Closing the Gap is an accessible overview of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) and the impact it is set to have on various sectors in South Africa and Africa. It explores the previous industrial revolutions that have led up to this point and outlines South Africa’s position been through each one.

With a focus on artificial intelligence as a core concept in understanding the 4IR, this book uses familiar concepts to explain artificial intelligence, how it works and how it can be used in banking, mining, medicine and many other fields.

Written from an African perspective, Closing the Gap addresses the challenges and fears around the 4IR by pointing to the opportunities presented by new technologies and outlining some of the challenges and successes to date

Develop a thorough understanding of the mechanics of materials - an essential area in mechanical, civil, and structural engineering -- with the analytical approach and problem-solving emphasis in the market-leading MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 9E.

This book focuses on the analysis and design of structural members subjected to tension, compression, torsion, bending, and more.

Photographs and detailed diagrams demonstrate reactive and internal forces and resulting deformations.

Material Modeling with the Visco-Plastic Self-Consistent (VPSC) Approach: Theory and Practical Applications provides readers with knowledge of material viscoplasticity and robust modeling approaches for predicting plastic deformation of crystal aggregates. Visco-Plastic Self-Consistent (VPSC) is the identifier of a computer code developed for the specific mechanical regime addressed (visco-plastic: VP) and the approach used (self-consistent: SC) meant to simulate large plastic deformation of aggregates, thermo-elastic material deformation, as well as predict stress-strain response, texture evolution of aggregates and stress-strain state inside grains. This approach is very versatile and able to tackle arbitrary material symmetry (cubic, hexagonal, trigonal, orthorhombic, triclinic), twinning, and multiphase aggregates. It accounts for hardening, reorientation and shape change of individual grains, and can be applied to the deformation of metals, inter-metallics and geologic aggregates. Readers will have access to a companion website where they can download code and modify its input/output or add subroutines covering specific simulation research needs.

Food process engineering, a branch of both food science and chemical engineering, has evolved over the years since its inception and still is a rapidly changing discipline. While traditionally the main objective of food process engineering was preservation and stabilization, the focus today has shifted to enhance health aspects, flavour and taste, nutrition, sustainable production, food security and also to ensure more diversity for the increasing demand of consumers. The food industry is becoming increasingly competitive and dynamic, and strives to develop high quality, freshly prepared food products. To achieve this objective, food manufacturers are today presented with a growing array of new technologies that have the potential to improve, or replace, conventional processing technologies, to deliver higher quality and better consumer targeted food products, which meet many, if not all, of the demands of the modern consumer. These new, or innovative, technologies are in various stages of development, including some still at the R&D stage, and others that have been commercialised as alternatives to conventional processing technologies. Food process engineering comprises a series of unit operations traditionally applied in the food industry. One major component of these operations relates to the application of heat, directly or indirectly, to provide foods free from pathogenic microorganisms, but also to enhance or intensify other processes, such as extraction, separation or modification of components. The last three decades have also witnessed the advent and adaptation of several operations, processes, and techniques aimed at producing high quality foods, with minimum alteration of sensory and nutritive properties. Some of these innovative technologies have significantly reduced the thermal component in food processing, offering alternative nonthermal methods. Food Processing Technologies: A Comprehensive Review, Three Volume Set covers the latest advances in innovative and nonthermal processing, such as high pressure, pulsed electric fields, radiofrequency, high intensity pulsed light, ultrasound, irradiation and new hurdle technology. Each section will have an introductory article covering the basic principles and applications of each technology, and in-depth articles covering the currently available equipment (and/or the current state of development), food quality and safety, application to various sectors, food laws and regulations, consumer acceptance, advancements and future scope. It will also contain case studies and examples to illustrate state-of-the-art applications. Each section will serve as an excellent reference to food industry professionals involved in the processing of a wide range of food categories, e.g., meat, seafood, beverage, dairy, eggs, fruits and vegetable products, spices, herbs among others.

Mechatronic Components: Roadmap to Design explains the practical application of mechatronics, including sections on adaptive structures, robotics and other areas where mechanics and electronics converge. Professional engineers in a variety of areas will find this textbook to be extremely helpful with its in-depth use of flow diagrams and schemes that help readers understand the logic behind the design of such systems. Using approximately 130 different components with diagrams and flowcharts that help engineers from different fields understand the general properties and selection criteria of a component, this book presents a comprehensive resource on mechatronic components.

Advances in Heat Transfer, Volume 50, provides in-depth review articles from a broader scope than in traditional journals or texts, with this comprehensive release covering chapters on Heat Transfer in Rotating Channels, Advances in Liquid Metal Science and Technology in Chip Cooling and Thermal Management, Heat Transfer in Rotating Cooling Channel, Anomalous Heat Transfer: Examples, Fundamentals, and Fractional Calculus Models, and much more.

Finite Physical Dimensions Optimal Thermodynamics: Complex Systems is the result of 30 years of teaching and research in the field of thermodynamics of systems and processes. It starts from FTT during the seventies (and P Chambadal approach in France), but also includes the equilibrium thermodynamics from Carnot and TPIL from Onsager. The book shows that thermodynamics proposes more realistic results than those obtained from equilibrium thermodynamics. Focusing on a multidisciplinary approach that characterizes thermodynamics, particularly the connection between transfer phenomena and conversion of energy, the book is ideal for those in industry.

Nanostructured Nonlinear Optical Materials: Formation and Fabrication covers the analysis of the formation, characterization and optical nonlinearities of various nanostructures using different methods. It addresses many areas of research in the field, including the modification of the surfaces of materials for the formation of various nanostructures, transmission electron microscopy and time-of-flight mass spectroscopy studies of ablated bulk and nanoparticle targets, the low-order nonlinearities of metal and semiconductor nanoparticles, the nonlinear refraction and nonlinear absorption of carbon-contained nanoparticles, and low- and high-order harmonic generation in nanoparticle-contained plasmas, amongst other topics. The book is an essential reference for all nanomaterials researchers in the fields of photonics, materials, physics, chemistry and nanotechnology.

A Generalized Framework of Linear Multivariable Control proposes a number of generalized models by using the generalized inverse of matrix, while the usual linear multivariable control theory relies on some regular models. The book supports that in H-infinity control, the linear fractional transformation formulation is relying on the inverse of the block matrix. If the block matrix is not regular, the H-infinity control does not apply any more in the normal framework. Therefore, it is very important to relax those restrictions to generalize the classical notions and models to include some non-regular cases. This book is ideal for scholars, academics, professional engineer and students who are interested in control system theory.

More Best Practices for Rotating Equipment follows Forsthoffer's multi-volume Rotating Equipment Handbooks, addressing the latest best practices in industrial rotating machinery and also including a comprehensive treatment of the basics for reference. The author's famous troubleshooting approach teaches the reader proven methodologies for installation, operation, and maintenance of equipment, and covers all phases of work with rotating equipment. Reliability optimization is also addressed for the first time. The book is ideal for engineers working in the design, installation, operation, and maintenance of power machinery. It is also an essential source of information for postgraduate students and researchers of mechanical and industrial engineering.

Adaptive control has been one of the main problems studied in control theory. The subject is well understood, yet it has a very active research frontier. This book focuses on a specific subclass of adaptive control, namely, learning-based adaptive control. As systems evolve during time or are exposed to unstructured environments, it is expected that some of their characteristics may change. This book offers a new perspective about how to deal with these variations. By merging together Model-Free and Model-Based learning algorithms, the author demonstrates, using a number of mechatronic examples, how the learning process can be shortened and optimal control performance can be reached and maintained.

Current concerns with climate change have resulted in greatly increased interest in power recovery from low grade heat sources. This includes both hot fluid streams which can be expanded directly to produce mechanical power and those which act as a source of heat to closed cycle power generation systems. "Power recovery from low grate heat by means of screw expanders" with a generalised overview of how best to recover power from such sources, based on thermodynamic considerations, which differs to the approach used in classical thermodynamics textbooks and which includes an introductory description of the types of working fluid that are used in systems used to recover power from such sources and the criteria that must be taken into account in their selection. This is followed by a description of the mathematical modelling of twin screw machine geometry. The modelling of the thermodynamics and fluid flow through such machines is then given, together with how this is used to predict their performance. Finally a detailed description is given of systems currently used or projected both for direct expansion of the source fluid and by recovery of heat from it, which includes those which are particularly suited to the use of screw expanders in place of turbines.
A novel generalised approach to the thermodynamics of power recovery from low grade heat systemsGives criteria for working fluid selectionProvides details of, and how to model, screw expander geometryDetails how to estimate screw expander performanceSurveys types of system used for power recovery from low grade heat and where this can be improved by the use of screw expanders.

This book presents the papers from the "Internal Combustion Engines: Performance, fuel economy and emissions" held in London, UK. This popular international conference from the Institution of Mechanical Engineers provides a forum for IC engine experts looking closely at developments for personal transport applications, though many of the drivers of change apply to light and heavy duty, on and off highway, transport and other sectors. These are exciting times to be working in the IC engine field. With the move towards downsizing, advances in FIE and alternative fuels, new engine architectures and the introduction of Euro 6 in 2014, there are plenty of challenges. The aim remains to reduce both CO2 emissions and the dependence on oil-derivate fossil fuels whilst meeting the future, more stringent constraints on gaseous and particulate material emissions as set by EU, North American and Japanese regulations. How will technology developments enhance performance and shape the next generation of designs? The book introduces compression and internal combustion engines applications, followed by chapters on the challenges faced by alternative fuels and fuel delivery. The remaining chapters explore current improvements in combustion, pollution prevention strategies and data comparisons.
presents the latest requirements and challenges for personal transport applications

gives an insight into the technical advances and research going on in the IC Engines field

provides the latest developments in compression and spark ignition engines for light and heavy-duty applications, automotive and other markets "

This book is the third in the Woodhead Publishing Reviews: Mechanical Engineering Series, and includes high quality articles (full research articles, review articles and case studies) with a special emphasis on research and development in machining and machine-tools. Machining and machine tools is an important subject with application in several industries. Parts manufactured by other processes often require further operations before the product is ready for application. Traditional machining is the broad term used to describe removal of material from a work piece, and covers chip formation operations including: turning, milling, drilling and grinding. Recently the industrial utilization of non-traditional machining processes such as EDM (electrical discharge machining), LBM (laser-beam machining), AWJM (abrasive water jet machining) and USM (ultrasonic machining) has increased. The performance characteristics of machine tools and the significant development of existing and new processes, and machines, are considered. Nowadays, in Europe, USA, Japan and countries with emerging economies machine tools is a sector with great technological evolution.
Includes high quality articles (full research articles, review articles and cases studies) with a special emphasis on research and development in machining and machine-toolsConsiders the performance characteristics of machine tools and the significant development of existing and new processes and machinesContains subject matter which is significant for many important centres of research and universities worldwide

Lubricants are essential in engineering, however more sustainable formulations are needed to avoid adverse effects on the ecosystem. Bio-based lubricant formulations present a promising solution. Biolubricants: Science and technology is a comprehensive, interdisciplinary and timely review of this important subject.
Initial chapters address the principles of lubrication, before systematically reviewing fossil and bio-based feedstock resources for biodegradable lubricants. Further chapters describe catalytic, (bio) chemical functionalisation processes for transformation of feedstocks into commercial products, product development, relevant legislation, life cycle assessment, major product groups and specific performance criteria in all major applications. Final chapters consider markets for biolubricants, issues to consider when selecting and using a lubricant, lubricant disposal and future trends.
With its distinguished authors, Biolubricants: Science and technology is a comprehensive reference for an industrial audience of oil formulators and lubrication engineers, as well as researchers and academics with an interest in the subject. It provides an essential overview of scientific and technological developments enabling the cost-effective improvement of biolubricants, something that is crucial for the green future of the lubricant industry.
A comprehensive, interdisciplinary and timely review of bio-based lubricant formulationsAddresses the principles of lubricationReviews fossil and bio-based feedstock resources for biodegradable lubricants

This book describes different types of rubber-pad forming processes currently being studied for their experimental and numerical advantages and disadvantages. Rubber forming adopts a rubber pad contained in a rigid box in which one of the tools (die or punch) is replaced by the rubber pad. Up to 60% of all sheet metal parts in aircraft industry such as frames, seat parts, ribs, windows and doors are fabricated using rubber-pad forming processes. Key process parameters such as rubber material, stamping velocity, rubber-pad hardness and thickness and friction conditions are investigated.
The potential role of rubber as a flexible punch in metal working processes is to give insight to engineers about different parts that can be produced using this processThe procedure of suitable die design for each process is presented in detailFull defect analysis is undertaken with a thorough report presented to optimize rubber-pad forming processes

Now in its 3e, this single resource covers all aspects of the utilization of geothermal energy for power generation using fundamental scientific and engineering principles. Its practical emphasis is enhanced by the use of case studies from real plants that increase the reader's understanding of geothermal energy conversion and provide a unique compilation of hard-to-obtain data and experience.

Important new chapters cover Hot Dry Rock, Enhanced Geothermal Systems, and Deep Hydrothermal Systems. New, international case studies provide practical, hands-on knowledge.
Provides coverage of all aspects of the utilization of geothermal energy for power generation from fundamental scientific and engineering principlesInternational case studies from real plants provide a unique compilation of hard-to-obtain data and experienceIncludes pivotal updates on advances in Hot Dry Rock, Enhanced Geothermal Systems, and Deep Hydrothermal Systems

This forward-thinking, practical book provides essential information on modern machining technology for industry with emphasis on the processes used regularly across several major industries. Machining technology presents great interest for many important industries including automotive, aeronautics, aerospace, renewable energy, moulds and dies, biomedical, and many others. Machining processes are manufacturing processes in which parts are shaped by the removal of unwanted material; these processes cover several stages and are usually divided into the following categories: cutting (involving single point or multipoint cutting tools); abrasive processes (including grinding and advanced machining processes, such as EDM (electrical discharge machining), LBM (laser-beam machining), AWJM (abrasive water jet machining) and USM (ultrasonic machining).
Provides essential information on modern machining technology, with emphasis on the processes used regularly across several major industriesCovers several processes and outlines their many stagesContributions come from a series of international, highly knowledgeable and well-respected experts

Aimed at students, faculty and professionals in the aerospace field, this book provides practical information on the development, analysis, and control of a single and/or multiple spacecraft in space. This book is divided into two major sections: single and multiple satellite motion. The first section analyses the orbital mechanics, orbital perturbations, and attitude dynamics of a single satellite around the Earth. Using the knowledge of a single satellite motion, the translation of a group of satellites called formation flying or constellation is explained. Formation flying has been one of the main research topics over the last few years and this book explains different control approaches to control the satellite attitude motion and/or to maintain the constellation together. The control schemes are explained in the discrete domain such that it can be easily implemented on the computer on board the satellite. The key objective of this book is to show the reader the practical and the implementation process in the discrete domain.
Explains the orbital motion and principal perturbations affecting the satelliteUses the Ares V rocket as an example to explain the attitude motion of a space vehiclePresents the practical approach for different control actuators that can be used in a satellite

This book contains the papers presented at the 7th International Conference on Compressors and their Systems at City University London in conjunction with the IMECHE. This conference is the ultimate global forum for reviewing the latest developments and novel approaches in compressor research. It features contributions from equipment manufacturers, suppliers, users and research organisations; these papers present developments in air, gas and refrigeration compressors; vacuum pumps; expanders; and related systems and components. Papers cover the design, development and operation of a wide range of compressors and expanders. Equipment manufacturers, suppliers, users and research organisations are all represented. Aspects covered include: present and future developments in scroll compressors; design and optimisation of screw compressors; latest thinking in oscillating and vane compressors; improving the function of valves; latest research in dynamic compressors; detailed analysis of reciprocating compressors; improved accuracy and usefulness of modelling techniques; developing better control of centrifugal compressors; and reducing unwanted noise and vibration.
Presents all the papers of the International Conference on Compressors and their Systems 2011Up to date papers on compressor technology improvementsThe latest prediction modelling techniques are presented

Optimize plant asset safety and reliability while minimizing operating costs with this invaluable guide to the engineering, operation and maintenance of rotating equipment

Based upon his multi-volume Rotating Equipment Handbooks, Forsthoffer s Best Practice Handbook for Rotating Machinery summarises, expands and updates the content from these previous books in a convenient all-in-one volume. Offering comprehensive technical coverage and insider information on best practices derived from lessons learned in the engineering, operation and maintenance of a wide array of rotating equipment, this new title presents:

A unique "Best Practice" and "Lessons Learned" chapter framework, providing bite-sized, troubleshooting instruction on complex operation and maintenance issues across a wide array of industrial rotating machinery.

Five chapters of completely new material combined with updated material from earlier volumes, making this the most comprehensive and up-to-date handbook for rotary equipment currently available.

Intended for maintenance, engineering, operation and management, Forsthoffer s Best Practice Handbook for Rotating Machinery is a one-stop resource, packed with a lifetime s rotating machinery experience, to help you improve efficiency, safety, reliability and cost.

A unique "Lessons Learned/Best Practices" component opens and acts as a framework for each chapter. Readers not only become familiar with a wide array of industrial rotating machinery; they learn how to operate and maintain it by adopting the troubleshooting perspective that the book provides.Five chapters of completely new material combined with totally updated material from earlier volumes of Forsthoffer s Handbook make this the most comprehensive and up-to-date handbook for rotary equipment currently.Users of Forsthoffer s multi-volume Rotating Equipment Handbooks now have an updated set, with expanded coverage, all in one convenient, reasonably-priced volume."

The materials mechanics of the controlled separation of a body into two or more parts - cutting -- using a blade or tool or other mechanical implement is a ubiquitous process in most engineering disciplines, be it mechanical, civil, medical, food or process based, and a surprising number of engineers are involved in cutting and the design of cutting tools. There are a wide range of books available on the cutting of metals, but no other text is devoted to the cutting of materials generally, the mechanics of which (toughness, fracture, deformation, plasticity, tearing, grating, chewing, etc) have wide ranging implications for engineers, medics, manufacturers, and process engineers, making this text of particular interest to a wide range of engineers and specialists.
* The only book to explain and unify the process and techniques of cutting in metals AND non-metals. The emphasis on biomaterials, plastics and non-metals will be of considerable interest to many, while the transfer of knowledge from non-metals fields offers important benefits to metalcutters.
* Comprehensive, written with this well-known author's lightness of touch, the book will attract the attention of many readers in this under-served subject
* The clarity of the text is further enhanced by detailed examples and case studies, from the grating of cheese on an industrial scale to the design of scalpels, supporting online materials data and FEM modelling material.

The Gulf Drilling Series is a joint project between Gulf Publishing Company and the International Association of Drilling Contractors. This first text in the Gulf Drilling Series presents casing design and mechanics in a concise, two-part format. The first part focuses on basic casing design and instructs engineers and engineering students how to design a safe casing string. The second part covers more advanced material and special problems in casing design in a user-friendly format. Learn how to select sizes and setting depths to achieve well objectives, determine casing loads for design purposes, design casing properties to meet burst, collapse and tensile strength requirements and conduct casing running operations safely and successfully.

The definitive practical guide to choosing the optimum manufacturing process, written for students and engineers.
Process Selection provides engineers with the essential technological and economic data to guide the selection of manufacturing processes. This fully revised second edition covers a wide range of important manufacturing processes and will ensure design decisions are made to achieve optimal cost and quality objectives.
Expanded and updated to include contemporary manufacturing, fabrication and assembly technologies, the book puts process selection and costing into the context of modern product development and manufacturing, based on parameters such as materials requirements, design considerations, quality and economic factors. Key features of the book include: manufacturing process information maps (PRIMAs) provide detailed information on the characteristics and capabilities of 65 processes and their variants in a standard format; process capability charts detailing the processing tolerance ranges for key material types; strategies to facilitate process selection; detailed methods for estimating costs, both at the component and assemby level.
The approach enables an engineer to understand the consequences of design decisions on the technological and economic aspects of component manufacturing, fabrication and assembly.
This comprehensive book provides both a definitive guide to the subject for students and an invaluable source of reference for practising engineers.
* manufacturing process information maps (PRIMAs) provide detailed information on the characteristics and capabilities of 65 processes in a standard format
* process capability charts detail the processing tolerance ranges for key material types
* detailed methods for estimating costs, both at the component and assembly level

Pumps are commonly encountered in industry and are essential to the smooth running of many industrial complexes. Mechanical engineers entering industry often have little practical experience of pumps and their problems, and need to build up an understanding of the design, operation and appropriate use of pumps, plus how to diagnose faults and put them right. This book tackles all these aspects in a readable manner, drawing on the authors' long experience of lecturing and writing on centrifugal pumps for industrial audiences.