This comprehensive volume discusses approaches for a systematic selection of delivery systems for various classes of therapeutic agents including small molecule, protein, and nucleic acid drugs. Specific topics covered in this book include: * Solution, suspension, gel, nanoparticle, microparticle, and implant dosage forms* Refillable and microneedle devices* Intravitreal, suprachoroidal, intrascleral, transscleral, systemic, and topical routes of delivery* Physical methods including iontophoresis for drug delivery* Rational selection of routes of administration and delivery systems* Noninvasive and continuous drug monitoring * Regulatory path to drug product development* Clinical endpoints for drug product development* Emerging and existing drugs and drug targets Drug Product Development for the Back of the Eye is authored by renowned ocular drug delivery experts, representing academic, clinical, and industrial organizations and serves as indispensable resource for ophthalmic researchers, drug formulation scientists, drug delivery and drug disposition scientists, as well as clinicians involved in designing and developing novel therapeutics for the back of the eye diseases.This book is also relevant for students in various disciplines including ophthalmology, pharmaceutical sciences, drug delivery, and biomedical engineering. * Refillable and microneedle devices* Intravitreal, suprachoroidal, intrascleral, transscleral, systemic, and topical routes of delivery* Physical methods including iontophoresis for drug delivery* Rational selection of routes of administration and delivery systems* Noninvasive and continuous drug monitoring * Regulatory path to drug product development* Clinical endpoints for drug product development* Emerging and existing drugs and drug targets Drug Product Development for the Back of the Eye is authored by renowned ocular drug delivery experts, representing academic, clinical, and industrial organizations and serves as indispensable resource for ophthalmic researchers, drug formulation scientists, drug delivery and drug disposition scientists, as well as clinicians involved in designing and developing novel therapeutics for the back of the eye diseases. This book is also relevant for students in various disciplines including ophthalmology, pharmaceutical sciences, drug delivery, and biomedical engineering.* Refillable and microneedle devices* Intravitreal, suprachoroidal, intrascleral, transscleral, systemic, and topical routes of delivery* Physical methods including iontophoresis for drug delivery* Rational selection of routes of administration and delivery systems* Noninvasive and continuous drug monitoring * Regulatory path to drug product development* Clinical endpoints for drug product development* Emerging and existing drugs and drug targets Drug Product Development for the Back of the Eye is authored by renowned ocular drug delivery experts, representing academic, clinical, and industrial organizations and serves as indispensable resource for ophthalmic researchers, drug formulation scientists, drug delivery and drug disposition scientists, as well as clinicians involved in designing and developing novel therapeutics for the back of the eye diseases. This book is also relevant for students in various disciplines including ophthalmology, pharmaceutical sciences, drug delivery, and biomedical engineering.

The papers included in this volume were presented as a part of the dedication of a new clinical/teaching/research facility for the University of Houston College of Optometry, March 27-31, 1977. These papers were intended to cover the "state of the art" knowledge in all areas of visual system investigation. While we may not have quite reached our goal of covering all areas, the papers presented here cover a broad cross-section of investigations in vision. However, without doubt, the intention of "state of the art" coverage was achieved in all areas discussed. From the beginning, with the presentation of Nobel Laureate, Ragnar Granit, to the end, with consideration of Vision Health Care Delivery Systems, each speaker was thorough in treatment of his/her subject. From studies of the ~ and of contact lenses, through examination of crystalline lens function, ocular pathologies and retina! function, the eye is very thoroughly considered. Much of this volume covers material dealing with the process of vision after coding of information in the eye. Psychophysical studies of vision compare and contrast with neurophysiological studies of v1sual function; and a very thorough section on the development of visual system function should prove valuable to a wide cross section of teachers, researchers, and clinicians. All-in-all, the contents of this volume represent a vast array of knowledge about the visual system, and this should be a valuable teaching/research resource for many years.

The concept of a blood~retinal barrier is still relatively new in the ophthalmic literature. ~fuereas work on the blood-brain barrier was initiated in the first decade of this century, the blood- retinal barrier has only recently been defined. Information accu- mulated during the last 10 years has shown that the function of the blood-ocular barriers may be better understood if two main barrier systems are considered to exist in the eye. The blood-aqueous barrier regulates the exchanges between the blood and the intraocu- lar fluids, and the blood-retinal barrier separates the neural tissue from the blood. Recent studies have shown that the blood-retinal barrier plays a fundamental role in controlling the microenvironment of the retina. Similarly, the significance of the blood-retinal barrier in retinal disease has become increasingly clear. Fluorescein angiography has demonstrated an intricate series of relationships between altera- tions of the blood-retinal barrier and diverse retinal diseases, particularly vascular retinopathies and pigment epitheliopathies. Finally, in the past few years, vitreous fluorophotometry has pro- vided a new and accurate index of the alteration of the blood-retinal barrier.

Cataract Surgery: Introduction and Preparation offers the latest information and examines the most popular instruments used, the preoperative examination, and the operating technique for cataract surgery. The authors provide a step-by-step approach to facilitate assessing the patient, performing the technique, and managing cataract surgery in the most optimal way possible. Cataract Surgery will lead beginning surgeons down the exciting path of cataract surgery as they increase their knowledge of phacoemulsification and the femtolaser by learning all the details associated with the procedures. It covers a wide variety of topics, including presurgery examination, incisions, capsulorhexis, hydrodissection, prevention of endophthalmitis, and ophthalmic viscosurgical devices for modern cataract surgery. Supplemented by more than 200 colour illustrations, diagrams, a glossary, and references, all surgeons from beginner to expert will want this unique resource by their side.

Cataract Surgery With Phaco and Femtophaco Techniques offers a unique insight into the evolution of phacoemulsification machines and the development of new ways to supply energy, as well as new devices that improve fluidics therefore increasing the safety of the phaco and femtophaco surgical procedures. Dr. Lucio Buratto, Dr. Stephen Brint, and Dr. Rosalia Sorce provide a step-by-step approach to everything the surgeon must learn about the physical principles that regulate the fluidics and energy to understand the machine's working during the surgical procedure. Cataract Surgery With Phaco and Femtophaco Techniques covers a wide variety of topics, including anterior chamber phacoemulsification, endocapsular techniques, irrigation and aspiration, fluidics and pumps, and principles of femtosecond cataract surgery. Supplemented by more than 300 color illustrations, diagrams, a glossary, and references, all surgeons from beginner to expert will want this unique resource by their side.

The topics in this volume explore the etiology, cellular mechanisms, epidemiology, genetics, models and potential therapeutic measures for the blinding diseases of retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration. Special focus is highlighted in the areas of Mechanisms of Photoreceptor Degeneration and Cell Death (extremely important because very little is known how or why photoreceptors die in these diseases, despite an abundance of genetic information), Age-Related Macular Degeneration (with several novel approaches to its analysis), Usher Syndrome (the most severe form of retinitis pigmentosa, which includes an early or congenital loss of hearing along with blindness), and Gene Therapy. In addition, the section on Basic Science Related to Retinal Degeneration is particularly strong with several laboratories reporting on new discoveries in the area of outer segment phagocytosis, a key component of photoreceptor-retinal pigment epithelial cell interactions in normal and degenerating retinas.

Written by a world-renowned pioneer in vitreoretinal surgery, Vitreous Microsurgery, 6th Edition, is an up-to-date, comprehensive how-to guide to all vitreoretinal procedures. Dr. Steve Charles, along with Drs. Stephen Huddleston and Jonathan Brugger, takes readers step by step through the decision-making process for evaluating the best course of treatment, and describes in detail clinically proven methods of managing the anterior and posterior segment vitreous surgery patient in a systematic manner. Numerous algorithms assist with intraoperative decision making, relying on knowledge of physical principles and performed in the order of ascending risk. Presents material in a systematic, building block approach with general methodology preceding its application to specific disease states. Includes significant updates to all existing chapters, as well as new coverage of 3D visualization, endoscopy, intraoperative OCT, anti-VEGF for ROP in addition to of laser, 2-needle in-office silicone emulsification removal, 2-needle in-office PFO droplet removal, and macular patch graft. Discusses alternative approaches for surgical treatments as well as their pros and cons. Features more than 180 3-dimensional, full-color illustrations-many by the Charles Retina Institute's renowned graphic artist, Byron Wood-for clear visualization of techniques, as well as new OCT images and new photographs. Offers unparalleled instruction, pearls, and tips from Dr. Steve Charles, a pioneering leader in the development of vitreoretinal surgical techniques and instruments. Enrich Your eBook Reading Experience Read directly on your preferred device(s), such as computer, tablet, or smartphone. Easily convert to audiobook, powering your content with natural language text-to-speech.

The ciliopathies are a group of rare diseases that often affect multiple systems within the body, and are caused by defects in the function or structure of cilia. When cilia go wrong, there are profound consequences; these are discussed in detail for the first time in Ciliopathies: a reference for clinicians. The book provides a clinical overview and reference to this newly emergent group of disorders ranging from Alstroem syndrome to putative ciliopathic disorders. Each chapter provides an in-depth discussion on a specific disorder, including the latest scientific research together with a description of its features, and practical guidelines on diagnosis. The authors also examine the evidence for dysfunction of cilia in cancer and more common disorders. Ciliopathies: a reference for clinicians will appeal to those involved in the care of patients with ciliopathies, including specialists in the fields of nephrology, diabetes, cardiology, and ophthalmology, and non-clinical researchers interested in cilia biology.

This book highlights the unique aspects of oncologic ophthalmology as a medical and surgical discipline practiced at a comprehensive cancer center. Multi-disciplinary management of ocular, orbital and adnexal cancers are highlighted using simple and tried-and-true algorithms. In addition, ocular problems caused as a direct result of cancer treatment are reviewed using illustrative photographs and case presentations. The content is provided by full-time ophthalmology faculty and fellows at M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Experts in complementary disciplines such as ophthalmic pathology, dermatopathology, radiation oncology, radiology, and other surgical subspecialties have brought their unique perspective to each chapter.

The book is abundant with clinical photographs as well as interesting case presentations that will help the clinician correctly diagnose cancers of the orbit, eye, and adnexal structures, initiate appropriate management, as well as recognize and treat common ocular complications of cancer therapy.

An International Symposium on Low Vision was sponsored by the Centre for Sight Enhancement of the School of Optometry, University of Waterloo in June 1986, bringing low vision researchers and clinicians together from a number of countries. The unique feature of the conference is the multi-disciplinary approach towards low vision care. A total of 44 papers were presented in the three day period by speakers of note from the fields of optometry, ophthalmology, psychophysics, special education, nursing and vision rehabilitation. The papers deal with issues in diagnostic science, low vision assessment and rehabilitation. The proceedings volume is ideal for clinicians and vision scientists to update their understanding of low vision research and clinical practice.

During the past several decades, a significant international research effort has been directed towards understanding the composition and regulation of the preocular tear film. This effort has been motivated by the recognition that the tear film plays a critical role in maintaining corneal and conjunctival integrity, protecting against microbial challenge and preserving visual acuity. In addition, research has been stimulated by the knowledge that alteration or deficiency of the tear film, which occurs in numerous individuals throughout the world, may lead to desiccation of the ocular surface, ulceration and perforation of the cornea, an increased incidence of infectious disease, and potentionally pronounced visual disability and blindness.

During the past decade a significant international research effort has been directed towards understanding the composition and regulation of the preocular tear film. This effort has been motivated by the recognition that the tear film plays an essential role in maintaining corneal and conjunctival integrity, protecting against microbial challenge and preserving visual acuity. In addition, research has been stimulated by the knowledge that alteration or deficiency of the tear film, which occurs in countless individuals throughout the world, may lead to desiccation of the ocular surface, ulceration and perforation of the cornea, an increased incidence of infectious disease, and potentially, pronounced visual disability and blindness. 7 To promote further progress in this field of vision research, the International Conference on the Lacrimal Gland, Tear Film and Dry Eye Syndromes: Basic Science and Clinical Relevance was held in the Southampton Princess Resort in Bermuda from November 14 to 17, 1992. This meeting was designed to assess critically the current knowledge and 'state of the art' research on the structure and function of lacrimal tissue and tears in both health and disease. The goal of this conference was to provide an international exchange of information that would be of value to basic scientists involved in eye research, to physicians in the ophthalmological community, and to pharmaceutical companies with an interest in the treatment of lacrimal gland, tear film or ocular surface disorders (e. g. Sjogren's syndrome).

Proceedings of the 5th Biannual International Meeting on Angiogenesis: From the Molecular to Integrative Pharmacology, held July 1-7, 1999, in Crete, Greece. Angiogenesis, as a vastly complex biological process, has challenged researchers from all basic scientific disciplines, including pharmacology, biochemistry, physiology, embryology and anatomy. The significance of this phenomenon for the study of disease states has also interested clinicians from a number of specialist fields. This multidisciplinary work reflects the growth of awareness of concepts such as angiogenesis based therapy, the enormous therapeutic and commercial potential of which has attracted major research and investment in recent years. This volume, which aims to bridge the gap between basic and clinical methodology and understanding, presents the most up-to-date developments in this field.

Since its inception, the International Research Group on Colour Vision Deficiencies (IRGCVD) has followed the policy that the Symposium Pro ceedings should be as close as possible to a complete record of the scientific content of the meeting. This policy has the advantage of providing an accurate picture of the current state of the art in research on color vision deficiencies, but it also has the disadvantage that papers typically span a wide range of quality. In this volume, however, we have instituted a system of peer review in an effort to enhance scientific quality as much as possible while continuing our past policy of publishing all submitted manuscripts. In addition to being edited for English composition and grammar, each of the papers included here has been carefully reviewed by an IRGCVD member selected for his or her expertise in the specific topic of the paper. Reviewers were instructed to include in their comments suggestions for improvement rather than recom or rejection. In our opinion, this review process mendations for publication has resulted in substantial improvement of many of the articles and has enhanced the value of the publication. We are pleased to acknowledge the efforts of our reviewers and offer them our sincere thanks for their important contributions to Colour Vision Deficiencies X. The Editors B. Drum, J. D. Moreland & A. Serra (eds. ), Colour Vision Deficiencies X, p. xiii."

From the 98 presentations of the XIIth Symposium on Colour Vision Deficiencies, 61 were selected after peer review and revision by the authors. In addition to these contributions this volume contains a cumulative index to all authors in the IRGCVD proceedings since the first one in 1968, including the present volume. The contents include contributions on basic questions of anatomical and electrophysiological organisation of the neural pathways underlying colour vision; and on ways in which disturbances of these pathways can produce acquired colour vision deficiencies. Further contributions deal with genetics and congenital red--green colour deficiencies and colour vision testing. The resulting publication contains much of interest to basic vision scientists as well as to specialists in colour vision deficiencies.

Curbside Consultation in Cataract Surgery: 49 Clinical Questions has been updated into a Second Edition! The Second Edition contains new questions and is completely updated! Curbside Consultation in Cataract Surgery, Second Edition contains new questions and brief, practical, and evidence-based answers to the most frequently asked questions that are posed during a "curbside consultation" between surgical colleagues. Dr. Terry Kim and associate editors Drs. Derek Delmonte and Preeya Gupta have assembled 49 of the top cataract consultants from the U.S. and abroad to offer expert advice, preferences, and opinions on tough clinical questions commonly associated with cataract surgery in this updated reference. The unique Q&A format provides quick access to current information related to cataract surgery in the simplicity of a conversation between two colleagues. Numerous images, diagrams, and references are included to enhance the text and to illustrate surgical pearls. Some of the questions that are answered inside the Second Edition include: My patient has unreliable topography due to ocular surface pathology. What are my options for treatment and IOL selection? How do I pick the right IOL formula for my patient with a longer/shorter than average eye? My capsulorhexis is heading out peripherally. How should I proceed and what should I do if it tears radially? How/when should I change my phaco/fluidics settings in the following situations: IFIS, shallow chamber, high axial length, post vitrectomy? I have a radial tear in the anterior capsule. How do I proceed with phaco and IOL implantation? When should I use a toric intraocular lens versus astigmatic keratotomy/LRI? How do I incorporate femtosecond (FS) laser into my current cataract surgery techniques? Curbside Consultation in Cataract Surgery: 49 Clinical Questions, Second Edition provides information basic enough for residents while also incorporating expert pearls that even experienced cataract surgeons will appreciate. General ophthalmologists, residents, and cataract specialists alike will benefit from the user-friendly and casual format as well as the expert advice contained within.

This book deals with the cellular biology, biochemistry and physiology of photoreceptors and their interactions with the second-order neurons, bipolar and horizontal cells. The focus is upon the contributions made by these neurons to vision. Thus the basic neurobiology of the outer retina is related to the visual process, and visual defects that could arise from abnormalities in this part of the retina are highlighted in the first 16 chapters. Since all vertebrate retinas have the same basic structure and physiological plan, examples are given from a variety of species, with an emphasis upon mammals, extending to human vision. The last four chapters approach the problem from the other end. This part of the book covers a range of clinical conditions involving visual abnormalities that are due to cellular defects in the outer retina. Although the contents of this book do not represent the proceedings of a conference, the concept arose at an international symposium on 'Recent Advances in Retinal Research' which was held at the International Marine Centre in Oristano, Sardinia. We hope that the book will give a coherent, up to date review of the neurobiology and clinical aspects of the outer retina and encourage further integration of these areas. Retinal neurobiology has been an intense field of investigation for several decades. More recently, it has seen significant advances with the application of modern techniques of cell and molecular biology.

This Volume of the Documenta Ophthalmoligica Proceeding Series presents the scientific papers read during the 13th Congress of SIDUO, the International Society for Ultrasonic Diagnosis in Ophthalmology, held in Vienna in the Summer of 1990. It was the second time that SIDUO had selected Vienna as a site for its biennial congresses in the 28 years of its existence. Previously, the 3rd SIDUO Meeting had taken place as part of the 1st World Congress for Ultrasonic Diagnosis in Medicine organized by Karl C. Ossoinig in 1969. Ossoinig, the pioneer of Standardized Echography opened the scientific sessions of SIDUO 13 with the First Jules Fran~ois Memorial Lecture on the Optic Nerve reviewing the modern examination techniques for precise measurements of the orbital optic nerve and its various sheaths and for an accurate diagnosis and differential diagnosis of diseases affecting the optic nerve, highlighting the new field of prophylactic recognition of early optic nerve compression (e. g. , in Graves' orbitopathy) and the important confirmation of CON in the presence of other conditions affecting the optic nerve functions. The first scientific session then dealt with a variety of interesting conditions of the optic nerve and of the extraocular muscles ranging from inflammatory diseases such as optic neuritis and orbital myositis to congenital anomalies, from glaucomatous changes to IIH, and from normal anatomical (dynamic) findings to malignant tumors such as lymphomas and leucemic meningeosis.

During the last few years, an explosion of infonnation has come from human genetics and molecular and cell biological studies as to the genetic basis for a number of fonns of inherited retinal degenerations. These disorders have plagued mankind for millennia because they take from otherwise healthy individuals the precious gift of sight. The fundamental advances in recent years have identified a number of genes involved in the groups of diseases which hopefully will lead to discoveries that may, in the not too distant future, allow the prevention and possible cure of some of these blinding eye disorders. To foster a forum for discussions of studies on degenerative retinal disorders, we convened a symposium on retinal degenerations in 1984, at the VIth International Congress of Eye Research Meeting, held in Alicante, Spain. Because of the success of this meeting and the subsequent publication, we have since organized a series of biennial satellite meetings on retinal degenerations for the ISER congresses held in Nagoya, Japan (1986), San Francisco (1988) and Helsinki (1990). Each of these satellite symposium on retinal degenerations was accompanied by a published proceedings volume. This volume is the fifth in this series and contains the proceedings of the Sardinia Symposium on Retinal Degeneration held September 15-20, 1992, as a satellite meeting of the 10th International Congress of Eye Research.

Since 1984, we have organized satellite symposia on retinal degenerations that are held in conjunction with the biennial International Congress of Eye Research. The timing and location of our Retinal Degeneration Symposia have allowed scientists and clinicians from around the world to convene and present their exciting new findings. The symposia have been arranged to allow ample time for discussions and one-on-one interactions in a relaxed atmosphere, where international friendships and collaborations could be established. The IXth International Symposium on Retinal Degeneration was held on October 9-14, 2000 in Durango, Colorado and was attended by over 100 scientists from six continents. This book contains many of their presentations. Several events of note occurred at this meeting. First, thanks to the generous support of the Foundation Fighting Blindness, we were able to sponsor the travel of 11 young scientists from six countries. Most of them have contributed chapters to this volume. The response to the travel program was so overwhelming that we will make it regular feature of our meeting. This will allow other bright, young investigators to be introduced to the world experts who study retinal degenerations. Second, about 40% of the scientists who attended this meeting were there for the first time. We believe that this indicates a growing interest in retinal degeneration research and ensures that new talent will be attracted to this important area of investigation. The symposium received support from several organizations.

These Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress on the Cornea continue a tradition of summarizing the state-of-the art basic and clinical research in cornea and ex- ternal diseases since the first Congress was held in 1964. Reflecting the emerging impor- tance of refractive surgery, two of the twelve sessions of the Congress were devoted to refractive surgery; this is reflected in an emphasis in these Proceedings. In addition, an en- tire session was devoted to the molecular and cellular biology of the cornea with impor- tant new information on the role of growth factors and cytokine modulation of corneal wound healing. Within these Proceedings an international group of expert researchers and practitioners provide the latest insights into the tear film and ocular surface, corneal trans- plantation and eyebanking, the corneal stroma and endothelium, contact lenses, microbial and nonmicrobial keratitis, keratoconus, and world corneal health. Notable subjects covered include the latest understanding of the barrier function of the ocular surface epithelium, corneal hydration control, the molecular mechanisms con- trolling gene expression in corneal wound healing, stromal~pithelial interactions in the cornea, the immunology of blepharitis, the effect of contact lenses on the conjunctiva, morphologic and functional evaluation of the human corneal endothelium, long-term fol- low-up of penetrating keratoplasty in keratoconus, the Tampa trephine penetrating kerato- plasty, and the refractive results of the Nidek EC-5000 excimer laser.

Numerous studies have pointed to the key role of complement in the pathogenesis of retinal disease, particularly age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Reports about new gene associations and links to other physiological pathways are emerging almost on a weekly base. Several promising clinical candidates covering a wide area of potential treatment applications are in the pipelines of both industrial and academic groups. This indicates an increasing interest in complement as a therapeutic target. In view of these exciting discoveries, scientists from around the world convened at the First Aegean Conferences Conference on Inflammation and Retinal Disease: Complement Biology and Pathology (June 10-17, 2007) in Crete, Greece, to discuss recent advances in this rapidly-evolving field. This volume represents a collection of topics on the functions of complement in eye diseases, pathophysiology, protein structures, and complement therapeutics discussed during the conference. Our sincere thanks to the contributing authors for the time and effort they have devoted to writing what I consider exceptionally informative chapters in a book that will have a significant impact on the complement field. We would also like to express my thanks to Rodanthi Lambris for her assistance in collating the chapters and preparing the documents for publication and I gratefully acknowledge the generous help provided by Dimitrios Lambris in managing the organization of this meeting. Finally, I also thank Andrea Macaluso of Springer Publishers for her supervision in this book's production. John D. Lambris Anthony P.

The 14th Congress of SIDUO, held in Tokyo from October 26 to October 30, 1992, was the first congress meeting to be held in Asia in the 30-year history of SIDUO. The congress was organized by the Department of Oph- thalmology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, with the support of the Japanese Ophthalmological Society, the Japan Society of Ultrasonics in Medicine and the Japan Society of Ophthalmologists. The organizing committee consisted of the following members. Congress President: Sadanao Tane, M. D. (Professor and Chairman, St. Marianna University School of Medicine) Vice-presidents: Atsushi Sawada, M. D. (Professor and Chairman, Miyazaki Medical College) Masayasu Ito, Ph. D. (Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology) Secretary General: Yasuo Sugata, M. D. (Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital) Finance Committee: Koji Ohashi, M. D. (Assistant Professor, St. Marianna University School of Medicine) Akira Komatsu, M. D. (Assistant Professor, St. Marianna University School of Medicine) Toshio Kaneko, M. D. (Assistant Professor, St. Marianna University School of Medicine) Publicity and Exhibition Committee: Hideyuki Hayashi, M. D. (Assistant Professor, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University) Akihiro Kaneko, M. D. (National Cancer Center) The Honorary Presidents were Yukio Yamamoto, M. D. (Tokyo Tama Geriatrics Hospital) and Yasuo Uemura, M. D. (Professor Emeritus, Keio University) . The opening ceremony began with the Francois Memorial Lecture given by Professor Peter Till (Standardized Echography: Quantitative Analysis of XlI Tissue Backscatter - A Major Source of Information for Tissue Diagnoses).

Recent Developments in Graves' Ophthalmopathy offers an overview of the pathogenesis, assessment and management of patients with thyroid-associated eye disease. Each chapter is written by an expert and truly represents the current state of the art on the particular topic. This book can therefore almost be considered a textbook on this enigmatic disorder. Recent Developments in Graves' Ophthalmopathy is designed for all those interested in this disease, including basic scientists, clinical endocrinologists, ophthalmologists, radiotherapists, and orbital surgeons. The book gives a comprehensive overview of all aspects of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Subjects covered include the pathology of Graves' eye disease and the controversial views on its autoimmune pathogenesis; assessment of the eye changes using reliable measurements; medical management of Graves' eye disease with an overview of the many treatment options available to the clinician, including orbital radiotherapy and other immunosuppressive treatments; management of the thyroid disease; and finally, the techniques for performing various surgical procedures, which are explained and illustrated.

After a decade or longer, approximately one-third of individuals with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes commence a downhill course in which decreasing renal function and failing vision define a Renal-Retinal Syndrome, dominating all aspects of life and presaging early death. Only a generation ago, survival after onset of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in diabetes was limited because rehabilitation was preempted by blindness, limb amputation, stroke, and heart disease. By 1998, however, team management has improved the outlook, with preserved sight and return to work and home responsibilities, usually for a decade or longer, following kidney transplantation and laser photocoagulation. Recognition of the critical requirement for blood pressure regulation and metabolic control are central themes in management. In this unique book, the accomplishments of ophthalmologists, nephrologists, diabetologists, transplant surgeons, and basic scientists are blended into a strategic approach that may be readily applied by all those caring for diabetic patients. Each of twenty-one presentations suitable for primary care physicians, as well as for subspecialists concerned with macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes, is placed in perspective by an introductory editorial analysis. Promising near-term innovative therapies, including insertion of genetically engineered beta cells or polymer-coated islets of Langerhans, interdiction of kinins that promote retinal angiogenesis, and prevention of synthesis of advanced glycosylated endproducts (AGEs), are presented in detail. While comprehensive care of diabetic patients reflects multiple incremental advances that in sum afford major benefit, this text envisions further remarkable changes likely to suppress and possibly entirely prevent the Diabetic Renal-Retinal Syndrome.