic research specimens. It has been possible to do this with reasonable efficiency by searching an automated coded microfilm collection of the report and open literature and of data sheets and question naires provided by commercial and research producers of pure materials. With the growth of the collection to over 70,000 documents and the increase in the demand for more general background information, it has been necessary to compile bibliographies on an increasing variety of subjects. These have been used as indexes to the microfilmed documents for more efficient searching, and in the past distributed in response to individual requests. However, their size and number no longer permit so casual and uneconomic a method of distribution. The "ORNL Solid State Physics Literature Guides" is a practical alternative. Organization The subject organization of the bibliography is given by the Table of Contents. Each section is preceded by a collection of reviews, bibliographies, and "general" papers (i.e., those dealing with methods or equipment rather than single materials, or with such a wide variety of materials that no subsection was appropriate). Coverage is generally from 1960 to mid-1970. Emphasis is on inorganic materials."

Low-dimensional materials are of fundamental interest in physics and chemistry and have also found a wide variety of technological applica tions in fields ranging from microelectronics to optics. Since 1986, several seminars and summer schools devoted to low-dimensional systems have been supported by NATO. The present one, Physics, Fabrication and Applications of Multilayered structures, brought together specialists from different fields in order to review fabrication techniques, charac terization methods, physics and applications. Artificially layered materials are attractive because alternately layering two (or more) elements, by evaporation or sputtering, is a way to obtain new materials with (hopefully) new physical properties that pure materials or alloys do not allow. These new possibilities can be ob tained in electronic transport, optics, magnetism or the reflectivity of x-rays and slow neutrons. By changing the components and the thickness of the layers one can track continuously how the new properties appear and follow the importance of the multilayer structure of the materials. In addition, with their large number of interfaces the study of inter face properties becomes easier in multilayered structures than in mono layers or bilayers. As a rule, the role of the interface quality, and also the coupling between layers, increases as the thickness of the layer decreases. Several applications at the development stage require layer thicknesses of just a few atomic layers."

Clinical pharmacology plays an important role in today's medicine. Due to the high sensitivity, selectivity, and affordability of a mass spectrometer (MS), the high performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analytical technique is widely used in the determination of drugs in human biological matrixes for clinical pharmacology. Specifically, LC-MS is used to analyze: anticancer drugs antidementia drugs antidepressant drugs antiepileptic drugs antifundal drug antimicrobial drugs antipsychotic drugs antiretroviral drugs anxiolytic/hypnotic drugs cardiac drugs drugs for addiction immunosuppressant drugs mood stabilizer drugs This book will primarily cover the various methods of validation for LC-MS techniques and applications used in modern clinical pharmacology.

High temperature superconductivity (HTSC) hast he potential todramatically impact many commercial markets, including the electric power industry. Since 1987, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) has supported aprogram to develop HTSC applications fort he power industry. The purpose ofEPRI is to manage technical research and development programs to improve power production, distribution, and use. The institute is supported by the voluntary contributions ofs ome7 00 electric utilities and has over 600 utility technical experts as advisors. One objectiveo f EPRI's HTSC program is to ed ucate utility engineers andexecutives on the technical issues related to HTSC materials and the supporting technologies needed for their application. To accomplish this, Argonne National Laboratory was commissioned to preparea series of monthly re ports that would explain th e significanceo f recent advances in HTSC. Acomponent o f each report was a tutorial on some aspect of the HTSC field. Topics ranged from the various ways that thin films are deposited tot he mechanisms used to operatem ajor cryogenic systems. The tutorials became very popularw ithin the utility industry. Surprisingly, the reports also became popular with scientists at universities, corporate labo ratories, and thenational laboratories. A lthough these researchers are quite experienced in one aspect of the technology, they are nots ostron g inothers. Itw ast he diversity and thoroughness ofthe tutorials that made them so valuable.

In this reference, the author thoroughly reviews the current state of condensed phosphate chemistry. A unique feature of this volume is an examination of the recent developments in X-ray structural techniques, reporting on fundamental results obtained through their use. Enhanced by comprehensive tables reporting crystal data, chapters identify and characterize more than 2,000 compounds. Additional features include a concise survey of the historical development of condensed phosphate chemistry; the presently accepted classification system; a review of each family of condensed phosphates and much more.

The study of the effects of dimensional ity and disorder on phase transitions, electronic transport, and superconductivity has become an important field of research in condensed matter physics. These effects are both classical and quantum mechanical in nature and are observed universally in urealu materials. What may at first glance seem a diverse collection of lectures which form the chapters of these proceedings is in fact, an attempt to demon strate the commonality, inter-relationship, and general applica bility of the phenomena of localization, percolation, and macro scopic quantum effects on electrical transport and superconduc tivity in disordered solids. The theory of these phenomena is presented in a complete, yet, self-contained fashion and the inter-relationship between the topics is emphasized. An extensive treatment of experimental results is also included, both those which have stimulated the theory as well as those that have confirmed it. Many of the phenomena investigated in this field also have technological significance. For example, the nature of electronic localization in metals in which one or more dimensions are con strained is very important when one attempts to predict the be havior of the metallic interconnects in ultra-miniature circuits."

It may be argued that silicon, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and iron are among the most important elements on our planet, because of their involvement in geological, biol- ical, and technological processes and phenomena. All of these elements have been studied exhaustively, and voluminous material is available on their properties. Included in this material are numerous accounts of their electrochemical properties, ranging from reviews to extensive monographs to encyclopedic discourses. This is certainly true for C, H, O, and Fe, but it is true to a much lesser extent for Si, except for the specific topic of semiconductor electrochemistry. Indeed, given the importance of the elect- chemical processing of silicon and the use of silicon in electrochemical devices (e. g. , sensors and photoelectrochemical cells), the lack of a comprehensive account of the electrochemistry of silicon in aqueous solution at the fundamental level is surprising and somewhat troubling. It is troubling in the sense that the non-photoelectrochemistry of silicon seems "to have fallen through the cracks," with the result that some of the electrochemical properties of this element are not as well known as might be warranted by its importance in a modern technological society. Dr. Zhang's book, Electrochemical Properties of Silicon and Its Oxide, will go a long way toward addressing this shortcoming. As with his earlier book on the elect- chemistry of zinc, the present book provides a comprehensive account of the elect- chemistry of silicon in aqueous solution.

This volume contains the lectures and seminars presented at the NATO Advanced Study Institute on "Coherence in Spectroscopy and Modern Physics," the seventh course of the International School of Quantum Electronics, affiliated with the "Ettore Majorana" Centre for Scientific Culture, Erice, Sicily. The Institute was held at Villa LePianore (Lucca), Versilia, Italy, July 17-30, 1977. The International School of Quantum Electronics was started in 1970 with the aim of providing instruction for young researchers and advanced students already engaged in the area of quantum electronics or wishing to switch to this area from a different background. From the outset the School has been under the direction of Prof. F. T. Arecchi, then at the University of Pavia, now at the University of Florence, and Dr. D. Roess of Siemens, Munich. Each year the Directors choose a subject of particular interest, alternating fundamental topics with technological ones, and ask colleagues specifically competent in a given area to take the scientific responsibility for that course.

Reviews in Fluorescence 2010, the seventh volume of the book serial from Springer, serves as a comprehensive collection of current trends and emerging hot topics in the field of fluorescence and closely related disciplines. It summarizes the year's progress in fluorescence and its applications, with authoritative analytical reviews specialized enough to be attractive to professional researchers, yet also appealing to the wider audience of scientists in related disciplines of fluorescence. Reviews in Fluorescence offers an essential reference material for any lab working in the fluorescence field and related areas. All academics, bench scientists, and industry professionals wishing to take advantage of the latest and greatest in the continuously emerging field of fluorescence will find it an invaluable resource. Key features: Accessible utility in a single volume reference. chapters authored by known leading figures in the fluorescence field, new volume publishes annually, comprehensive coverage of the year's hottest and emerging topics, each Reviews in Fluorescence volume is citable (ISI) and indexed. Reviews in Fluorescence 2010 topics include: Novel Metal-based Luminophores for Biological Imaging. hydration Dynamics of Probes and Peptides in Captivity, how does tobacco etch viral mRNA get translated? A fluorescence study of competition, stability and kinetics, synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Its Applications in Clinical Analysis and Food Safety Evaluation, quantitative molecular imaging in living cells via FLIM, a Multiparametric Imaging of Cellular Coenzymes for Monitoring Metabolic and Mitochondrial Activities, optimal Conditions for Live Cell Microscopy and Raster Image Correlation Spectroscopy (RICS).

The volume presents, for the very first time, an exhaustive collection of those modern theoretical methods specifically tailored for the analysis of Strongly Correlated Systems. Many novel materials, with functional properties emerging from macroscopic quantum behaviors at the frontier of modern research in physics, chemistry and materials science, belong to this class of systems. Any technique is presented in great detail by its own inventor or by one of the world-wide recognized main contributors. The exposition has a clear pedagogical cut and fully reports on the most relevant case study where the specific technique showed to be very successful in describing and enlightening the puzzling physics of a particular strongly correlated system. The book is intended for advanced graduate students and post-docs in the field as textbook and/or main reference, but also for other researchers in the field who appreciates consulting a single, but comprehensive, source or wishes to get acquainted, in a as painless as possible way, with the working details of a specific technique.

The following chapters present most of the lectures delivered at the NATO Advanced Studies Institute on "The Physics of Super ionic Conductors and Electrode Materials," held at Odense Univer sity's Mathematics Department between the 4th and 22nd of August, 1980. The aim of the organizing committee was to present in a rather detailed fashion the most recent advances in the computa tional mathematics and physics of condensed matter physics and to see how these advances could be applied to the study of ionically conducting solids. The first half of the meeting was mainly taken up with lectures. In the second week, working groups on the various aspects were set up, the students joining these groups being helped in the implementation of the lecture material. The leaders of these groups deserve special mention for the tremendous effort they put into this aspect of the meeting, particularly: Dr. Aneesur Rahman (Molecular Dynamics group) Dr. Fred Horne (Ion Transport group) Drs. Nick Quirke and David Adams (Monte Carlo methods) Dr. Heinz Schulz (Diffraction group) Dr. John Harding (Defect Calculations group) The Molecular Dynamics group achieved a certain amount of notoriety within the University by appearing to live in the terminal room."

This Proceedings is a collection of papers presented at the Third Annual Conference on Superconductivity and Applications organized by the New York State Institute on Superconductivity. This year the Conference was held at the Buffalo Hilton Hotel on September 19- 21, 1989, with previous meetings on September 28-29,1987, and April 18-20, 1988. As in previous years, this meeting was highly successful, with an attendance of over three hundred researchers participating in lively scientific exchanges and discussions. The high quality of the talks is evident in this Proceedings. The field of high temperature superconductivity has matured considerably since its early days of media frenzy and rapid new discoveries. However, the enthusiasm and pace of research have not slowed down. A much better picture of the nature of high temperature superconductivity, the properties of these new materials and where they may find their eventual use has emerged. Processing techniques, especially thin film deposition, have been perfected nearly to the point of allowing commercial applications. We expect continued phenomenal growth of the field of high temperature superconductivity, both in terms of research and applications for many years to come.

IDES have been realized in modulation doped AIGaAs/GaAs heterostructures by fabricating split-gate configurations and ultrafine etched structures with optimized lithography and etching techniques. With deep-mesa etching technique it is possible to prepare single and multi-layered quantum wire systems. From dc magnetotransport typical confinement energies of 2me V are determined. The FIR response is strongly governed by collective effects which give the resonances the character of local plasmon modes. In multi-layered quantum wire structures a splitting of the plasmon dispersion in longitudinal and acoustical type of layer-coupled local plasmon modes is observed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to thank K Ploog for providing us with excellent samples and acknowledge financial support from the Bundesministerium fur Forschung und Tech- nologie, Bonn. REFERENCES 1K-F. Berggren, T. J. Thornton, D. J. Newson, and M. Pepper, Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 1769 (1986) 2H. van Houten, B. J. van Wees, M. G. J. Heijman, J. P. Andre, D. Andrews, and G. J. Davies, Appl. Phys. Lett. 49, 1781 (1986) 3J. Cibert, P. M. Petroff, G. J. Dolan, S. J. Pearton, A. C. Gossard, and J. H. English, Appl. Phys. Lett. 49, 1275 (1986) 4T. P. Smith, III. , H. Arnot, J. M. Hong, C. M. Knoedler, S. E. Laux, and H. Schmid, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2802 (1987) 5M. L. Roukes, A. Scherer, S. J. Allen, Jr. , H. G. Craighead, R. M. Ruthen, E. D. Beebe, and J. P. Harbison, Phys. Rev. Lett.

In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the study of organic semiconductors. The main directions of investigation, have been determined and substantial results have been achieved in the theoretical treatment of many questions. However, the range of investigations is so broad that it is impossible to discuss all branches fully in a short monograph. In fact, the chemist synthe sizing systems with conjugated bonds and studying their reactivity, the physical chemist studying the catalytic and absorption proper ties of substances with conjugated bonds, the physicist studying the photoelectric and magnetic characteristics of dyes and polynuclear hydrocarbons, and the biologist attempting to explain the mechan ism of energy transfer in the living cell -they are all working in the field of organic semiconductors. Consequentiy, in the present book the authors have not attempted to include all sides of the problem of organic semiconductors. The monograph considers in detail only those questions which appear to the authors to be most immediate and interesting. Other questions are touched on only to the extent necessary to illustrate the main material. The book begins with a statement of material which is of the nature of a review. The main classes of organic semiconductors are mentioned but the methods for their preparation are not illus trated in detail. Somewhat more attention is devoted to the depen dence of the electrical characteristics of organic semiconductors on their structure and chemical composition."

In the past twenty years, the X-ray crystallography of organic molecules has expanded rapidly in two opposite directions. One is towards larger and larger biological macromolecules and the other is towards the fine details of the electronic structure of small molecules. Both advances required the development of more sophisticated methodologies. Both were made possible by the rapid development of computer technology. X-ray diffraction equipment has responded to these demands, in the one case by the ability to measure quickly many thousands of diffraction spectra, in the other by providing instruments capable of very high precision. Molecules interact through their electrostatic potentials and therefore their experimental and theoretical measurement and calculation is an essential component to understanding the electronic structure of chemical and biochemical reactions. In this ASI, we have brought together experts and their students from both the experimental and theoretical sides of this field, in order that they better understand the philosophy and complexity of these two complementary approaches. George A. Jeffrey Department of Crystallography University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260 USA vii CONTENTS LECTURES General Considerations on Methods for Studying Molecular Structures and Electron Density Distributions ..

Primary goal of this book is to provide a cohesive description of the vast field of semiconductor quantum devices, with special emphasis on basic quantum-mechanical phenomena governing the electro-optical response of new-generation nanomaterials. The book will cover within a common language different types of optoelectronic nanodevices, including quantum-cascade laser sources and detectors, few-electron/exciton quantum devices, and semiconductor-based quantum logic gates. The distinguishing feature of the present volume is a unified microscopic treatment of quantum-transport and coherent-optics phenomena on ultrasmall space- and time-scales, as well as of their semiclassical counterparts.

The problem of conventional, low-temperature superconductivity has been regarded as solved since the seminal work of Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer (BCS) more than 50 years ago. However, the theory does not allow accurate predictions of some of the most fundamental properties of a superconductor, including the superconducting energy gap on the Fermi surface. This thesis describes the development and scientific implementation of a new experimental method that puts this old problem into an entirely new light. The nominee has made major contributions to the development and implementation of a new experimental method that enhances the resolution of spectroscopic experiments on dispersive lattice-vibrational excitations (the "glue" responsible for Cooper pairing of electrons in conventional superconductors) by more than two orders of magnitude. Using this method,he has discovered an unexpected relationship between the superconducting energy gap and the geometry of the Fermi surface in the normal state, both of which leave subtle imprints in the lattice vibrations that could not be resolved by conventional spectroscopic methods. He has confirmed this relationship on two elemental superconductors and on a series of metallic alloys. This indicates that a mechanism qualitatively beyond the standard BCS theory determines the magnitude and anisotropy of the superconducting gap.

In recent years high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spec troscopy has found very wide application in organie chemistry in structural and physicochemical investigations and. also in the study of the characteristics of organic compounds which are re lated to the distribution of the electron cloud in the molecules. The vigorous development of this method, which may really be re garded as an independent branch of science, is the result of ex tensive progress in NMR technology, the refinement of its theory, and the accumulation of large amounts of experimental material, which has been correlated by empiricallaws and principles. The literature directly concerned with the NMR method and its applica tion has now grown to such an extent that a complete review of it is practically impossible. Therefore the authors have limited themselves to an examination of only the most important, funda mental, and general investigations. The book consists of six chapters. In the first chapter we have attempted to present the fundamentals of the NMR method in such a way that the reader with little knowledge of the subject will be able to use the method in practical work for investigating simple compounds and solving simple problems. The three subsequent chapters give a deeper analysis of the method, while the last two chapters and the appendix illustrate the various applications of NMR spectroscopy in organic chemistry."

The 39th Annual Denver X-Ray Conference on Applications of X-Ray Analysis was held July 30 -August 3, 1990, at the Sheraton Steamboat Resort and Conference Center, Steamboat Springs, Colorado. The "Denver Conference" is recognized to be a major event in the x-ray analysis field, bringing together scientists and engineers from around the world to discuss the state of the art in x-ray applications as well as indications for future develop ments. In recent years there has been a steady expansion of applications of x-ray analysis to characterize surfaces and thin films. To introduce the audience to one of the exciting and important new developments in x-ray fluorescence, the topic for the Plenary Session of the 1990 Conference was: "Surface and Near-Surface X-Ray Spectroscopy. " The Conference had the privilege of inviting five leading world experts in the field of x-ray spectroscopy to deliver lectures at the Plenary Session. The first two lectures were on total-reflection x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Professor P. Wobrauschek of Austria reviewed "Recent Developments and Results in Total-Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence. " Trends and applications of the technique were also discussed. Dr. T. Arai of Japan reported on "Surface and Near-Surface Analysis of Silicon Wafers by Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence. " He emphasized the importance of using proper x-ray optics to achieve high signal-to-noise ratios. A mathematical model relating the x-ray intensity to the depth of x-ray penetration was also described.

Research on glassy semiconductors continues to expand every year. This is evidenced by the ever-increasing number of articles devoted to glassy semiconductors and published in a great variety of periodicals. The time has come to systematize and generalize the abundant published experimental material. The first review of the experimental data on glass formation and the physicochemical and physical properties of chalcogenide glassy semi conductors was published by B. T. Kolorniets [1]. Glass formation in chalcogenide systems is the subject of a section in a monograph by Rawson [2]. In 1972 the Leningrad University published the author's books [3] dealing with the regularities of glass formation in cha1cogenide systems and containing a systematized exposition of some physicochemical properties of glassy cha1cogenide semiconductors. The monograph presented mainly results of research performed by the Semiconductor Chemistry Laboratory staff of the Leningrad University. These investigations were started at the initiative and under the dircction of Professor R. L. Myuller and wcre continued under the author's direction. The present monograph is a revised and substantially supplementcd version of the aforementioned publication. However, the extensive experimental material in the literature is far from completely presented. It contains mainly data on the research performed by the staff of the laboratory headed by the author. However, data obtained by other Soviet and foreign workers are represented to a greater degree in this book than in the preceding edition.

In 1879, while a graduate student under Henry Rowland at the Physics Department of The Johns Hopkins University, Edwin Herbert Hall discovered what is now universally known as the Hall effect. A symposium was held at The Johns Hopkins University on November 13, 1979 to commemorate the lOOth anniversary of the discovery. Over 170 participants attended the symposium which included eleven in vited lectures and three speeches during the luncheon. During the past one hundred years, we have witnessed ever ex panding activities in the field of the Hall effect. The Hall effect is now an indispensable tool in the studies of many branches of condensed matter physics, especially in metals, semiconductors, and magnetic solids. Various components (over 200 million ) that utilize the Hall effect have been successfully incorporated into such devices as keyboards, automobile ignitions, gaussmeters, and satellites. This volume attempts to capture the important aspects of the Hall effect and its applications. It includes the papers presented at the symposium and eleven other invited papers. Detailed coverage of the Hall effect in amorphous and crystalline metals and alloys, in magnetic materials, in liquid metals, and in semiconductors is provided. Applications of the Hall effect in space technology and in studies of the aurora enrich the discussions of the Hall effect's utility in sensors and switches. The design and packaging of Hall elements in integrated circuit forms are illustrated."