"To explain all nature is too difficult a task for anyone man or even for anyone age. Tis much better to do a little with certainty, and leave the rest for others that come after you, than to explain all things ... " Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) This book describes and discusses some new aspects of col or vision in primates which have emerged from a series of experiments conducted over the past 8 years both on single ganglion cells in monkey retina and on the visually evoked cortical potential in man: corresponding psychophysical mechanisms of human perception will be considered as well. An attempt will be made to better understand the basic mechanisms of color vision using a more comprehensive approach which takes into account new mechanisms found in single cells and relates them to those found valid for the entire visual system. The processing of color signals was followed up from the retina to the visual cortex and to the percepq.tal centers, as far as the available techniques permitted."

Management of retinal venous occlusions (RVO) has changed dramatically in recent years. With an increase in medical information, technological advances, and clinical trials, ophthalmologists need a concise, updated reference. Management of Retinal Vein Occlusion: Current Concepts fills this current need in the market. In Management of Retinal Vein Occlusion, Dr. Seenu Hariprasad is joined by multiple section editors to provide this easy-to-read and nicely formatted resource, which is divided into organized sections: Background: The epidemiology, risk factors, and classification of RVO History: Seven large clinical trials involving RVO and the pros and cons of earlier treatment modalities Anti-VEGF Therapies: The rationale and outcomes of large clinical trials Corticosteroid Therapies: The rational and outcomes of various steroid treatment modalities Imaging: Case presentations and emerging technology that highlights the relationship between peripheral ischemia and macular edema Difficult cases: Combination therapies, management of recalcitrant cases, and surgical approaches for cases that do not respond to standard management Future of RVO: A summary overview of the subject and future directions With an unparalleled list of contributors that are leaders in the retina field, Management of Retinal Vein Occlusion goes beyond the conclusions of clinical trials and delves deeper into practical recommendations for patient management in daily practice. With abundant illustrations, fundus photographs, concise tables, and summary boxes that enhance the written text, Management of Retinal Vein Occlusion: Current Concepts is a valuable resource.

Are you looking for concise, practical answers to those questions that are often left unanswered by traditional pediatric ophthalmology references? Are you seeking brief, evidence-based advice for complicated cases or controversial decisions? Curbside Consultation in Pediatric Ophthalmology: 49 Clinical Questions provides quick answers to the tricky questions most commonly posed during a "curbside consultation" between pediatricians. Dr. Rudolph Wagner has designed this unique reference which offers expert advice, preferences, and opinions on tough clinical questions commonly associated with pediatric ophthalmology. The unique Q&A format provides quick access to current information related to pediatric ophthalmology with the simplicity of a conversation between two colleagues. Numerous images, diagrams, and references allow readers to browse large amounts of information in an expedited fashion. Some of the questions that are answered: * How do I make the diagnosis of amblyopia? * How can I differentiate a true strabismus from a pseudo- strabismus? * How do I diagnose and treat corneal abrasions? Does patching remain an important component of therapy? * What is naso-lacrimal duct obstruction? How is it managed? When should I refer these children? * How can I determine if a "red eye" is caused by a bacterial infection, viral infection or an allergic reaction? How are they managed? Curbside Consultation in Pediatric Ophthalmology: 49 Clinical Questions provides information basic enough for residents while also incorporating expert advice that even high-volume pediatricians will appreciate. Pediatricians, nurse practitioners, emergency room physicians, physician assistants and family practitioners will benefit from the user-friendly, casual format and the expert advice contained within.

to the Second Edition here have been significant changes in pediatric Chapter 56 by Maya Eibschitz-Tsimhoni, MD, is a T ophthalmology and strabismus since the first wonderful contribution to the literature, as it reviews edition. Great effort has gone into incorporat 235 important ocular disorders that have systemic ing recent advances into this second edition. Each manifestations, and it includes a detailed glossary of chapter in the book has been revised, and over half of terms. them have been completely rewritten. In addition to As with the first edition, our goal is to present a updating and revising the entire book, we have added comprehensive textbook of pediatric ophthalmology three new chapters: Chapter 7 on electrophysiology and strabismus written in a clear, reader-friendly style. and the eye, Chapter 1 7 on strabismus surgery, and Our hope is that the readerwill find the second edi Chapter 56 on congenital syndromes with ocular man tion of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus to ifestations. Chapter 17 is the definitive work on pedi be scientifically informative, clinically useful, and en atric ocular electrophysiology, bar none, and was fin joyable to read. ished just weeks before the untimely death of its author, Dr. Tony Kriss (see tribute in Chapter 17).

Cataract Surgery: Introduction and Preparation offers the latest information and examines the most popular instruments used, the preoperative examination, and the operating technique for cataract surgery. The authors provide a step-by-step approach to facilitate assessing the patient, performing the technique, and managing cataract surgery in the most optimal way possible. Cataract Surgery will lead beginning surgeons down the exciting path of cataract surgery as they increase their knowledge of phacoemulsification and the femtolaser by learning all the details associated with the procedures. It covers a wide variety of topics, including presurgery examination, incisions, capsulorhexis, hydrodissection, prevention of endophthalmitis, and ophthalmic viscosurgical devices for modern cataract surgery. Supplemented by more than 200 colour illustrations, diagrams, a glossary, and references, all surgeons from beginner to expert will want this unique resource by their side.

Cataract Surgery With Phaco and Femtophaco Techniques offers a unique insight into the evolution of phacoemulsification machines and the development of new ways to supply energy, as well as new devices that improve fluidics therefore increasing the safety of the phaco and femtophaco surgical procedures. Dr. Lucio Buratto, Dr. Stephen Brint, and Dr. Rosalia Sorce provide a step-by-step approach to everything the surgeon must learn about the physical principles that regulate the fluidics and energy to understand the machine's working during the surgical procedure. Cataract Surgery With Phaco and Femtophaco Techniques covers a wide variety of topics, including anterior chamber phacoemulsification, endocapsular techniques, irrigation and aspiration, fluidics and pumps, and principles of femtosecond cataract surgery. Supplemented by more than 300 color illustrations, diagrams, a glossary, and references, all surgeons from beginner to expert will want this unique resource by their side.

Held in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, September 3-4, 1981

The Sclera is the definitive text on the diagnosis and treatment of scleral diseases, with in-depth chapters on non-infectious scleritis, infectious sclertitis, non-inflammatory diseases of the sclera, and systemic implications of scleral disease. Basic physiology, anatomy, and biochemistry are addressed as well. Written for the ophthalmologist, the revised and updated new edition of The Sclera contains the most current information available on newer characterizations of the composition of the sclera, immune derangements of it, and success in medical and surgical treatment of the inflammatory diseases of the sclera.

Ophthalmic researchers and clinicians alike increasingly are recognizing the importance of the vitreous body in the physiology, biochemistry, and pathology of the inner eye. The Vitreous and Vitreoretinal Interface, with contributions by vitreoretinal surgeons and laboratory eye researchers, presents the most up-to-date clinically relevant data. This book provides evidence of the vitreous body's significant role in preserving retinal homeostasis, as well as the close connection between vitreous traction and such conditions as retinal inflammation, retinal vascular occlusions, macular edema, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and giant retinal tears. The particular vitreal changes that occur in aphakia, myopia, retinitis pigmentosa, and idiopathic giant retinal breaks, as well as recent advances in open-sky vitreous surgery and in the search for useful vitreous substitutes are discussed.

Enormous developments have been made in ophthalmology during the last century. Higher precision and newer instrumentation in surgery as well as better examination methods and progress in microbiology have given us access to much more information about the pathological physiology and anatomy that we are confronted with in our various fields of expertise. As we have approached a new millennium we decided to capture some of these new ideas and incorporate them into a conference where we could share our work and benefit from each others' experiences. This book is based on contributions nd presented at the "2 International Conference on Vitreoretinal Diseases" which was held in September 2002 in Vienna, Austria which focused on the retinal macula. The meeting was very fortunate to have the world's most renowned leaders in macular research attend and share their vast experience and expertise as well as their latest research and results. This meeting followed the "First International Conference on Vitreoretinal Diseases" which was held in Vienna, Austria in 1998, and focused on retinal transplantation and retinal microsurgery. nd After the great success of the "2 International Conference on Vitreoretinal Diseases" an overwhelming interest was expressed to gather all these new and innovative ideas that had been developed in a book in order to give colleagues and students access to a valu able collection of the information presented at the meeting. This international meeting was administrated by, Mrs. Tilly and Mr.

We in ophthalmology are fortunate to be able to measure quantitatively many aspects of ocular morphology and visual function. These measurements are either objective (e. g. electroretinography, tonometry, electromyography, visually evoked responses, etc.) or subjective and psychophysical (e. g. visual acuity, visual fields, color vision, etc.). One aspect of corneal physiology and pathology which has so far escaped careful and reliable measurements is corneal sensitivity. Previous attempts have been rather crude and can be compared to measuring intraocular pressure by digital compression. Professor Draeger has for the last decade and a half directed his attention to the question of esthesiometry of the cornea. He has a gift for constructing and devising new ingenious ocular instruments. His handheld tonometer is a splendid example. He has now applied the principle of this instrument to the new electronic optical esthesiometer. In many publications he has reported on his first results using this modern technique to study corneal physiology and evaluate certain pathologic conditions. In this monograph Professor Draeger has collected all of his material and reports on his long experience. The usefulness of this instrument is just beginning to be appreciated. It is obvious that this new measuring device will help us in the fitting of contact lenses, evaluating herpes simplex infections of the cornea, follow the postoperative course of patients with a penetrating keratoplasty, etc.

Proceedings of the 5th Biannual International Meeting on Angiogenesis: From the Molecular to Integrative Pharmacology, held July 1-7, 1999, in Crete, Greece. Angiogenesis, as a vastly complex biological process, has challenged researchers from all basic scientific disciplines, including pharmacology, biochemistry, physiology, embryology and anatomy. The significance of this phenomenon for the study of disease states has also interested clinicians from a number of specialist fields. This multidisciplinary work reflects the growth of awareness of concepts such as angiogenesis based therapy, the enormous therapeutic and commercial potential of which has attracted major research and investment in recent years. This volume, which aims to bridge the gap between basic and clinical methodology and understanding, presents the most up-to-date developments in this field.

Glaucoma simplex or open angle glaucoma is a slow, progressive illness with an insidious course which can lead to blindness. According to our con temporary state of knowledge, the illness begins with a decreased outflow of aqueous humor. This leads, sometimes after a period of decreased aqueous humor production due to a feedback mechanism, to an increase in intra ocular pressure (lOP). An elevated lOP can eventually lead to optic nerve damage, which manifests itself morphologically as glaucomatous papillary excavation and functionally in the development of a visual field defect. The classic triad of elevated lOP, papillary excavation and visual field defect, on which the diagnosis of glaucoma was also based in earlier times, is then pre sent. To this can now only be added that tonography usually shows a de crease in aqueous humor outflow and that gonioscopy must reveal an open angle. On the basis of statistical findings, Goldmann has calculated that there may be an interval of as long as 18 years between the initial increase in lOP and the development of visual field defects. This point of view (which has been confirmed in practice) that the onset of the illness can be demon strated by measurement of the lOP has introduced a new element into the discussion around glaucoma, namely, the concept of ocular hypertension. This implies simply that there is an (statistically) elevated intraocular pres sure, even though the optic nerve may not (yet) be damaged.

Since its inception, the International Research Group on Colour Vision Deficiencies (IRGCVD) has followed the policy that the Symposium Pro ceedings should be as close as possible to a complete record of the scientific content of the meeting. This policy has the advantage of providing an accurate picture of the current state of the art in research on color vision deficiencies, but it also has the disadvantage that papers typically span a wide range of quality. In this volume, however, we have instituted a system of peer review in an effort to enhance scientific quality as much as possible while continuing our past policy of publishing all submitted manuscripts. In addition to being edited for English composition and grammar, each of the papers included here has been carefully reviewed by an IRGCVD member selected for his or her expertise in the specific topic of the paper. Reviewers were instructed to include in their comments suggestions for improvement rather than recom or rejection. In our opinion, this review process mendations for publication has resulted in substantial improvement of many of the articles and has enhanced the value of the publication. We are pleased to acknowledge the efforts of our reviewers and offer them our sincere thanks for their important contributions to Colour Vision Deficiencies X. The Editors B. Drum, J. D. Moreland & A. Serra (eds. ), Colour Vision Deficiencies X, p. xiii."

The forth meeting of the Organizing Committee of the Glaucoma Society of the International Congress of Ophthalmology was held on March 10-13,1990 in Bali, Indonesia. Traditionally this meeting is attended by committee mem- bers and invited experts and precedes the International Congress of Ophthal- mology under the auspices of the International Council of Ophthalmology. The scientific format was structured by Stephen M. Drance, OC, MD,lVan- couver (President of the Society from 1982-1990) and John Hetherington, JR, MD,ISan Francisco (General Secretary of the Society from 1982-1990). The local organization was in the very competent assistance of Josef Kadi, an ophthalmologist from Surabaya, Indonesia. Glaucoma Update IV comprises forty presentations from this meeting high- lighting the latest progress in global glaucomatology. Basic research related to the pathomechanisms of the disease, new diagnostic approaches and treat- ment modalities contribute to the best possible care of our patients. The ob- jectives of the Society are to share the frontiers of knowledge presented in these proceeding with everyone dealing with glaucoma patients all over the world. The Society is indebted to Chibret International/Rahway, Allergan Pharma- ceuticals/Irvine, and Otsuka Pharmaceuticals/Tokushima for support of the meeting and to Chibret Pharmaceuticals GmbH Munich for supporting the printing expenses of this volume.

Roots of the theory and practice of ocular pharmacology may be traced to the ancient Mesopotamian code of Hammurabi and then to several papyri reflecting the clinical interests of the Egyptians. The evolution of its art and science was irregularly paced until the nineteenth century when Kohler, in 1884, proved the anesthetic effect of cocaine on the cornea, and when Fraser, Laquer, Schmiedeberg, Meyer, and others studied the pharmacology of the autonomic nervous system by way of observations of the pupil. Advances in the past few decades have been nothing short of explosive. How can the student, physician, or basic research scientist stay in touch with these electrifying studies? To help with the answer to this question, the authors set as their goal the development of increased understanding so that the student, research scientist, and ophthalmologist can cope with the latest discoveries. The authors want to narrow what appears to be an ever-increasing gap between basic science and ophthalmology. The basic aspects of pharmacology have been presented in light of the natural physiology. In this regard, while distinctions among endogenous mechanisms, drug effects, and the pathogenesis of disease are to be separately recognized, appreciation must be given to the concept that both the desirable and unwanted manifestations or functions caused by either disease or drugs must very often represent a quantitative change in normal metabolic pathways.

In its long series of annual reports, the Belgian Society of Ophthal- mology has a tradition of bringing into focus the recent advances in ophthalmology. But it seems surprising that one has to go back to 1940 to find a major report on the corneal diseases, when R. Rub- brecht wrote an "Aperr;u de la pathologie et de la therapeutique generale des maladies de la cornee". However, this omission is only apparent. In fact, many reports, since then, have contributed to our knowledge of the advances in corneal research. The corneal dimensions were documented in "La biometrie ocu- laire clinique (Y. Delmarcelle et aI., 1976)", the fine structure of the cornea in "L'ultrastructure de tissues oculaires (L. Missotten, 1964)", and many aspects of its metabolism in "Les verres de contact (P. Cochet et ai, 1967)" and "Les complications oculaires des erreurs congenitales du metabolism (J.P. Groux et O. Kallay, 1971)" . Bacterial keratitis was a main topic in "La therapeutique par les antibiotiques autres que la Penicillamine en Ophtalmologie (1. Michiels, 1952). Fungal corneal infections were described in detail in "Les mycoses oculaires" (J . Fran90is et M. Elewaut-Rysselaere, 1968)" and the toxic effects of drugs were dealt with in "Les effets nocifs des medications generales sur I'appareil visuel (J. Michiels et coil. 1972)".

Contents Introduction .......................................... . 1 The Primate Eye ...................................... . 2 Embryology of Retina and Choroid ....................... . 4 Microscopic Anatomy .................................. . 4 Retina ............................................ . 4 Choroid ........................................... . 8 Material and Methods .................................. . 10 Fine Structure of the Retina 14 RetinaI Pigment Epithelium ............................. . 16 Photoreceptor Cells ................................... . 30 Outer Plexiform Layer and Horizontal Cells .................. . 64 Bipolar, Radial Clial, and Amacrine Cells .................... . 76 Canglion Cells and InternaI Limiting Membrane ............... . 98 Spatial Density of RetinaI Cells .......................... . 112 Fine Structure of the Choroid ........................... . 116 Choroidocapillaris and Its Fiber System ..................... . 118 Arteries, Veins, and Lymphatic Spaces ...................... . 134 Choroidal Nerves .................................... . 142 Cells of Choroidal Connective Tissue ....................... . 148 References ........................................... . 153 Index ................................................ . 157 vii This volume describes the morphology of the primate re tina as seen with the electron microscope. As it is an atlas, the electron micrographs are its most In trad lietian important part. The text accompanies the figures, highlighting selected topics either to explain structures or to point out structure-function relation ships. A scholarly review of the whole spectrum of research on the re tina and choroid is not feasible in a single volume. Thus, whenever available, review artides or monographs, rather than original work, are cited for reference."

Pediatric Oculoplastic Surgery is the definitive text for ocular disorders and how they apply specifically to children. Addressing everything from genetic considerations, embryology and anatomy, anesthesia, dermatologic considerations, benign and malignant tumors, fetal wound healing, establishing propoer diagnosis, timing for surgical interventions and surgical procedures. This volume is an essential addition to the library of every pediatric ophthalmologist and reconstructive surgeon. The distinguished contributors have combined their surgical knowledge and experience with over 1,100 color photographs and custom illustrations to present comprehensive and readily usable information on the identification and treatment of a wide range of ocular disorders.

The phenomenon known as Leao's spreading depression is investigated in this collection of ten original articles. New ideas about the fundamental mechanisms, which focus on the involvement of polyunsaturated fatty acids and free radicals, are presented. The relationship of spreading depression with clinical entities such as migraine, epilepsy, ischemic and protein-deficiency conditions of the nervous tissue are discussed as well. Studies dealing with the application of non-invasive techniques to monitor the disease are included.

The eye has fascinated scientists from the earliest days of biological in vestigation. The diversity of its parts and the precision of their interaction make it a favorite model system for a variety of developmental studies. The eye is a particularly valuable experimental system not only because its tissues provide examples of fundamental processes, but also because it is a prominent and easily accessible structure at very early embryonic ages. In order to provide an open forum for investigators working on all aspects of ocular development, a series of symposia on ocular and visual devel opment was initiated in 1973. A major objective of the symposia has been to foster communication between the basic research worker and the clinical community. It is our feeling that much can be learned on both sides from this interaction. The idea for an informal meeting allowing maximum ex change of ideas originated with Dr. Leon Candeub, who supplied the nec essary driving force that made the series a reality. Each symposium has concentrated on a different aspect of ocular development. Speakers have been selected to approach related topics from different perspectives."

Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques in Ophthalmology explores the special noninvasive tools developed to function as diagnostic indicators and to further our understanding of ocular function. The volume's focus is on new development in instrumentation and techniques for studying the cornea, lens, retina, vitreous, and aqueous dynamics; whereby special attention is given to how each technique has improved our understanding of basic processes and diagnostic capability. Theoretical aspects, possible sources of error, current problems and limitations, safety evaluation, and future applications and directions are considered. Topics examined include ophthalmic image processing; magnetic resonance imaging of the eye and orbit; diagnostic ocular ultrasound; corneal topography; holographic contour analysis of the cornea; wide field and color specular microscopy; use of the Fourier transform method for statistical evaluation of corneal endothelial morphology; confocal microscopy; in vivo corneal redox fluorometry; evaluation of cataract function with the Scheimp-flug camera; fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy of the crystallin lens; in vivo uses of quasi-elastic light scattering; fundus reflectometry; and clinical visual psychophysics measurements. The book offers discussions of fractal analysis of human retinal blood vessel patterns, scanning laser tomography of the living human eye, fundus imaging and diagnostic screening for public health, and digital image processing for ophthalmology, as well as a detailed appendix comprising additional topics and sources.

The region of the skull base was long considered a surgical barrier because of its complex anatomy. With few exceptions, the region immediately beyond the dura or bony skull base constituted a "no man's land" for the surgeon working from the other direction. A major reason for this was the high morbidity associated with operative procedures in that area using traditional dissection techniques. This situation changed with the advent of the operating microscope. Used initially by ear, nose and throat specialists for resective and reconstructive surgery of the petrous bone and parana sal sinuses, the operating microscope was later introduced in other areas, and neurosurgeons began using it in the mid-1960s. With technical equality thus established, the groundwork was laid for taking a new, systematic, and interdisciplinary approach to surgical problems of the skull base. Intensive and systematic cooperation between ear, nose and throat surgeons and neurologic surgeons had its origins in the departments of the University of Mainz bindly supported by our chairmen Prof. Dr. Dr. hc Kurt Schiirmann (Department of Neurosurgery) and Prof. Dr. W. Kley (Depart ment of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Head and Neck Surgery). The experience gained from this cooperation was taught in workshops held in Hannover from 1979 to 1986, acquiring a broader interdisciplinary base through the participation of specialists from the fields of anatomy, patholo gy, neuroradiology, ophthalmology, and maxillofacial surgery.

The 14th Congress of SIDUO, held in Tokyo from October 26 to October 30, 1992, was the first congress meeting to be held in Asia in the 30-year history of SIDUO. The congress was organized by the Department of Oph- thalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, with the support of the Japanese Ophthalmological Society, the Japan Society of Ultrasonics in Medicine and the Japan Society of Ophthalmologists. The organizing committee consisted of the following members. Congress President: Sadanao Tane, M. D. (Professor and Chairman, St. Marianna University School of Medicine) Vice-presidents: Atsushi Sawada, M. D. (Professor and Chairman, Miyazaki Medical College) Masayasu Ito, Ph. D. (Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology) Secretary General: Yasuo Sugata, M. D. (Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital) Finance Committee: Koji Ohashi, M. D. (Assistant Professor, St. Marianna University School of Medicine) Akira Komatsu, M. D. (Assistant Professor, St. Marianna University School of Medicine) Toshio Kaneko, M. D. (Assistant Professor, St. Marianna University School of Medicine) Publicity and Exhibition Committee: Hideyuki Hayashi, M. D. (Assistant Professor, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University) Akihiro Kaneko, M. D. (National Cancer Center) The Honorary Presidents were Yukio Yamamoto, M. D. (Tokyo Tama Geriatrics Hospital) and Yasuo Uemura, M. D. (Professor Emeritus, Keio University) . The opening ceremony began with the Francois Memorial Lecture given by Professor Peter Till (Standardized Echography: Quantitative Analysis of XlI Tissue Backscatter - A Major Source of Information for Tissue Diagnoses).

Proceedings of the 9th SIDUO Congress, held in Leeds, UK, July 20-23 1982