Amazonia exists in our imagination as well as on the ground. It is a mysterious and powerful construct in our psyches yet shares multiple (trans)national borders and diverse ecological and cultural landscapes. It is often presented as a seemingly homogeneous place: a lush tropical jungle teeming with exotic wildlife and plant diversity, as well as the various indigenous populations that inhabit the region. Yet, since Conquest, Amazonia has been linked to the global market and, after a long and varied history of colonization and development projects, Amazonia is peopled by many distinct cultural groups who remain largely invisible to the outside world despite their increasing integration into global markets and global politics. Millions of rubber tappers, neo-native groups, peasants, river dwellers, and urban residents continue to shape and re-shape the cultural landscape as they adapt their livelihood practices and political strategies in response to changing markets and shifting linkages with political and economic actors at local, regional, national, and international levels. This book explores the diversity of changing identities and cultural landscapes emerging in different corners of this rapidly changing region. This book was published as a special issue of the Journal of Cultural Geography.

This new guide is the first to explore all facets of Native American jewelry--its history, variety, and quality--in one convenient resource. With coverage beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, this resource includes artists, techniques, materials, motifs, and more. The encyclopedia opens with helpful introductory essay to acquaint the reader with the subject. More than 350 entries and over 80 photos make this new encyclopedia and exceptional value.

Cantuta, the national flower of Peru, is about the Inca Empire torn apart by civil war and foreign invaders while an Inca Prince fights to regain his kingdom. The unexpected death of the reigning king paves the way for a conflict between two brothers that divides the empire in two. Atahualpa rules the northern parts of the Empire and Huascar assumes the position of the King of Cuzco, the southern region of the Inca Empire. Atahualpa; however, believes that he alone should rule the land and that will only happen if Cuzco is his and Huascar is no longer in power. Atahualpa's attack takes Cuzco by surprise, thus giving him a huge advantage over Huascar. Huascar is caught but his younger brother, Manco, who is also the crown prince of Cuzco, escapes along with his sister, Vira. Manco discovers that Atahualpa formed an alliance with the invading Spanish conquistadors, or White Strangers. The Spaniards; however, are only using Atahualpa in order to conquer the Inca Empire. Atahualpa later pays for this betrayal when the Spaniards reveal their true purpose. With the White Strangers trying to control his people and his kingdom, Manco takes a stand against his new enemies to recover the land that rightfully belongs to the Inca and should be ruled by the rightful Inca King. Amidst treachery and violence, the Inca, the Pizarro brothers, their women, and the church try to press their agendas while the people of Peru struggle to survive.

This edited collection provides examples of indigenous community-based initiatives from around the world. Examples include programmes among Maori in Aotearoa/New Zealand, Sami in Norway, Aboriginal People in Australia, Innu in Canada, and native Americans in the mainland US, Hawai'i, Canada and South America. Contributions include indigenous educational practitioners, and indigenous and non-indigenous academics long associated with the study of indigenous education.

This remarkable book recounts the life of Ndudi Umaru, a pastoral nomadic Fulani, who was born in the Nigeria-Cameroon border zone, but spent most of his life in Cameroon where he was treated for leprosy. Left to his own devices at an early age-his illness having separated him from his kith and kin-Ndudi is befriended by Pere Boquene, a French missionary who takes him on as a field assistant. Working closely with the young man, Pere Boquene realizes Ndudi is a keen observer of his own pastoral society, with its links to a wider social setting, and suggests he record his observations on tape. The result is a rare and sensitive collaboration, which sheds new insight into the world of the Mbororo and the complex and ever-changing social mosaic of West African savanna societies. Ndudi's leprosy and his efforts to find a cure grant him the necessary perspective to analyze this complex world, while still remaining a part of it.

For the western public, the Mbororo have often been the photogenic subjects of "Disappearing World" documentaries or glossy coffee table books. However, this account renders "the exotic" comprehensible, preserving the cultural authenticity of Ndudi's story while making this unique world more accessible to outsiders."

First published in 1929, Raymond Firth 's original and insightful study offers an incredibly detailed account of the social and economic organisation of the Maori people before their contact with Western civilisation.

Bridging the gap between anthropology and economics, the work covers the class structure, land system, industry, methods of co-operative labour, exchange and distribution, and the psychological foundations of Maori society. This reissue will be welcomed by all students of anthropology and anyone interested the history of the Maori people.

Public school classrooms around the world have the power to shape and transform youth culture and identity. In this book, Mneesha Gellman examines how Indigenous high school students resist assimilation and assert their identities through access to Indigenous language classes in public schools. Drawing on ethnographic accounts, qualitative interviews, focus groups, and surveys, Gellman's fieldwork examines and compares the experiences of students in Yurok language courses in Northern California and Zapotec courses in Oaxaca, Mexico. She contends that this access to Indigenous language instruction in secondary schooling serves as an arena for Indigenous students to develop their sense of identity and agency, and provides them tools and strategies for civic, social, and political participation, sometimes in unexpected ways. Showcasing young people's voices, and those of their teachers and community members, in the fight for culturally relevant curricula and educational success, Gellman demonstrates how the Indigenous language classroom enables students to understand, articulate, and resist the systemic erasure and destruction of their culture embedded in state agendas and educational curricula. Access to Indigenous language education, she shows, has positive effects not only for Indigenous students, but for their non-Indigenous peers as well, enabling them to become allies in the struggle for Indigenous cultural survival. Through collaborative methodology that engages in research with, not on, Indigenous communities, Indigenous Language Politics in the Schoolroom explores what it means to be young, Indigenous, and working for social change in the twenty-first century.

This book highlights the importance of diversity in overcoming issues of social and environmental degradation. It presents conceptual and practical strategies to celebrate local and Indigenous knowledge for improved community development and environmental management. David Harvey has proclaimed, "The geography we make must be a peoples' geography." This clarion call challenges geographers around the world to consider the power and potential of geographic knowledge as the basis for social action - a call this book answers, providing readers the theoretical and conceptual tools needed to understand the social world and empowering them to mobilize social change. The author uses empirical case studies of two environmental management and community development projects to document how knowledge generation is "essentially locally situated and socially derived." In doing so she charts a path for moving beyond what Vandana Shiva so aptly describes as "monocultures of the mind." The book argues that local and Indigenous knowledge must not be seen in opposition to scientific knowledge, as none of these knowledge traditions hold all the answers to localized socio-environmental problems. Rather, as the author explores through a set of processes and strategies to enable, support and celebrate 'cultural hybridity' at the local environmental governance scale, these respective knowledge systems can learn to speak to each other. Such dialogue has the potential to support more sustainable outcomes at multiple environmental governance locales. This book will be of interest to everyone involved in environmental policy, planning or politics, and for those who want to make this planet a more sustainable and just place.

This resource guide brings the comprehensive bibliographic coverage of American Indian and Alaska Native publications up to the present time. It contains newspapers and periodicals edited or published by American Indians or Alaska Natives, as well as publications with the primary purpose of publishing information about contemporary Indians or Alaska Natives. This volume is the result of the first-hand examination of as many copies of each publication as possible, with the assistance of over thirty contributors. Titles are arranged alphabetically and include variant titles which are cross-referenced. Each entry contains an essay profile of the publication listed, and includes a discussion of its founding, intentions, editors, content, affiliations with tribes, organizations, or other groups, and demise. Following each profile is an information section which includes a bibliography and a list of sources for locating holding institutions. A succinct publication history appears at the end of each entry, with title changes and issue data, and full information on publishers and editors. Appendixes of titles listed by chronology and location are also provided, along with an index and list of contributors.

Surprisingly little research has been carried out about how Australian Aboriginal children and teenagers experience life, shape their social world and imagine the future. This volume presents recent and original studies of life experiences outside the institutional settings of childcare and education, of those growing up in contemporary Central Australia or with strong links to the region. Focusing on the remote communities - roughly 1,200 across the continent - the volume includes case studies of language and family life in small country towns and urban contexts. These studies expertly show that forms of consciousness have changed enormously over the last hundred years for Indigenous societies more so than for the rest of Australia, yet equally notable are the continuities across generations. Ute Eickelkamp is ARC Future Fellow in Anthropology at the University of Sydney."

Much of the coverage surrounding the relationship between Indigenous communities and the Crown in Canada has focused on the federal, provincial, and territorial governments. Yet it is at the local level where some of the most important and significant partnerships are being made between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples. In A Quiet Evolution, Christopher Alcantara and Jen Nelles look closely at hundreds of agreements from across Canada and at four case studies drawn from Ontario, Quebec, and Yukon Territory to explore relationships between Indigenous and local governments. By analyzing the various ways in which they work together, the authors provide an original, transferable framework for studying any type of intergovernmental partnership at the local level. Timely and accessible, A Quiet Evolution is a call to politicians, policymakers and citizens alike to encourage Indigenous and local governments to work towards mutually beneficial partnerships.

Indigenous people constitute a large portion of Latin America's population and suffer from widespread poverty. This book provides the first rigorous assessment of changes in socio-economic conditions among the region's indigenous people, tracking progress in these indicators during the first international decade of indigenous peoples (1994-2004). Set within the context of existing literature and political changes over the course of the decade, this volume provides a rigorous statistical analysis of indigenous populations in Bolivia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru, examining their poverty rates, education levels, income determinants, labour force participation and other social indicators. The results show that while improvements have been achieved according to some social indicators, little progress has been made with respect to poverty.

When Did Indians Become Straight? explores the complex relationship between contested U.S. notions of normality and shifting forms of Native American governance and self-representation. Examining a wide range of texts (including captivity narratives, fiction, government documents, and anthropological tracts), Mark Rifkin offers a cultural and literary history of the ways Native peoples have been inserted into Euramerican discourses of sexuality and how Native intellectuals have sought to reaffirm their peoples' sovereignty and self-determination.

"Spindel's work is a marvelous voyage that prepares the reader for further adventures that are clearly not designed to reveal but to suggest. . . . In explaining white America to Itself, the book is an unqualified success."
-- "American Indian Quarterly"

"An unusual and unfailingly interesting examination of a clash of cultures."
--Sports Illustrated"

"Readers of this very important, highly readable book will have a new understanding of the insidiousness of racism and the ease with which mass marketing can create new mythology. Highly recommended."
--"Library Journal"

"A thorough treatise on a controversial topic."
--"Booklist"

"Spindel writes convincingly about how her research has helped her to understand attitudes toward American Indians. . . . Many fans of professional sports would benefit by reading this book."
--"Publishers Weekly"

"Although a great deal has been written about the controversy of using fake Indians to get fans pumped up at football games, it took an entire book to give full vent to the subject. Carol Spindel does this admirably and evenhandedly."
--"Chicago Tribune"

"An important resource in the ongoing controversy over Indian mascots across America."
--"Religious Studies Review"

"Spindel displays considerable courage in tackling a controversial subject. A very personal account of the twentieth-century phenomenon of American Indians used as sports mascots, Dancing at Halftime also contains some fascinating history of early college football. The whole is strongly and beautifully written."
--"Dee Brown, author of Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee"

"With clear and compelling language, Spindel shows us how the naiverituals of a previous era can become the insensitive orthodoxy of today. I can't imagine a more readable-or a more even-handed-exploration of the mascot issue. This should be required reading for anyone committed to building a new sense of community in the United States."

--"Frederick E. Hoxie, Swanlund Professor, University of Illinois, and editor of The Encyclopedia of North American Indians"

"Honest, insightful, and a well balanced analysis of this complicated problem. Spindel has discovered the confusing reservoir of tangled emotions that underlie American attitudes towards Indians-and toward themselves. A 'must read'."
--"Vine Deloria, Jr., Professor of History Emeritus, University of Colorado and a Standing Rock Sioux tribal member"

"Yesterday's racism we recognize and we are embarrassed by it. Today's racism we often do not recognize until we read something like Carol Spindel's clear and fascinating message in Dancing at Halftime."
--"Senator Paul Simon"

"I celebrate Dancing at Halftime, which brings Carol Spindel's wry and penetrating perception to this subject. As she well understands, it is a cipher through which one can read the deeper meanings not only of American history but of contemporary life today."
--"Susan Griffin, author of A Chorus of Stones"

Sports fans love to don paint and feathers to cheer on the Washington Redskins and the Cleveland Indians, the Atlanta Braves, the Florida State Seminoles, and the Warriors and Chiefs of their hometown high schools. But outside the stadiums, American Indians aren't cheering--they're yelling racism.

School boards and colleges are bombarded with emotional demands from both sides, while professionalteams find themselves in court defending the right to trademark their Indian names and logos. In the face of opposition by a national anti-mascot movement, why are fans so determined to retain the fictional chiefs who plant flaming spears and dance on the fifty-yard line?

To answer this question, Dancing at Halftime takes the reader on a journey through the American imagination where our thinking about American Indians has been, and is still being, shaped. Dancing at Halftime is the story of Carol Spindel's determination to understand why her adopted town is so passionately attached to Chief Illiniwek, the American Indian mascot of the University of Illinois. She rummages through our national attic, holding dusty souvenirs from world's fairs and wild west shows, Edward Curtis photographs, Boy Scout handbooks, and faded football programs up to the light. Outside stadiums, while American Indian Movement protestors burn effigies, she listens to both activists and the fans who resent their attacks. Inside hearing rooms and high schools, she poses questions to linguists, lawyers, and university alumni.

A work of both persuasion and compassion, Dancing at Halftime reminds us that in America, where Pontiac is a car and Tecumseh a summer camp, Indians are often our symbolic servants, functioning as mascots and metaphors that express our longings to become "native" Americans, and to feel at home in our own land.

Of late, there has been a growing interest in how non-Western peoples have been and continue to be depicted in the literatures of the West. In anthropology, attention has focused on the range of literary devices employed in ethnographic texts to distance and exoticize the subjects of discourse, and ultimately contribute to their subordination. This study eschews the tendency to regard virtually all depictions of non-Western "others" as amenable to the same kinds of "orientalist" analysis, and argues that the portrayals found in such writings must be examined in their particular historical and political settings. These themes are explored by analyzing the voluminous literature by military authors who have written and continue to write about the "Gurkhas", those legendary soldiers from Nepal who have served in Britain's Imperial and post-Imperial armies for more than two centuries. The author discovers that, instead of exoticizing them, the military writers find in their subjects the quintessential virtues of the European officers themselves: the Gurkhas appear as warriors and gentlemen. However, the author does not rest here: utilizing a wealth of literary, historical, ethnographic sources and the results of his own fieldwork, he investigates the wider social and cultural contexts in which the European chroniclers of the Gurkhas have been nurtured.

When the worthless treaties were signed and it was time to move the Ho-Chunk/Winnebago nation, the people took only what they could carry on their backs. There isn't a person alive today who can describe the atrocities, hardships, and deprivation their ancestors faced while being moved from their land to a strange place, unable to travel or live where their ancestors were buried. No longer could they provide food and lodging for their families; they had to depend on the government for monthly rations of food, blankets, and medical attention."Every Warrior Has His Own Song" explores the history and culture of the Winnebago and Ho-Chunk peoples, as well as the personal history of the family of author Alan B. Walker. Patriotic and fiercely loyal to this country and the land of their ancestors, they show respect to the returning veterans of any war. As Walker grew older, he knew that he wanted to be a warrior and wondered if he had the right stuff; in the course of his exploration of his people's culture, he also tells the story of his service in Vietnam."Every Warrior Has His Own Song" touches on the history and modern life of the Ho-Chunk/Winnebago nation as well as the story of the Hatchett family, telling a timeless and relevant tale of bravery.

A vivid description of the people, events, and issues that forever changed the lives of Native Americans during the 1960s and 1970s-such as the occupation of Alcatraz, fishing-rights conflicts, and individuals such as Clyde Warrior. Rising out of more than a century of poverty and pervasive repression, stoked by the example of the movement against the Vietnam War and the upheaval among black and Chicano civil-rights activists, the American Indian Movement shifted the debate over "the Indian problem" to a new level. Many Native peoples also took a stand for fishing rights, land rights, and formed resistance to coal and uranium mining on tribal land. This work tells the story of that movement, and provides the first encyclopedic treatment of this subject. Providing a vital documentation of a controversial and often surprising period in American Indian history, Bruce E. Johansen, an accomplished scholar and authority on Native American history, provides more than descriptions of historic events and careful analysis; he also frames what occurred in the American Indian Movement personally and anecdotally, drawing from individual stories to illustrate larger trends-and to ensure that the material is appealing to high school students, university-level readers, and general readers alike. Compares American Indian content to Black, Latino, and Asian civil-rights movements at the same historical era Relates the activities of the American Indian Movement to those of many regional groups that were active at the same time Draws connections between activities in the 1960s and 1970s to outcomes today, such as a ban on Navajo uranium mining, development of reservation infrastructure, and reclamation of many Native languages

How is the struggle for Palestinian freedom bound up in other freedom struggles, and how are activists coming together globally to achieve justice and liberation for all? In this bold book, Palestinian activist Nada Elia unpacks Zionism, from its militarism to its prisons, its environmental devastation and gendered violence. She insists that Palestine's fate is linked through bonds of solidarity to other communities crossing racial and gender lines, weaving an intersectional feminist understanding of Israeli apartheid throughout her analysis. She also looks deeper into the interconnectedness of Palestine with Black, migrant, and queer movements, and with other indigenous struggles against settler colonialism, including that of Native Americans. Greater than the Sum of Our Parts is a powerful and hopeful account, highlighting the role of the Palestinian diaspora, youth, and women, and inspired by activists across the world.