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Books > Science & Mathematics > Biology, life sciences > Botany & plant sciences > Plant pathology & diseases
Plant Nanobionics, Volume 2 continues the important discussion of
nanotechnology in plants, but focuses with a focus on biosynthesis
and toxicity. This book discusses novel approaches to biosynthesis
of nanoparticles for the increase of plant production systems,
controlled release of agrochemicals and management of plant biotic
stress. Green biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles from bee
propolis, artificial photosynthesis and hybrid structures are
presented. Although engineered nanoparticles have great potential
for solving many agricultural and societal problems, their
consequences on the ecosystems and environment must be responsibly
considered. This volume aims to contribute to the limited
literature on this topic through its comprehensive examination of
nanoparticle toxicity on plants, microbes and human health.
Environmental risks with recent data are discussed as well as risks
associated with the transfer of nanoparticles through the food
chain. This volume highlights the study of a mechanistic approach
and the study of nanoparticles towards nanobionics. The application
of polymeric materials for smart packing in the food industry and
agriculture sector as well as the future of nanomaterials in
detecting soil microbes for environmental remediation are also
included.
This book analyses the mass production and application of
biological control products for biotic and abiotic factors
affecting agricultural production. It also describes how to develop
sustainable agriculture under Egyptian conditions. The book is
divided into four parts covering: 1) mass production of
parasitoids, insects and mite predators, 2) mass production of the
microbial control agents for managing insect pests, 3) biocontrol
products for plant diseases, and 4) bioproducts against abiotic
factors. It discusses various methods of controlling insect pests
and plant diseases in order to increase agricultural production,
improve the quality of field crops and reduce the food gap by
applying a range of technologies. This book helps increase our
understanding and awareness of how to produce healthy products for
local consumption and utilization as well as for exports.
The book discusses the complex interactions between plants and
their associated microbial communities. It also elucidates the ways
in which these microbiomes are connected with the plant system, and
how they affect plant health. The different chapters describe how
microbiomes affect plants with regard to immunity, disease
conditions, stress management and productivity. In addition, the
book describes how an 'additional plant genome' functions as a
whole organ system of the host, and how it presents both challenges
and opportunities for the plant system. Moreover, the book includes
a dedicated section on using omics tools to understand these
interactions, and on exploiting them to their full potential.
This book provides in-depth information on all key aspects of
geminivirus biology, e.g. the genetics and evolution, global
diversity and spread of these plant pathogens, as well as the
molecular mechanisms underlying their virulence. Geminiviridae is
one of the largest viral families, comprising numerous
plant-infecting viruses that cause diseases in crops and weeds.
These diseases have been reported from nearly all continents, in
particular Asia, Europe, Africa and America. The book summarizes
the current state of knowledge on the interactions between plant
host and virus. In addition, it discusses advances regarding the
trans-replication of satellite molecules and its effect on
geminiviral pathogenesis, as well as pest management strategies to
combat these diseases in the field. Given its scope, the book is a
must-read reference guide for all researchers and advanced students
working in virology, agriculture and plant biotechnology..
Praise for the First Edition: Association of American Publishers
Professional and Scholarly Division Award Winner (Life
Sciences)"One of the ten best horticultural books of the century."
The Washington Post"Diseases of Trees and Shrubs is by far the best
book currently available for the horticulturist, arborist, or
forester who wishes to identify disorders of forest and shade trees
and woody ornamentals." The Public Garden"It may be used by anyone
with knowledge of general biology as well as by someone with
specialized plant knowledge for diagnosing plant disease problems.
Highly recommended." Library Journal"This book is a remarkable
contribution to the literature on tree pathology, providing a
valuable source of reference on tree disease for all with an
interest in the subject. It must surely be almost obligatory
reading for the specialist tree pathologist, and will prove of
great value to all tree care professionals. . . . It will fascinate
any tree lovers who wish to find out more about the diseases and
disorders that may afflict trees." Arboricultural Journal"It is
well written and it is illustrated with photographs of such high
quality that in this respect it could be described as a 'coffee
table' book of forest pathology." ForestryFirst published in 1987,
Diseases of Trees and Shrubs has become a standard reference for
plant health specialists, plant diagnosticians, horticulturists,
arborists, foresters, and their students. Now thoroughly revised,
fully updated, and illustrated with more than 2200 digitally
optimized color images in 261 full-color plates and more than 350
black-and-white photographs and drawings, the second edition is an
unrivalled survey of the diseases of forest and shade trees and
woody ornamental plants in the United States and Canada. The book
is both an authoritative reference book and a powerful diagnostic
tool. Organized according to type of disease-inducing agent, the
second edition is also designed to be helpful in classroom and
field instruction. Symptoms, signs, and cycles of hundreds of
diseases are described and microscopic features of many pathogens
are depicted in photos and line drawings. A searchable CD-ROM
included with the book contains bibliographic entries for more than
4500 works that readers can consult for additional information or
images. This remarkable scholarly work praised as one of the best
horticultural books of the twentieth century lays claim to the same
accolade for the twenty-first century."
The book illustrates the use of putative microbial agents which
provide good protection to the plant from biotic pathogens attack.
An up to date knowledge on plant-microbiome interaction strategies
in terms of improved sustainability has been discussed. Information
from experts across the globe on the application of microbes for
providing amicable solution in sustainable agriculture has been
gathered. In addition, information related to microbes mediated
resistance levels leading to enhanced plant health has been well
presented. The chapters have emphasised the use of Plant Growth
Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and other potential biocontrol
agents/antagonists in the management of plant diseases which
provide extensive information to the readers. Literature on
microbial root colonization, plant growth promotions, and also on
the protection of plants from attack of various soil borne
pathogens have been presented in a coherent way. Information on the
application of potential strain of the bio-control fungi,
endophytes, actinomycetes strengthening the plants ability which
rescue the plant from pathogens attack leading to improved plant
health has also been underpinned.
Phytoplasma III is the last of three books in the series covering
all the aspects of phytoplasma-associated diseases. Phytoplasmas
are a major limiting factor in the quality and productivity of many
ornamental, horticultural and economically important agriculture
crops worldwide, and losses due to phytoplasma diseases have
disastrous consequences for farming communities. As there is no
effective cure for these diseases, management strategies focus-on
exclusion, minimizing their spread by insect vectors and
propagation materials, and developing host plant resistance. This
book provides an update on genomics, effectors and pathogenicity
factors toward a better understanding of phytoplasma-host metabolic
interactions. It offers a comprehensive overview of biological,
serological and molecular characterization of the phytoplasmas,
including recently developed approaches in diagnostics, such as
transcriptomics studies, which have paved the way for analyzing the
gene expression pattern in phytoplasmas on infection and revealed
the up-regulation of genes associated with hormonal response,
transcription factors, and signaling genes. Although phytoplasmas
remain the most poorly characterized pathogens, recent studies have
identified virulence factors that induce typical disease symptoms
and have characterized the unique reductive evolution of the
genome. Reviewing the advances in cultivation in axenic media
together with the perspectives for future research to reduce the
global incidence of these pathogens and the associated agricultural
losses, the book is a valuable resource for plant pathologists,
researchers in agriculture and PhD students.
This book aims to assess, evaluate and critically analyze the
methods that are currently available for a judicious pest
management in durable food. It presents and analyzes a vast amount
of methods that are already in use in "real world" industrial
applications. After the phase-out of methyl bromide, but also the
withdrawal of several insecticides and the continuously updated
food safety regulations, there is a significant knowledge gap on
the use of risk-reduced, ecologically-compatible control methods
that can be used with success against stored-product insect species
and related arthropods. The importance of integrated pest
management (IPM) is growing, but the concept as practiced for
stored products might differ from IPM as historically developed for
field crops. This book discusses a wide variety of control
strategies used for stored product management and describes some of
the IPM components. The editors included chemical and non-chemical
methods, as both are essential in IPM. They set the scene for more
information regarding emerging issues in stored product protection,
such as emerging, alien and invasive species as threats for global
food security, as well as the importance of stored-product
arthropods for human health. Finally, the analysis of the economics
of stored product protection is presented, from theory to practice.
The current scenario of increasing sensitivity towards the
sustainable agriculture has given a large space to extensively
utilize natural resources that are environmental friendly and are a
good replacement of chemicals in agriculture. Application of
organic additives in the sustainable disease management can provide
new insight in sustenance of plant productivity along with improved
host stress tolerance. In the present book we have focussed upon a
range of organic strategies to control plant pathogens of wide
spectrum in addition to maintaining robust plant health. A detailed
account on the application of organic additives has been discussed,
irrespective of their origin and nature. In addition, the methods
of utilising these organic supplements in the management of plant
diseases and promotion of plant yield in more economic way have
also been presented with reference to developing, underdeveloped
and developed countries. The book has included the works of eminent
scholars from across the world thus flashing light on the key
literature related to application of organic matters including
phytoextracts, chopped leaves, composted organic manures and liquid
manures in eco-friendly agriculture. The mechanisms underlying the
effectiveness of these organic amendments in promoting plant health
has also been presented and discussed in understandable ways.
This book discusses and addresses the rapidly increasing world
population demand for food, which is expected to double by 2050. To
meet these demands farmers will need to improve crop productivity,
which relies heavily on nitrogen (N) fertilization. Production of N
fertilizers, however, consumes huge amounts of energy and the loss
of excess N fertilizers to leaching results in the pollution of
waterways and oceans. Therefore, increasing plant nitrogen use
efficiency (NUE) is essential to help farmers produce more while
conserving the environment. This book assembles some of the best
work of top researchers from academic and industrial institutions
in the area of NUE and provides valuable insight to scholars and
researchers by its comprehensive discussion of current and future
strategies to improve NUE through genetic manipulation. This book
should also be highly valuable to policy makers, environmentalists,
farmers, biotechnology executives, and to the hard-core researchers
working in the lab.
This book discusses the latest developments in plant-mediated
fabrication of metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles, and their
characterization by using a variety of modern techniques. It
explores in detail the application of nanoparticles in drug
delivery, cancer treatment, catalysis, and as antimicrobial agent,
antioxidant and the promoter of plant production and protection.
Application of these nanoparticles in plant systems has started
only recently and information is still scanty about their possible
effects on plant growth and development. Accumulation and
translocation of nanoparticles in plants, and the consequent growth
response and stress modulation are not well understood. Plants
exposed to these particles exhibit both positive and negative
effects, depending on the concentration, size, and shape of the
nanoparticles. The impact on plant growth and yield is often
positive at lower concentrations and negative at higher ones.
Exposure to some nanoparticles may improve the free-radical
scavenging potential and antioxidant enzymatic activities in plants
and alter the micro-RNAs expression that regulate the different
morphological, physiological and metabolic processes in plant
system, leading to improved plant growth and yields. The
nanoparticles also carry out genetic reforms by efficient transfer
of DNA or complete plastid genome into the respective plant genome
due to their miniscule size and improved site-specific penetration.
Moreover, controlled application of nanomaterials in the form of
nanofertilizer offers a more synchronized nutrient fluidity with
the uptake by the plant exposed, ensuring an increased nutrient
availability. This book addresses these issues and many more. It
covers fabrication of different/specific nanomaterials and their
wide-range application in agriculture sector, encompassing the
controlled release of nutrients, nutrient-use efficiency, genetic
exchange, production of secondary metabolites, defense mechanisms,
and the growth and productivity of plants exposed to different
manufactured nanomaterials. The role of nanofertilizers and
nano-biosensors for improving plant production and protection and
the possible toxicities caused by certain nanomaterials, the
aspects that are little explored by now, have also been generously
elucidated.
This book presents advanced ecological techniques for crop
cultivation and the chapters are arranged into four sections,
namely general aspects, weeds, fungi, worms and microbes.
Biocontrol is an ecological method of controlling pests such as
insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases using other organisms.
This practice has been used for centuries. Biocontrol relies on
predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural mechanisms.
Natural enemies of insect pests, also known as biological control
agents, include predators, parasitoids, pathogens, and competitors.
This book systematically presents 40 pests, 7 natural pest enemies,
and 20 diseases and weeds commonly encountered in sugarcane
production, combining clear colour photos with detailed scientific
descriptions. It covers a range of related topics, including
morphological identification, habits and frequency of occurrence,
prevention and control measures, symptom identification,
characteristics of infections and epidemics, parasitic (predator)
characteristics, ways of utilising natural pest enemies, main
species and distribution, fluctuation in the field, and chemical
control of weeds. With novel content presented in simple,
straightforward language, the book provides a valuable reference
guide for scientific researchers, educators and industrial
practitioners, as well as students and advisers at agricultural
universities.
Phytoplasma-associated diseases are a major limiting factor to
quality and productivity of many ornamentals, horticultural and
other economically important agriculture crops worldwide. Annual
losses due to phytoplasma diseases in many crops vary, but under
the pathogen favorable conditions they always lead to disastrous
consequences to farming community. As there is no effective cure
for phytoplasma diseases, the management options emphasize on their
exclusion, minimizing their spread by insect vectors and
propagation materials and on development of host plant resistance.
The phytoplasma associated plant diseases have a history of more
than 50 years. Phytoplasmas have undoubtedly infected plants and
cause diseases for centuries before they are described and proven
to be the causal agents. But important progress related to
identification of phytoplasmas only began after 1980's.
Phytoplasmas have emerged as the most serious constraints in the
production of several crops all around the world during last four
decades. Phytoplasmas constitute a major limiting factor to quality
and productivity of cereals, horticultural, ornamentals and many
other economically important crops all over the world. Annual
losses due to phytoplasma diseases may vary, but under the pathogen
favorable condition, phytoplasma disease may lead to disastrous
consequences for farming and industry community. The scientific
literature concerning phytoplasma occurrence, characterization,
diagnosis, detection, and management is growing at a fast pace.
Significant advancement in the last decades on diagnostic,
biological and molecular properties, epidemiology,
host-pathogen-insect interactions as well as management of
phytoplasmas has been made. Till date, no authentic compilation is
available to know the progress of phytoplasmas characterization
major crops all over the world. The planned book will compile all
the updated information available information on phytoplasmas by
distinguished experts in the form of edited book entitled
"Characterization and epidemiology of phytoplasma associated
diseases". The book covers recent and update information on
emerging and re-emerging phytoplasma diseases affecting important
crops in tropics and subtropics. It provides comprehensive
information on disease distribution, occurrence, and identification
of the phytoplasmas including the recent approaches for
diagnostics, transmission, and information about losses and
geographical distribution along with and management aspects. This
volume contains 11-12 chapters contributed by the experienced and
recognized experts working on different group of phytoplasmas
affecting major crops all over the world. The information on
various topics is at advanced as well as comprehensive level and
provides the period wise developments of phytoplasma research. The
book covers major chapters on an up to date progress of phytoplasma
research, and then phytoplasma diseases associated with vegetable,
pulse, oils crops, cereals, sugar crops, fruit crops, ornamentals,
medicinal plants, palms species, forest tress and weeds. We have
covered historical background, geographical distribution,
identification and characterization, genetic diversity, host
pathogen interaction and management aspects of important
phytoplasma diseases infecting our major agricultural crops. The
information on various topics is advanced as well as comprehensive,
and provides thought provoking ideas for planning novel research
ideas for future. This book will be useful to everyone interested
in mollicutes, phytoplasma, spiroplasmas, plant pathology, disease
control and plant biology and serve as an exhaustive and up-to-date
compendium of references on various aspects of different groups of
phytoplasmas affecting important crops worldwide.
Begomoviruses are one of the most interesting plant viruses to
study for basic and applied research as they cause huge economic
losses to agriculture industries and farmers all over the world.
They belong to family Geminiviridae and are emergent plant viral
pathogens which cause diseases in various crops in the tropical and
subtropical regions. They are transmitted by the whitefly (B.
tabaci) and have either one (monopartite DNA-A) or two (bipartite
DNA-A and DNA-B) genomic components. DNA-A and DNA-B are of ~2600 -
2800 nucleotides each. A number of serious diseases of cultivated
crops of the Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae
families are caused by Begomoviruses which are considered as threat
to their cultivation in many countries. Accurate diagnosis is
important for successful diseases management, since plants infected
by Begomovirus do not recover, suffer serious yield losses and act
as further sources of inoculum, which is then picked up and spread
by their vector whitefly (B. tabaci). Reports of occurrence of new
viruses and re-emergence of several known viruses in new niches
have become regular event. In such a dynamic system, growth of
several crop species relies on an accurate diagnosis, management
and better understanding of the biology of the casual virus. This
is crucial to evolve appropriate control practices and to prevent
the virus infection. Researchers have achieved considerable
progress in characterization, detection and management of virus on
different crop species in the last decade. This book covers latest
information in diagnosis of begomoviruses in the present scenario
and explores the new vistas in the field of genomics and
proteomics. Chapters in Section 1 illustrates the occurrence,
genome organisation, transmission and diagnostics of begomoviruses.
It also details the diseases caused by begomoviruses on different
crops, detection techniques and management strategies in support of
research findings by presentation of data, graphics, figures and
tables. Section 2 is a chapterwise collection of occurrence,
diversity and status of begomoviruses in Asian Africa counties
where the diseases are most prevalent. This book will provide wide
opportunity to the readers to have complete information and status
of begomovirus in Asia and Africa. This will be useful resource for
researchers and extension workers involved in the begomvirus
disease diagnosis and molecular biology. Expert detection, accurate
diagnosis and timely management play a significant role in keeping
plants free from pathogens. In this book expert researchers share
their research knowledge and literature which are vital towards the
diagnosis of begomoviruses, addressing traditional plant pathology
techniques as well as advanced molecular diagnostic approach. The
book deals with the economically important crops including fruits,
vegetables along with challenges in crop protection against
diseases caused by begomovirus. This will be resourceful and handy
for researcher, practitioners and also students.
Jatropha curcas, or physic nut, is a small tree that, in tropical
climates, produces fruits with seeds containing ~38% oil. The
physic nut has the potential to be highly productive and is
amenable to subculture in vitro and to genetic modification. It
also displays remarkable diversity and is relatively easy to cross
hybridize within the genus. Thanks to these promising features, J.
curcas is emerging as a promising oil crop and is gaining
commercial interest among the biofuel research communities.
However, as a crop, physic nut has been an economic flop since
2012, because the species was not fully domesticated and the
average productivity was less than 2 t/ha, which is below the
threshold of profitability.^7 t/ha could be reached and it is
contributing to new markets in some countries. As such, it is
important fro research to focus on the physiology and selective
breeding of Jatropha . This book provides a positive global update
on Jatropha, a crop that has suffered despite its promising
agronomic and economic potential. The editors have used their
collective expertise in agronomy, botany, selective breeding,
biotechnology, genomics and bioinformatics to seek out high-quality
contributions that address the bottleneck features in order to
improve the economic trajectory of physic nut breeding.
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