John Locke's complex masterpiece, "An Essay of Human Understanding," was a sustained attack on the dogmatism of the day and the last great work of philosophical realism before the onset of idealism. One of the most influential books in the history of thought, it is the most renowned work of the great English philosopher. Originally published in two volumes, this one-volume edition of "Locke" examines the historical meaning and philosophical significance of this work through careful explanations of the context of debate to which it was a decisive contribution. The first volume of this comprehensive work focuses on Locke's "Essay" from the epistemological side, and the second turns to the concepts of Locke's ontology--substance, mode, essence, law, and identity.

This book comprises essays on the nature of Aspasius' commentary, his interpretation of Aristotle, and his own place in the history of thought. The contributions are in English or Italian. Aspasius' commentary on the Nicomachean Ethics is the earliest ancient commentary on Aristotle of which extensive parts survive in their original form. It is important both for the history of commentary as a genre and for the history of philosophical thought in the first two centuries A.D.; it is also still valuable as what its author intended it to be, an aid in interpreting the Ethics. All three aspects are explored by the essays. The book is not formally a commentary on Aspasius' commentary; but between them the essays consider the interpretation of numerous problematic or significant passages. Full indices will enable readers quickly to locate discussion of particular parts of Aspasius' work. This volume of essays will form a natural complement to the first ever translation of Aspasius' commentary into any modern language, currently in preparation by Paul Mercken.

Antoine Fabre d'Olivet (December 8, 1767-March 25, 1825) was a French author, poet, and composer whose biblical and philosophical hermeneutics in?uenced many occultists, such as Eliphas Lvi and Gerard Encausse (Papus), and Ren Gunon. D'Olivet spent his life pursuing the esoteric wisdom concealed in the Hebrew scriptures, Greek philosophy, and the symbolism of many ancient cultures as far back as ancient India, Persia, and Egypt. His writings are considered classics of the Hermetic tradition. His best known works today are his research on the Hebrew language (The Hebraic Tongue Restored), his translation and interpretation of the writings of Pythagoras (The Golden Verses of Pythagoras), and his writings on the sacred art of music. In addition to the above two books and the present one, Hermetica has also published in consistent facsimile format for its Collected Works of Fabre d'Olivet series Cain and The Healing of Rodolphe Grivel. D'Olivet's interest in Pythagoras started a revival of Neo-Pythagoreanism that would later in?uence many occultists and new age esotericists. His mastery of many ancient languages and their literatures enabled him to write (in the time of Napoleon) his Hermeneutic Interpretation of the Origin of the Social State of Man and the Destiny of the Adamic Race, which remains a landmark investigation of the deeper esoteric undercurrents at work in the history of culture. A selection of chapter titles indicates the scope of this extraordinary text: Intellectual, Metaphysical Constitution of Man; Man is One of Three Great Powers of the Universe; Division of Mankind; Love, Principle of Sociability; Man is First Mute-First Language Consists of Signs; Digression on the Four Ages of the World; Deplorable Lot of Woman; Origin of Music and Poetry; Deviation of the Cult, Superstition; Establishment of Theocracy; Divine Messenger; Who Rama Was; Digression upon the Celts; Divine Unity Admitted into the Universal Empire; Origin of the Phoenician Shepherds; Foundation of the Assyrian Empire; New Developments of the Intellectual Sphere; Orpheus, Moses, and Fo-Hi; Struggle between Asia and Europe; Greece Loses her Political Existence; Beginning of Rome; Mission of Jesus; Conquest of Odin; Mission of Mohammed; Reign of Charlemagne; Utility of Feudalism and of Christianity; Movement of the European Will towards America; Principle of Monarchical Government; Causes which Are Opposed to the Establishment of Pure Despotism and Democracy.

The book provides a comparative study of the national Churches of England, Ireland, and Scotland: the Churches established by law to instruct the people and serve as guardians of the nation's faith. It traces the end of the confessional State idea in the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1846, and explores the movements to assert the spiritual independence of the Churches from State control.

Oh, if there were someone to tell us the history of that subtle feeling called solitude, mused the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. In The Greatest Escape, David Balcom answers that call, showing that solitude is an inevitable--yet vital and exciting--facet of our existence with a long, tumultuous past. He travels back in time to trace the spirit flights of shamans; wanders in the mountains of China, listening to the poetry of recluse scholars; visits the forests of India to participate in the dialogues of ancient sages; explores the wisdom of early Greek philosophers, Christian hermits, and Sufi mystics; and illuminates the role of solitude in the lives and writings of modern poets and intellectuals from Petrarch to Thoreau. Covering a broad swath of history, Balcom introduces us to powers and resources in solitude that are drowned in the clamor of modern life. He concludes that the experience of solitude can be creative, joyful, enlightening, sometimes all three at once--and that the perennial fruits of solitude are open to everyone. Here, he writes, is an apology for and a guide to the greatest of all escapes.

This book uses extensive original archival and elite interview research to examine the attempt to rejuvenate liberalism as a means of disciplining democracy and the market through a new rule-based economic and political order. This rebirth took the form of conservative liberalism and, in its most developed form, Ordo-liberalism. It occurred against the historical background of the great transformational crisis of liberalism in the first part of the twentieth century. Conservative liberalism evolved as a cross-national phenomenon. It included such eminent and cultured liberal economists as James Buchanan, Frank Knight, Henry Simons, Ralph Hawtrey, Jacques Rueff, Luigi Einaudi, Walter Eucken, Friedrich Hayek, Alfred Muller-Armack, Wilhelm Roepke, Alexander Rustow, and Paul van Zeeland, as well as leading lawyers like Louis Brandeis, Franz Boehm, and Maurice Hauriou. Conservative liberals also played a formative role in establishing new international networks, notably the Mont Pelerin Society. The book investigates the rich intellectual inheritance of this variant of new liberalism from aristocratic liberalism, ethical philosophy, and religious thought. It also locates the social basis of conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism in the cultivated bourgeois intelligentsia. The book goes on to examine the attempts to embed this new disciplinary form of liberalism in Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and the United States, and to consider the determinants of its varying significance across space and over time. It concludes by assessing the historical significance and contemporary relevance of conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism as liberalism confronts a new transformational crisis at the beginning of the new millennium. Is their promise of disciplining democracy and the market a hollow one?

The Impact of Keynes on Economics in the 20th Century reconsiders the nature and significance of Keynes's theories and economic policies. It provides important contrasting interpretations of Keynesian thought, and illustrates the diversity of Keynesianism in different European countries throughout the century. The book provides a blend of theoretical and historical discussions to evaluate the contents and implications of Keynesianism. It includes reappraisals of modern interpretations of Keynes's thought, the extent to which Keynesian ideas were anticipated in different European countries and the reactions to the Keynesian revolution. In addition the authors consider the impact of Keynesian thought on institutions which embraced, rejected or developed alternatives to this school of thought. The book is divided into three main parts. The first addresses Keynesian theory. The second part presents an overall picture of Keynesian-type policies and theories throughout Europe; many of these were not necessarily stimulated by Keynes but were the outcome of national traditions and on-going debates. The third part is devoted to how Keynesian policy has been used by government and non-governmental organizations in an attempt to deal with unemployment and deflation during the twentieth century. The Impact of Keynes on Economics in the 20th Century will be welcomed by historians of economic thought, economic historians and those interested in Keynesian and post-Keynesian developments in Europe during this century.

This book provides a novel interpretation of the ideas about language in Wittgenstein's 'Philosophical Investigations'. In particular, the author places the 'private language argument' in the context of wider themes in the Investigations, and thereby develops a picture of what it is for words to bear the meaning they do. Travis elaborates two versions of a private language argument, and shows the consequences of these for current trends in the philosophical theory of meaning.

This new and expanded edition of a classic work draws our attention to the often neglected role women have played in the development of economics. The work and intellectual history of eight prominent women economists of the eighteenth to twentieth centuries are studied to reveal how they strove to become successful contributors to economic science.These women economists had vastly different lives and philosophies. Jane Marcet, Harriet Martineau and Millicent Fawcett followed the goal of free enterprise and individualism and wrote on the subject when economics was still in its infancy. Rosa Luxemburg, Beatrice Webb and Joan Robinson were all believers in some form of collective government, and Barbara Bergmann and Irma Adelman concern themselves with income distribution, in both developed and developing countries. The authors examine the respective backgrounds and discuss the intellectual histories of these remarkable women to throw light on the development of economics since the time of Adam Smith. This book will be welcomed by students and scholars interested in the contribution women have made to the advancement of economic science.

Italian Economists of the 20th Century provides a unique up-to-date assessment and appreciation of the work of 12 pioneering economists. The essays - written by a group of leading international scholars - are a fitting tribute to the important contribution that Italian economists have made to twentieth century economics. This important book includes entries not only on familiar names such as Vilfredo Pareto, Piero Sraffa and Franco Modigliani, but also on less well known yet equally important economists. It demonstrates the rich intellectual tradition in Italy and its profound - yet often unrecognized - impact on economics in general.

People power explores the history of the theory and practice of popular power. Western thinking about politics has two fundamental features: 1) popular power in practice is problematic and 2) nothing confers political legitimacy except popular sovereignty. This book explains how we got to our current default position, in which rule of, for and by the people is simultaneously a practical problem and a received truth of politics. The book asks readers to think about how appreciating that history shapes the way we think about the people's power in the present. Drawn from the disciplines of history and political theory, the contributors to this volume engage in a mutually informing conversation about popular power. They conclude that the problems that first gave rise to popular sovereignty remain simultaneously compelling, unresolved and worthy of further attention. -- .

In this study, critics working in Britain, Canada and the United States discuss modernism's imaginative rethinkings of sex, gender and sexuality. Employing diverse theoretical approaches, the essays in this volume show how modernism intersects with historical developments such as the suffragette movement, technological change and its effects on women and labour, the growth of pseudo-scientific writings and the burgeoning lesbian and gay movement. They show how modernism questions the fundamentals of identity and upsets the fixities of gender and sexuality through a fascination with ambiguities, marginality and the crossing of borders. The book explores strategies of expressing same-sex desires in unexpected settings, modes of remaking sex and the body, relations between writing and reading, between public and private, between performer, performance and audience in a modernism broadly conceived to include political demonstrations, political essays and the visual arts alongside narrative and poetry.

The series MISCELLANEA MEDIAEVALIA was founded by Paul Wilpert in 1962 and since then has presented research from the Thomas Institute of the University of Cologne. The cornerstone of the series is provided by the proceedings of the biennial Cologne Medieval Studies Conferences, which were established over 50 years ago by Josef Koch, the founding director of the Institute. The interdisciplinary nature of these conferences is reflected in the proceedings. The MISCELLANEA MEDIAEVALIA gather together papers from all disciplines represented in Medieval Studies - medieval history, philosophy, theology, together with art and literature, all contribute to an overall perspective of the Middle Ages.

The Sunday Times Bestseller

We live in a time of unprecedented upheaval, with questions about the future, society, work, happiness, family and money, and yet no political party of the right or left is providing us with answers. Rutger Bregman, a bestselling Dutch historian, explains that it needn't be this way.

Bregman shows that we can construct a society with visionary ideas that are, in fact, wholly implementable. Every milestone of civilization - from the end of slavery to the beginning of democracy - was once considered a utopian fantasy. New utopian ideas such as universal basic income and a 15-hour work week can become reality in our lifetime.

This guide to a revolutionary yet achievable utopia is supported by multiple studies, lively anecdotes and numerous success stories. From a Canadian city that once completely eradicated poverty, to Richard Nixon's near implementation of a basic income for millions of Americans, Bregman takes us on a journey through history, beyond the traditional left-right divides, as he introduces ideas whose time has come.

This is a book about what people imagine it means to live in a world where private property is dominant, and their fears - and sometimes hopes - about living in a future world where private property has disappeared. In the propertied imagination, private property is a fragile thing, an institution beset by terrifying enemies and racialised and gendered mobs: Levellers and Diggers, socialists and anarchists, fervent religious radicals, abolitionists, feminists, and haughty welfare-state bureaucrats. The history of private property is the history of a recurring nightmare that one or another of these groups would storm the castle and take control. That threatened social chaos is the central unifying story of this book. Private property and the fear of social chaos starts by charting the thinkers who laid the foundations for how we understand private property, including Locke, Burke, Marx and Engels. The book looks at how their ideas have been put into practice in ways that continue to shape the modern world, from Harry Truman's housing policies and the anti-abolitionist George Fitzhugh to Margaret Thatcher and Elon Musk. Arguing that the spectre of 'the mob' has been intimately interconnected with the idea of private property throughout capitalist modernity, the book ambitiously narrates this history from the early colonisation of the Americas to Silicon Valley, and the future of human colonisation in space. -- .

Foucault lived in Tunisia for two years and travelled to Japan and Iran more than once. Yet throughout his critical scholarship, he insisted that the cultures of the "Orient" constitute the "limit" of Western rationality. Using archival research supplemented by interviews with key scholars in Tunisia, Japan and France, this book examines the philosophical sources, evolution as well as contradictions of Foucault's experience with non-Western cultures. Beyond tracing Foucault's journey into the world of otherness, the book reveals the personal, political as well as methodological effects of a radical conception of cultural difference that extolled the local over the cosmopolitan.

This late 18th Century Coffee House society provided a group of natural philosophers with the opportunity to discuss the topics that most interested them. Though the Minute books deal with some practical and procedural matters, they mostly record the discussions, which centred around chemistry, and in particular the phlogiston theory. Contemporary accounts of such meetings are extremely rare, and the survival of the manuscript copy, made by William Nicholson, a member and secretary of the society is remarkable. In this book, the original has been reproduced. The editors also include an account of the membership, 55 in number and of whom 33 were Fellows of the Royal Society of London, and background essays by Jan Golinski and Larry Stewart. Many of the members were medical, and some were lawyers and clergymen, but all shared a fascination for practical science and technology. Readers across a broad range of disciplines will find the book of great interest.

In this major reinterpretation of the Victorian Aesthetic Movement, Linda Dowling argues that such classic works of Victorian art writing as Ruskin's Stones of Venice or Morris's Lectures on Art or Wilde's Critic as Artist become wholly intelligible only within the larger ideological context of the Whig aesthetic tradition. Tracing the genealogy of Victorian Aestheticism back to the first great crisis of the Whig polity in the earlier eighteenth century, Dowling locates the source of the Victorians' utopian hopes for art in the "moral sense" theory of Anthony Ashley Cooper, third earl of Shaftesbury. Shaftesbury's theory of a universal moral sense, argues The Vulgarization of Art, became the transcendental basis for the new Whig polity that proposed itself as an alternative to older theories of natural law and divine right. It would then sustain the Victorians' hope that their own nightmare landscape of commercial modernity and mass taste might be transformed by a universal pleasure in art and beauty. The Vulgarization of Art goes on to explore the tragic consequences for the Aesthetic Movement when a repressed and irresolvable conflict between Shaftesbury's assumption of "aristocratic soul" and the Victorian ideal of "aesthetic democracy" repeatedly shatters the hopes of such writers as Ruskin, Morris, Pater, and Wilde for social transformation through the aesthetic sense.

This is the first full modern biography of Ernest Jones (1819-69), the last of the Chartist leaders. This book combines an account of his colourful political career in the age of reform with an overdue assessment of his literary achievement.

Coleridge's status as a philosopher has often been questioned. `I am a poor poet in England,' he admitted, `but in America, I am a great philosopher.' J. S. Mill's assertion that `the time is yet far distant when, in the estimation of Coleridge, and of his influence upon the intellect of our time, anything like unanimity can be looked for' seems to have been justified. Mary Anne Perkins re-examines Coleridge's claim to have developed a `logosophic' system which attempted `to reduce all knowledges into harmony'. She pays particular attention to his later writings, some of which are still unpublished. She suggests that the accusations of plagiarism and of muddled, abstruse metaphysics which have been levelled at him may be challenged by a thorough reading of his work in which his unifying principle is revealed. She explores the various meanings for the term `Logos', a recurrent theme in every area of Coleridge's thought - philosophy, religion, natural science, history, political and social criticism, literary theory, and psychology. Coleridge was responding to the concerns of his own time, a revolutionary age in which increasing intellectual and moral fragmentation and confusion seemed to him to threaten both individuals and society. Drawing on the whole of Western intellectual history, he offered a ground for philosophy which was relational rather than mechanistic. He is one of those few thinkers whose work appears to become more interesting, his perceptions more acute, as the historical gulf widens. This book is a contribution to the reassessment that he deserves.