A figure from ancient folklore, the doppelganger-in fiction a character's sinister look-alike-continues to reemerge in literature, television and film. The modern-day doppelganger ("double-goer" in German) is typically depicted in a traditional form adapted to reflect present-day social anxieties. Focusing on a broad range of narratives, the author explores 21st century representations in novels (Audrey Niffenegger's Her Fearful Symmetry, Jose Saramago's The Double), TV shows (Orphan Black, Battlestar Galactica, Ringer) and movies (The Island, The Prestige, Oblivion).

By mid-career, many successful writers find a groove and their readers come to expect a familiar consistency and fidelity. Not so with Henry Green (1905-1973). He prefers uncertainty over reason and fragmentation over cohesion, and rarely lets the reader settle into a nice cozy read. Evil, he suggests, can be as instructive as good. Through his use of paradoxical and ambiguous language, his novels bring texture to the flatness of life, making the world seem bigger and closer. We soon stop worrying about what Hitler's bombs have in store for the Londoners of Caught (1943) and Back (1946) and start thinking about what they have in store for each other. Praised in his lifetime as England's top fiction author, he is largely overlooked today. This book presents a comprehensive analysis of his work for a new generation of readers.

Yeats and his shadow are one of the most closely scrutinised pairs in contemporary literary history. The meaning and significance Yeats gave to the entity by which he was constantly pursued and with which he held frequent colloquy have been held under the critical microscope, and the shadow has emerged alternately as the course of human history, the poet's alter-ego, his inner self, the natural man, or as anything that Yeats wanted but believed himself not to be. This title, first published in 1988, examines the influence that Shelley had on Yeats and this 'shadow'. The study concentrates primarily on the complex influence of Shelley's Alastor on Yeats, tracing the problems it suggests and the questions it raises from Yeats's early, highly imitative poems through the austere, unromantic middle poems to the late poems where Yeats sees himself as the "last of the romantics". This title will be of interest to students of literature.

In this study, first published in 1951, the author examines the poetry of Yeats's last years, that poetry which reached and held to the 'intensity' which he had striven for all his life. Vivienne Koch explores the ways in which the great but troubled poems derive their energy from suffering, and examines thirteen of his last poems in detail, each with a slightly different focus. This title will be of interest to students of literature.

The letters in this book, first published in 1953, throw light on the literary scene at a time in which William Butler Yeats and Thomas Sturge Moore regularly corresponded. In the early days of their friendship Yeats and Sturge Moore often saw each other in London where they both played an active part in the literary and artistic scene. When Yeats later lived chiefly in Ireland and Sturge Moore spent much of his time in the country and abroad they met less often but kept in touch by letter. Many of these letters, and therefore a record of their friendship, has been preserved and presented in this book. This title will be of interest to students of literature and literary history.

This chief aim of this title, first published in 1965, is to present a comprehensive picture of Yeats's achievement and some of the means for an evaluation of that achievement. To this end both the poems and plays have been examined and some of Yeats's critical ideas have been briefly discussed. Professor Rajan's study provides a compact introduction to Yeats's work, and will be of interest to the general reader as well as to students of literature.

A renowned scholar of the English language, Tolkien is today celebrated as the father of the high fantasy genre. Drawing on his knowledge of languages, mythology and legend, he created an entire alternative reality, Middle Earth, and populated it with hobbits, orcs, ents, dragons, magicians and giant spiders. Packed with fascinating facts about Tolkien's life and labours, this delightful volume includes extracts from his works, letters and interviews, as well as from his contemporaries and admirers. It's a celebration of the writer whose imagination and creative genius changed the course of fantasy literature. 'I would rather spend one lifetime with you, than face all the ages of this world alone.' The Fellowship of the Ring (1954) 'I am in fact a Hobbit (in all but size). I like gardens, trees and unmechanized farmlands; I smoke a pipe, and like good plain food (unrefrigerated), but detest French cooking...' Tolkien in a letter to Deborah Webster, 25 October 1958 In July 1915, Tolkien took part in the Somme offensive, the bloodiest battle of the Great War. While recovering in hospital from trench fever, he wrote his first Elvish word list, as well as the first fragments of what would become The Silmarillion. The inspiration for The Hobbit came to Tolkien unexpectedly in the summer of 1930, while he was working his way through a huge stack of student essays. On a blank page he found himself scrawling, 'In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit.'

From the Gay Repertoire is the first guide to consider the total sweep of gay plays published in English, not just those that were produced on Broadway and in London's West End. Here one will find, in addition to Off- and Off-Off-Broadway and regional theater offerings, plays from Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Puerto Rican, Indian, and Filipino plays written in English as well as translations from other languages are given their due place. As a result fully 70% of the plays included here are appearing for the first time in such a survey. Lovers of the theater will be happy to discover the rich gay repertoire that they have inherited.

Focusing on crime fiction, film and television that artfully combine comedy and misdeed, this comprehensive study explores the reasons why writers and filmmakers inject humor into their work and identifies the various comic techniques they use. The author covers both American and European books from the 1930s to the present, by such authors as Rex Stout, Raymond Chandler, Elmore Leonard, Donald Westlake, Sue Grafton, Carl Hiaasen and Janet Evanovich, along with film and television from The Thin Man to the BBC's Sherlock series.

Challenging readers to rethink what they read and why, the author questions the aesthetic assumptions that have led to the devaluing of fan fiction-a genre criticized as tasteless and derivative-and other ""guilty pleasure"" reading (and writing) including romance and fantasy. The complicated relationship between ""fanfic"" and intellectual property is discussed in light of the millennia-old tradition of derivative literature, before modern copyright law established originality as the hallmark of great fiction. ""Absorbed reading""-the practice of immersing oneself in the narrative versus critically ""reading from a distance""-is a strong motive for fanfiction's appropriation of canon characters and worlds.

Presenting a critical, yet innovative, perspective on the cultural interactions between the "East" and the "West", this book questions the role of travel in the production of knowledge and in the construction of the idea of the "Islamic city". This volume brings together authors from various disciplines, questioning the role of Western travel writing in the production of knowledge about the East, particularly focusing on the cities of the Muslim world. Instead of concentrating on a specific era, chapters span the Medieval and Modern eras in order to present the transformation of both the idea of the "Islamic city" and also the act of traveling and travel writing. Missions to the East, whether initiated by military, religious, economic, scientific, diplomatic or touristic purposes, resulted in a continuous construction, de-construction and re-construction of the "self" and the "other". Including travel accounts, which depicted cities, extending from Europe to Asia and from Africa to Arabia, chapters epitomize the construction of the "Orient" via textual or visual representations. By examining various tools of representation such as drawings, paintings, cartography, and photography in depicting the urban landscape in constant flux, the book emphasizes the role of the mobile individual in defining city space and producing urban culture. Scrutinising the role of travellers in producing the image of the world we know today, this book is recommended for researchers, scholars and students of Middle Eastern Studies, Cultural Studies, Architecture and Urbanism.

Genres of Doubt shows how these two shifts-one literary, one cultural-were deeply intertwined. The novel as a literary form developed as a vehicle for realism, and the infusion of unreal content, be it fantasy or science fiction, created a new kind of space to ponder questions about the supernatural, humanity's place in the world, and the differences between belief and knowledge. This book investigates that space in a new way, and shows how questions of meaning, identity, and faith are in the DNA of the speculative genres that, whether in novels, film and television, or comic books, are so loved today.

Lauded by critics yet largely unappreciated by fans of horror and ""weird fiction,"" T.E.D. Klein is considered one of the great horror writers, despite his scant body of work. His prose blends the mundane and the supernatural, conjuring the monstrous and the malign with accessible but charged discourse that breaks with the formulaic entries in the genre. Exploring a range of topics from religious fundamentalism and Right Wing extremism to fashionable pessimism and the rise of ""digital humanities,"" the author argues that Klein's work is a prime example of what he terms ""critical horror,"" a distinct subgenre that entertains while questioning individual and cultural complacency.

his study places Defoe's major fiction squarely in the emerging Whig culture of the early eighteenth century. It offers an alternative to the view that Defoe is essentially a writer of criminal or adventure fiction and to the Marxist judgment that he extols individualism or derives his greatest inspiration from popular print culture. This study reads the novels as reflections of mainstream Whig social and political concerns, the same concerns Defoe revealed in his verse and expository writings before and after his major period of fiction writing, 1719-24.

Presenting a multifaceted portrait of modernist culture in Russia, an array of distinguished scholars shows how artists and writers in the early twentieth century engaged with politics, science, and religion. At a time when many Russian social institutions looked to the past, modernist arts powerfully amplified a gamut of new ideas about individual and collective transformation. Expanding upon prior studies that focus more specifically on literary manifestations of the movement, Reframing Russian Modernism features original research that ranges broadly, from political aesthetics to Darwinism to yoga. These unique complementary perspectives counter reductionism of any kind, integrating the study of Russian modernism into the larger body of humanistic scholarship devoted to modernity.

A rich examination of the influence of Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas on James JoyceIn this book, Fran O'Rourke examines the influence of Aristotle and Thomas Aquinas on James Joyce, arguing that both thinkers fundamentally shaped the philosophical outlook which pervades the author's oeuvre. O'Rourke demonstrates that Joyce was a philosophical writer who engaged creatively with questions of diversity and unity, identity, permanence and change, and the reliability of knowledge. Beginning with an introduction to each thinker, the book traces Joyce's discovery of their works and his concrete engagement with their thought. Aristotle and Aquinas equipped Joyce with fundamental principles regarding reality, knowledge, and the soul, which allowed him to shape his literary characters. Joyce appropriated Thomistic concepts to elaborate an original and personal aesthetic theory. O'Rourke provides an annotated commentary on quotations from Aristotle which Joyce entered into his famous Early Commonplace Book and outlines their crucial significance for his writings. He also provides an authoritative evaluation of Joyce's application of Aquinas's aesthetic principles. The first book to comprehensively illuminate the profound impact of both the ancient and medieval thinker on the modernist writer, Joyce, Aristotle, and Aquinas offers readers a rich understanding of the intellectual background and philosophical underpinnings of Joyce's work.

This collection, first published in 1963, includes 29 of George Eliot's essays written between 1846 and 1868. Through these essays, Pinney has managed to convey her range of subject-matters and variety of style. This title, with an introduction and footnotes written by the editor, will be of particular interest to students of literature.

In this fascinating and revealing book, first published in 1952, Maxwell shows the development of Eliot's poetry and poetic thought in the light of his political and religious attachments. This study traces Eliot's style from the earliest poems to the Quartets, and examines the characteristics of Eliot's earlier work adumbrate that of his maturity. The Poetry of T. S. Eliot is essential reading for students of literature.

This title, first published in 1961, explores the general background of attitudes, beliefs and ideas from which Eliot's works have originated. This study examines the influences of Eliot's work, and includes Eliot's personal views as told to the author. The book also looks at technique, structure and imagery of his poetry. This title will be of interest to students of literature.

It has long been recognised that there is an apparently paradoxical relationship between the revolutionary poetic style developed by Yeats, Eliot and Pound in the period during and after the First World War, and the reactionary politics with which they were associated in the 1920s and 1930s. Concentrating on their writings in the period up to the 1930s, this study, first published in 1982, helps to resolve the paradox and also provides a much needed reappraisal of the factors influencing their poetic and political development. The work of these poets has usually been seen as deriving from the tradition of continental symbolist poetics. Yeats, Eliot, Pound and the Politics of Poetry will be of interest to students of literature.

Edward Lobb's study, first published in 1981, is a thorough examination of Eliot's relation to Romantic criticism. This title also makes extensive use of Eliot's Clark Lectures on metaphysical poetry. Delivered in 1926, the lectures complete the picture of literary history set out in Eliot's published work, and are, the author believes, essential to a full understanding of the poet's ideas and their place in tradition. Drawing on a wide variety of primary sources and earlier scholarship, T. S. Eliot and the Romantic Critical Tradition will be of interest to students of literature.

First published in 1988. Fredrick Tomlin and T. S. Eliot were friends for almost thirty-four years. What emerges from Fredrick Tomlin's memories and the many letters which passed between them is a private Eliot, seen only by his closest family and a trusted few. Tomlin evokes the man as he was - quite different in his humanity and in his humour from the public image of the 'great poet' and the austere sage. With fresh insights and personal testimony, Tomlin directs light onto aspects of Eliot's character and personality of which the public has been unaware, thereby enhancing the reader's appreciation of Eliot's work as a whole. This title will be of interest to students of literature.

While Henry David Thoreau's travels to the Maine Woods and Cape Cod were well documented and have been followed by "Thoreauvians" for decades, his 1861 "journey west" with Horace Mann, Jr.--which took the duo from Massachusetts to Minnesota and back--was left to be veiled in mystery. This book details this, the last, longest, and least-known of Thoreau's excursions. The story of two 19th-century men and the 21st-century woman who was determined to follow their 4,000-mile path, this account will intrigue history buffs as they follow in the footsteps of a popular American writer and naturalist.

First published in 1954, A Handbook of Latin Literature is an attempt to put together a cohesive account of classical and early post-classical writings in the Latin tongue, and is a companion to the Handbook of Greek Literature. The book traces the history of Latin literature from the earliest times down to the death of St. Augustine, and tackles both theological and non-theological interests of Christian authors. This book will be of interest to students of history and literature.