Stress and strain analysis of rotors subjected to surface and body loads, as well as to thermal loads deriving from temperature variation along the radius, constitutes a classic subject of machine design. Nevertheless attention is limited to rotor profiles for which governing equations are solvable in closed form. Furthermore very few actual engineering issues may relate to structures for which stress and strain analysis in the linear elastic field and, even more, under non-linear conditions (i.e. plastic or viscoelastic conditions) produces equations to be solved in closed form. Moreover, when a product is still in its design stage, an analytical formulation with closed-form solution is of course simpler and more versatile than numerical methods, and it allows to quickly define a general configuration, which may then be fine-tuned using such numerical methods.
In this view, all subjects are based on analytical-methodological approach, and some new solutions in closed form are presented. The analytical formulation of problems is always carried out considering actual engineering applications. Moreover, in order to make the use of analytical models even more friendly at the product design stage, a function is introduced whereby it is possible to define a fourfold infinity of disk profiles, solid or annular, concave or convex, converging or diverging. Such subjects, even derived from scientific authors contributions, are always aimed at designing rotors at the concept stage, i.e. in what precedes detailed design. Among the many contributions, a special mention is due for the following: linear elastic analysis of conical disks and disks with variable profile along its radius according to a power of a linear function, also subjected to thermal load and with variable density; analysis of a variable-profile disk subjected to centrifugal load beyond the material's yield point, introducing the completely general law expressed by a an n-grade polynomial; linear elastic analysis of hyperbolic disk, subjected to thermal load along its radius; linear elastic analysis of a variable-thickness disk according to a power of a linear function, subjected to angular acceleration; etc."

A: Einleitung und allgemeine Methodik.- 1 Flexibilitat und Marktorientierung in der Montage.- 1.1 Einleitung.- 1.2 Anforderungen an eine flexible und marktorientierte Montage.- 1.3 Ansatze zur Steigerung von Flexibilitat und Marktorientierung in der Montage.- 1.3.1 Blickwinkel Markt und Kunde.- 1.3.2 Blickwinkel Steuerung und Logistik.- 1.3.3 Blickwinkel Personal und Ressourcen.- 1.3.4 Blickwinkel Leistung und Kosten.- 1.4 UEberblick uber die Buchstruktur.- Literatur.- 2 Integrative und marktorientierte Montageplanung.- 2.1 Aufgaben und Ziele der Montageplanung.- 2.1.1 Traditioneller Betrachtungsfokus.- 2.1.2 Integrativer und marktorientierter Ansatz.- 2.2 Einsatz von Zielsystemen.- 2.2.1 Erstellen eines Zielhandbuchs.- 2.2.2 Mengen- und Zeitflexibilitatsziele.- 2.3. Projektmanagement bei der Montageplanung.- 2.3.1 Projektaufbauorganisation.- 2.3.2 Projektstrukturplan.- 2.3.3 Projektphasenorganisation.- 2.4 Prozessorientierung bei der Projektdurchfuhrung.- 2.4.1 Vorgehensprinzipien.- 2.4.2 Workshops.- 2.4.3 Beratereinsatz.- 2.5 Zusammenfassung.- Literatur.- B: Fachspezifische Ansatze zur Montageplanung.- 3 Ausrichtung der Montage auf den Markt mit Hilfe der Simulation.- 3.1 Einleitung und Motivation.- 3.2 Vorgehen bei der Erstellung eines Simulationsmodells.- 3.2.1 Identifikation des Problems.- 3.2.2 Analyse der Problemstruktur.- 3.2.3 Entwicklung und Einsatz des Simulationsmodells.- 3.2.4 Darstellung und Diskussion der Ergebnisse aus dem Simulationsmodell.- 3.3 Umsetzungsrelevante Aspekte.- 3.4 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick.- Literatur.- 4 Benchmarking als Ausgangsbasis fur die Neuorganisation montageunterstutzender Bereiche.- 4.1 Einleitung.- 4.2 Kombinierte Ansatzpunkte zur Neuorganisation montageunterstuer Bereiche.- 4.3 Benchmarking zur kontinuierlichen Optimierung der Montage und montageunterstutzenden Bereiche.- 4.4 Ablauf des Benchmarking.- 4.5 Anwendungsbeispiele fur Benchmarking in montageunterstuen Bereichen.- 4.5.1 Neuorganisation der Lagerhaltung.- 4.5.2 Neuorganisation der Konstruktion.- 4.5.3 Neuorganisation der Arbeitsvorbereitung.- 4.6 Zusammenfassung.- Literatur.- 5 Prozessorientierte Fertigungssegmentierung.- 5.1 Einleitung.- 5.2 Grundlagen fur die Segmentierung.- 5.3 Der Segmentierungsprozess im UEberblick.- 5.4 Phase 1: Vorbereitung der Segmentierung.- 5.4.1. Teambildung.- 5.4.2 Einfuhrung.- 5.4.3 Zielabgleich.- 5.4.4 Leitbild.- 5.5 Phase 2: Konzeption von Segmenten.- 5.5.1 Bildung von Bereichsalternativen anhand eines Beispiels.- 5.5.2 Synthese der Bereichsalternativen des Beispiels zu Gesamtalternativen.- 5.6 Phase 3: Entscheidung und Nachbereitung.- 5.7 Zusammenfassung.- Literatur.- 6 Montagesystemgestaltung am Beispiel der Montageinsel- Von der Idee zum Layout.- 6.1 Einleitung.- 6.2 Leitlinien der Montagesystemgestaltung.- 6.3 Ziele und Zielsystem.- 6.4 Einsatz interdisziplinarer Planungsteams.- 6.5 Fallbeispiel Montageinsel.- 6.5.1 Kennzeichen einer Montageinsel.- 6.5.2 Ausgangssituation und Vorgehen im Fallbeispie1.- 6.5.3 Vorbereitende Analysen.- 6.5.4 Konzeption und Gestaltung der Montageinsel.- 6.5.5 Erfahrungen im Fallbeispiel.- 6.6 Zusammenfassung.- Literatur.- 7 Entwicklungsfahige Arbeitsorganisation in der Montage.- 7.1 Einleitung.- 7.2 Einbindung der Arbeitsorganisation in die Unternehmensentwicklung.- 7.3 Qualifikationsfoerderliche Arbeitssystemgestaltung mit Praxisbeispielen.- 7.3.1 Beispiel fur qualifikationsfoerderliche Arbeit in einer Montageinsel.- 7.3.2 Beispiel fur die Gestaltung einer hybriden Produktionseinheit.- 7.4 Verzahnung von Organisations- und Personalentwicklung.- 7.4.1 Vorgehenskonzept zur Einfuhrung von Gruppenarbeit.- 7.4.2 Leitlinien fur Einfuhrung von Gruppenarbeit.- 7.5 Zusamsmenfassung.- Literatur.- 8 Prozessorientierte Planung und Steuerung zur Unterstutzung der Montage-Konzept und PPS-Systemauswahl.- 8.1 Einleitung.- 8.2 Grundlagen eines Planungs und Steuerungskonzepts.- 8.2.1 Zielsystem der PPS.- 8.2.2 Das PPS-Konzept im betrieblichen Umfeld.- 8.

This textbook offers a comprehensive introduction to the control of marine vehicles, from fundamental to advanced concepts, including robust control techniques for handling model uncertainty, environmental disturbances, and actuator limitations. Starting with an introductory chapter that extensively reviews automatic control and dynamic modeling techniques for ocean vehicles, the first part of the book presents in-depth information on the analysis and control of linear time invariant systems. The concepts discussed are developed progressively, providing a basis for understanding more complex techniques and stimulating readers' intuition. In addition, selected examples illustrating the main concepts, the corresponding MATLAB (R) code, and problems are included in each chapter. In turn, the second part of the book offers comprehensive coverage on the stability and control of nonlinear systems. Following the same intuitive approach, it guides readers from the fundamentals to more advanced techniques, which culminate in integrator backstepping, adaptive and sliding mode control. Leveraging the author's considerable teaching and research experience, the book offers a good balance of theory and stimulating questions. Not only does it provide a valuable resource for undergraduate and graduate students; it will also benefit practitioners who want to review the foundational concepts underpinning some of the latest advanced marine vehicle control techniques, for use in their own applications.

Summarizes the analysis and design of today's gas heat engine cycles This book offers readers comprehensive coverage of heat engine cycles. From ideal (theoretical) cycles to practical cycles and real cycles, it gradually increases in degree of complexity so that newcomers can learn and advance at a logical pace, and so instructors can tailor their courses toward each class level. To facilitate the transition from one type of cycle to another, it offers readers additional material covering fundamental engineering science principles in mechanics, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and thermochemistry. Fundamentals of Heat Engines: Reciprocating and Gas Turbine Internal-Combustion Engines begins with a review of some fundamental principles of engineering science, before covering a wide range of topics on thermochemistry. It next discusses theoretical aspects of the reciprocating piston engine, starting with simple air-standard cycles, followed by theoretical cycles of forced induction engines, and ending with more realistic cycles that can be used to predict engine performance as a first approximation. Lastly, the book looks at gas turbines and covers cycles with gradually increasing complexity to end with realistic engine design-point and off-design calculations methods. Covers two main heat engines in one single reference Teaches heat engine fundamentals as well as advanced topics Includes comprehensive thermodynamic and thermochemistry data Offers customizable content to suit beginner or advanced undergraduate courses and entry-level postgraduate studies in automotive, mechanical, and aerospace degrees Provides representative problems at the end of most chapters, along with a detailed example of piston-engine design-point calculations Features case studies of design-point calculations of gas turbine engines in two chapters Fundamentals of Heat Engines can be adopted for mechanical, aerospace, and automotive engineering courses at different levels and will also benefit engineering professionals in those fields and beyond.

This books contains the Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Power Transmissions, that was held in Sinaia, Romania from June 20 -23, 2012. Power Transmissions is a very complex and multi-disciplinary scientific field of Mechanical Engineering that covers the different types of transmissions (mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic) as well as all the machine elements involved, such as gears, bearings, shafts, couplings and a lot more. It concerns not only their basic theory but also their design, analysis, testing, application and maintenance. The requirements set to modern power transmissions are really tough to meet: They need to be more efficient, stronger, smaller, noiseless, easier to produce and to cost less. There is a strong demand to become easier in operation and maintenance, or even automatic and in maintenance-free. Last but not least, they should be easily recycled and respect the environment. Joint efforts of specialists from both academia and industry can significantly contribute to fulfill these needs. The main goal of this conference was to bring together experts from all over the world and present the latest developments in the field of Power Transmissions.

This book examines pedestrian shoe-floor slip resistance from an engineering standpoint in order to better understand friction and wear behavior. This analysis includes an extensive investigation into the surface properties of shoes and flow, and the measurement of dynamic friction and other mechanical and physical aspects of shoe-floor tribology. Lastly, the book proposes a measurement concept for the identification and classification of operational floor surfaces under a range of different conditions. Novel techniques and methods are proposed that can improve the reliability of slip resistance assessments. The current state of knowledge is critically examined and discussed from a tribological perspective, including aspects like friction, wear, lubrication and the mechanical behavior of shoes, floors and their wider environment. Further, the book reports on extensive experimental investigations into the topographical characteristics of shoe and floor surfaces and how they affect slip resistance. Slips resulting in pedestrian falls are a major cause of injuries and deaths for all age groups. This important book provides essential insights for researchers, practicing engineers and public safety officials wishing to learn about how the risk of pedestrian slips can be assessed and understood.

Industrial energy efficiency is one of the most important means of reducing the threat of increased global warming. Research however states that despite the existence of numerous technical energy efficiency measures, its deployment is hindered by the existence of various barriers to energy efficiency. The complexity of increasing energy efficiency in manufacturing industry calls for an interdisciplinary approach to the issue. Improving energy efficiency in industrial energy systems applies an interdisciplinary perspective in examining energy efficiency in industrial energy systems, and discusses how "cross-pollinating" perspectives and theories from the social and engineering sciences can enhance our understanding of barriers, energy audits, energy management, policies, and programmes as they pertain to improved energy efficiency in industry. Apart from classical technical approaches from engineering sciences, Improving energy efficiency in industrial energy systems couples a sociotechnical perspective to increased energy efficiency in industry, showing that industrial energy efficiency can be expected to be shaped by social and commercial processes and built on knowledge, routines, institutions, and methods established in networks. The book can be read by researchers and policy-makers, as well as scholars and practicians in the field. "This book is extremely valuable for anyone who is designing or executing energy efficiency policies, schemes or projects aiming at SMEs. Both authors deserve the highest respect, and the combination of their expertise makes the results truly unique." - Daniel Lundqvist, programme manager at the Swedish energy agency "For anyone interested in improving energy efficiency in industry, this is a must-read. The book combines tools from social science and engineering to discuss the state of art today as well as possible development path tomorrow. This is a compelling book that I find useful both in my teaching and my research." - Kajsa Ellegard, Professor at Linkoeping University, Sweden "The book Improving energy efficiency in industrial energy systems is a novel approach on how improved levels of energy efficiency can be reached in industrial energy systems by merging engineering with social sciences. It is with delight that I can recommend their book to anyone interested in the field."- Mats Soederstroem, Director Energy Systems Programme, Linkoeping University, Sweden

This volume is a collection of the main lectures over a broad spectrum of rheological models with singularities as the "Leitmotiv", with 30 papers on the most recent developments in the analysis and understanding of non-linear singularities. Singularity-dominated local fields are frequently encountered in various branches of continuum mechanics, such as elasticity, plasticity, Newtonian fluids and more complex rheological models. Examples are provided by near tip fields of cracks, notches and wedges; interfacial phenomena; flow around corners, wedges and cones; moving contact lines in multiphase systems; cusps in fluid interfaces and shocks and localizations. The volume should be of interest to researchers and engineers in virtually all branches of continuum mechanics.

This second volume of the series Lecture Notes in Applied and Computational Mechanics is the second part of the compendium of reviewed articles presented at the 11th EUROMECH-MECAMAT conference entitled "Mechanics of microstructured solids: cellular materials, fibre reinforced solids and soft tissues," which took place in Torino (Italy) in March 10-14, 2008, at the Museo Regional delle Scienze. This EUROMECH-MECAMAT conference was jointly organized by the Dipartimento di Matematica dell'Universita di Torino, Italy and the INPL Institute (LEMTA, Nancy-Universite, France). Prof. Franco Pastrone and Prof. Jean-Francois Ganghoffer were the co-chairmen.

Huge earthquakes and tsunamis have caused serious damage to important structures such as civil infrastructure elements, buildings and power plants around the globe. To quantitatively evaluate such damage processes and to design effective prevention and mitigation measures, the latest high-performance computational mechanics technologies, which include telascale to petascale computers, can offer powerful tools. The phenomena covered in this book include seismic wave propagation in the crust and soil, seismic response of infrastructure elements such as tunnels considering soil-structure interactions, seismic response of high-rise buildings, seismic response of nuclear power plants, tsunami run-up over coastal towns and tsunami inundation considering fluid-structure interactions. The book provides all necessary information for addressing these phenomena, ranging from the fundamentals of high-performance computing for finite element methods, key algorithms of accurate dynamic structural analysis, fluid flows with free surfaces, and fluid-structure interactions, to practical applications with detailed simulation results. The book will offer essential insights for researchers and engineers working in the field of computational seismic/tsunami engineering.

Analog Circuit Design contains the contribution of 18 experts from the 13th International Workshop on Advances in Analog Circuit Design. It is number 13 in the successful series of Analog Circuit Design.

It provides 18 excellent overviews of analog circuit design in: Sensor and Actuator Interfaces, Integrated High-Voltage Electronics and Power Management, and Low-Power and High-Resolution ADC s.

Analog Circuit Design is an essential reference source for analog circuits designers and researchers wishing to keep abreast with the latest developments in the field. The tutorial coverage also makes it suitable for use in an advanced design course.

The only book of its kind on the market, this book is the companion to our Valve Selection Handbook, by the same author. Together, these two books form the most comprehensive work on piping and valves ever written for the process industries. This book covers the entire piping process, including the selection of piping materials according to the job, the application of the materials and fitting, trouble-shooting techniques for corrosion control, inspections for OSHA regulations, and even the warehousing, distributing, and ordering of materials. There are books on materials, fitting, OSHA regulations, and so on, but this is the only "one stop shopping" source for the piping engineer on piping materials.
- Provides a "one stop shopping" source for the piping engineer on piping materials
- Covers the entire piping process.
- Designed as an easy-to-access guide

The investigation of multiscale problems in multibody system contacts is a most interesting and timely topic which has been the subject of intensive research for more than one decade. While many questions have been answered and the mechanically sound description and simulation is increasingly applied in practical engineering problems, this IUTAM Symposium facilitated discussions between researchers active in the field and enabled us to review the state-of-the-art and to identify for the years to come the hot topics which require further efforts.

It was especially useful to bring together scientists from closely related but traditionally distinct fields such as multibody system contact, molecular dynamics, finite element contact, collision detection or the mathematics of unilateral contact. It is observed that the once clear boundaries between these fields are blurring and an exchange of ideas will accelerate the development with mutual benefits.

Multiscale problems occur very naturally in contact mechanics. Typically the contact forces and stresses are very high and they are transmitted within a very short period of time. This leads to questions, e.g. how the slow rigid body motion and the fast motion changes can be considered simultaneously or how interface effects couple to wave propagation and the large-scale motion.

The purpose of the symposium was be to provide a basis for discussion and exchange of new concepts and ideas to scientists from all over Europe and the world. This proceedings volume summarizes contributions of many authors active in the field and gives insight in very different areas of this fascinating research.

This book summarizes the theoretical and experimental studies confirming the concept of the liquid-crystalline nature of boundary lubrication in synovial joints. It is shown that cholesteric liquid crystals in the synovial liquid play a significant role in the mechanism of intra-articular friction reduction. The results of structural, rheological and tribological research of the creation of artificial synovial liquids containing cholesteric liquid crystals in natural synovial liquids are described. These liquid crystals reproduce the lubrication properties of natural synovia and provide a high chondroprotective efficiency. They were tested in osteoarthritis models and in clinical practice.

In 1998 the chairman of the Russian National Committee of TMM Professor Arcady Bessonov, recommended one of authors of this book to be come a member of the IFToMM Permanent Commission on the History of Mechanisms and Machines Sciences (PC HMMS). Willy-nilly from this time the history of technique, as hobby passed on to a serious the employment in the history of engineering science. Interest history of a subject is natural for Professor, a leading a course of Theory of Mechanisms and Machines in Bauman University. This interest is supported by the fact that Bauman University is one of the oldest technical universities in Russia, and the course "Applied Mechanics" - later "Theory of Mechanisms and Machines" was the first systematic course in Russia. The second author supervises a cycle of laboratory works on TMM. Models of mechanisms are placed in laboratory in show-windows of ancient cases quite possibly coevals of the first course. He became interested in contents of these cases: firstly in models, and then in their origin. Later he occupied himself with the creation of a web-site "The Collection of mechanisms in department TMM in Bauman University". Gradually both authors had the idea of cooperation, although several years previously, we could not imagine this happening. We took an active part in the work of PC HMMS from 2000. It was promoted by of chairman of the commission Professor Marco Ceccarelli.

This first English-language edition is a completely revised and expanded version of Die Umlaufgetriebe, published by the Springer-Verlag in 1971. It will be extremely useful to American engineers since it stresses the efficiencies of new and existing transmission designs and provides concise guide rules as well as worksheets. A thorough understanding of the sometimes difficult material is facilitated through the use of both schematic and symbolic diagrams. The book is profusely illustrated and analyzes many applications. These drives receive an unusually clear treatment because at Dr. Muller's discovery of their perfect analogy to the simple epicyclic drive trains. Unified methods of analysis and synthesis of complex drives are employed throughout, suggesting that further simplifications may be possible through the use of a multivalued logic system which is analogous to the bivalent logic system of digital electronics. This book presents a clear and concise description of a multitude of revolving gear trains in terms common to all, whereas previous publications have been limited to treatment on interesting subproblems. Its well-reasoned definitions and classifications will aid engineers in the selection and design of the best drives for any given application.

This book presents the latest information on the intelligent CNC machine tool spindle system, which integrates various disciplines such as mechanical engineering, control engineering, computer science and information technology. It describes a prediction method and model for temperature rise and thermal deformation in motorized spindles and proposes an intelligent stator resistance identification method to reduce the torque ripple of motorized spindles under direct torque control. Further, it discusses the on-line dynamic balance method for NC machine tool spindles. The biogeographic optimization algorithm and hybrid intelligent algorithm presented here were first applied in the field of motorized spindle performance control. In turn, the book presents extensive motorized spindle performance test data and includes detailed examples of how intelligent algorithms can be applied to motor spindle stator resistance identification, temperature field prediction and on-line dynamic balance. In summary, the book provides readers with the latest tools for designing, testing and implementing intelligent motorized spindle systems in terms of the basic theory, technological applications and future prospects, and offers a wealth of practical information for researchers in mechanical engineering, especially in the area of control systems.

This book contains advanced-level research material in the area of lubrication theory and related aspects, presented by eminent researchers during the International Conference on Advances in Tribology and Engineering Systems (ICATES 2013) held at Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, India during October 15 17, 2013. The material in this book represents the advanced field of tribology and reflects the work of many eminent researchers from both India and abroad. The treatment of the presentations is the result of the contributions of several professionals working in the industry and academia. This book will be useful for students, researchers, academicians, and professionals working in the area of tribology, in general, and bearing performance characteristics, in particular, especially from the point-of-view of design. This book will also appeal to researchers and professionals working in fluid-film lubrication and other practical applications of tribology. A wide range of topics has been included despite space and time constraints. Basic concepts and fundamentals techniques have been emphasized upon, while also including highly specialized topics and methods (such as nanotribology, bio-nanotribology). Care has been taken to generate interest for a wide range of readers, considering the interdisciplinary nature of the subject."

Size effect in structures has been taken into consideration over the last years. In comparison with coatings with micrometer-ranged thickness, nanostructured coatings usually enjoy better and appropriate properties, such as strength and resistance. These coatings enjoy unique magnetic properties and are used with the aim of producing surfaces resistant against erosion, lubricant system, cutting tools, manufacturing hardened sporadic alloys, being resistant against oxidation and corrosion.

This book reviews researches on fabrication and classification of nanostructured coatings with focus on size effect in nanometric scale. Size effect on electrochemical, mechanical and physical properties of nanocoatings are presented.

The need for properties is ever increasing to make processes more economical. A good survey of the viscosity data, its critical evaluation and correlation would help design engineers, scientists and technologists in their areas of interest. This type of work assumes more importance as the amount of experimental work in collection and correlation of properties such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, heat capacities, etc has reduced drastically both at the industry, universities, and national laboratories. One of the c o-authors, Professor Viswanath, co-authored a book jointly with Dr. Natarajan Data Book on the Viscosity of Liquids in 1989 which mainly presented collected and evaluated liquid viscosity data from the literature. Although it is one of its kinds in the field, Prof. Viswanath recognized that the design engineers, scientists and technologists should have a better understanding of theories, experimental procedures, and operational aspects of viscometers. Also, rarely the data are readily available at the conditions that are necessary for design of the equipment or for other calculations. Therefore, the data must be interpolated or extrapolated using the existing literature data and using appropriate correlations or models. We have tried to address these issues in this book."

This book provides an introduction to the Human Centred Design of autonomous vehicles for professionals and students. While rapid progress is being made in the field of autonomous road vehicles the majority of actions and the research address the technical challenges, with little attention to the physical, perceptual, cognitive and emotional needs of humans. This book fills a gap in the knowledge by providing an easily understandable introduction to the needs and desires of people in relation to autonomous vehicles. The book is "human centred design" led, adding an important human perspective to the primarily technology-driven debates about autonomous vehicles. It combines knowledge from fields ranging from linguistics to electrical engineering to provide a holistic, multidisciplinary overview of the issues affecting the interactions between autonomous vehicles and people. It emphasises the constraints and requirements that a human centred perspective necessitates, giving balanced information about the potential conflicts between technical and human factors. The book provides a helpful introduction to the field of design ethics, to enhance the reader's awareness and understanding of the multiple ethical issues involved in autonomous vehicle design. Written as an accessible guide for design practitioners and students, this will be a key read for those interested in the psychological, sociological and ethical factors involved in automotive design, human centred design, industrial design and technology.

Finite Element Analysis is a very popular, computer-based tool that uses a complex system of points called nodes to make a grid called a "mesh". The mesh contains the material and structural properties that define how the structure will react to certain loading conditions, allowing virtual testing and analysis of stresses or changes applied to the material or component design. This groundbreaking text extends the usefulness of finite element analysis by helping both beginners and advanced users alike. It simplifies, improves, and extends both the finite element method while at the same time advancing adaptive refinement procedures. The book presents: A more simplified approach to finite element analysis based on computational continuum mechanics Physically interpretable notation that identifies a common basis for the finite element and the finite difference methods New point-wise error estimators that identify errors in terms of quantities of direct interest in solid mechanics