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Books > Language & Literature > Language & linguistics > Semantics (meaning)
Studying narratives is an ideal method to gain a good understanding
of how various aspects of human information are organized and
integrated. The concept and methods of a narrative, which have been
explored in narratology and literary theories, are likely to be
connected with contemporary information studies in the future,
including those in computational fields such as AI, and in
cognitive science. This will result in the emergence of a
significant conceptual and methodological foundation for various
technologies of novel contents, media, human interface, etc.
Post-Narratology Through Computational and Cognitive Approaches
explores the new possibilities and directions of narrative-related
technologies and theories and their implications on the innovative
design, development, and creation of future media and contents
(such as automatic narrative or story generation systems) through
interdisciplinary approaches to narratology that are dependent on
computational and cognitive studies. While highlighting topics
including artificial intelligence, narrative analysis, and rhetoric
generation, this book is ideally designed for designers, creators,
developers, researchers, and advanced-level students.
Every society thrives on stories, legends and myths. This volume
explores the linguistic devices employed in the astoundingly rich
narrative traditions in the tropical hot-spots of linguistic and
cultural diversity, and the ways in which cultural changes and new
means of communication affect narrative genres and structures. It
focusses on linguistic and cultural facets of the narratives in the
areas of linguistic diversity across the tropics and surrounding
areas - New Guinea, Northern Australia, Siberia, and also the
Tibeto-Burman region. The introduction brings together the
recurrent themes in the grammar and the substance of the
narratives. The twelve contributions to the volume address
grammatical forms and categories deployed in organizing the
narrative and interweaving the protagonists and the narrator. These
include quotations, person of the narrator and the protagonist,
mirativity, demonstratives, and clause chaining. The contributors
also address the kinds of narratives told, their organization and
evolution in time and space, under the impact of post-colonial
experience and new means of communication via social media. The
volume highlights the importance of documenting narrative tradition
across indigenous languages.
Despite the key role played by second language acquisition (SLA)
courses in linguistics, teacher education and language teaching
degrees, participants often struggle to bridge the gap between SLA
theories and their many applications in the classroom. In order to
overcome the 'transfer' problem from theory to practice, Andrea
Nava and Luciana Pedrazzini present SLA principles through the
actions and words of teachers and learners. Second Language
Acquisition in Action identifies eight important SLA principles and
involves readers in an 'experiential' approach which enables them
to explore these principles 'in action'. Each chapter is structured
around three stages: experience and reflection; conceptualisation;
and restructuring and planning. Discussion questions and tasks
represent the core of the book. These help readers in the process
of 'experiencing' SLA research and provide them with opportunities
to try their hands at different areas of language teachers'
professional expertise. Aimed at those on applied linguistics MA
courses, TESOL/EFL trainees and in-service teachers, Second
Language Acquisition in Action features: * Key Questions at the
start of each chapter * Data-based tasks to foster reflection and
to help bridge the gap between theory and practice * Audiovisual
extracts of lessons on an accompanying website * Further Reading
suggestions at the end of each chapter
When Donald J. Trump announced his campaign for president in 2015,
journalists, historians, and politicians alike attempted to compare
his candidacy to that of Governor George C. Wallace. Like Trump,
Wallace, who launched four presidential campaigns between 1964 and
1976, utilized rhetoric based in resentment, nationalism, and anger
to sway and eventually captivate voters among America's white
majority. Though separated by almost half a century, the campaigns
of both Wallace and Trump broke new grounds for political
partisanship and divisiveness. In Fear, Hate, and Victimhood: How
George Wallace Wrote the Donald Trump Playbook, author Andrew E.
Stoner conducts a deep analysis of the two candidates, their
campaigns, and their speeches and activities, as well as their
coverage by the media, through the lens of demagogic rhetoric.
Though past work on Wallace argues conventional politics overcame
the candidate, Stoner makes the case that Wallace may in fact be a
prelude to the more successful Trump campaign. Stoner considers how
ideas about "in-group" and "out-group" mentalities operate in
politics, how anti-establishment views permeate much of the
rhetoric in question, and how expressions of victimhood often
paradoxically characterize the language of a leader praised for
"telling it like it is." He also examines the role of political
spectacle in each candidate's campaigns, exploring how media
struggles to respond to-let alone document-demagogic rhetoric.
Ultimately, the author suggests that the Trump presidency can be
understood as an actualized version of the Wallace presidency that
never was. Though vast differences exist, the demagogic positioning
of both men provides a framework to dissect these times-and perhaps
a valuable warning about what is possible in our highly digitized
information society.
This book provides curriculum planners, materials developers, and
language educators with curricular perspectives and classroom
activities in order to address the needs of learners of English as
a global lingua franca in an increasingly globalized and
interdependent world. The authors argue that language educators
would benefit from synthesizing and using research and
evidence-based cooperative learning methods and structures to
address the current world-readiness standards for learning
languages in the five domains of Communication, Cultures,
Connections, Comparisons, and Communities. The book outlines the
main cooperative learning principles of heterogenous grouping,
positive interdependence, individual accountability,
social/collaborative skills, and group processing, then
demonstrates their relevance to language teaching and learning.
This book will be of interest to students in pre-service teacher
education programmes as well as in-service practitioners, teacher
trainers and educational administrators.
This monograph investigates the temporal interpretation of
narrative discourse in two parts. The theme of the first part is
narrative progression. It begins with a case study of the adverb
'now' and its interaction with the meaning of tense. The case study
motivates an ontological distinction between events, states and
times and proposes that 'now' seeks a prominent state that holds
throughout the time described by the tense. Building on prior
research, prominence is shown to be influenced by principles of
discourse coherence and two coherence principles, NARRATION and
RESULT, are given a formally explicit characterization. The key
innovation is a new method for testing the definitional adequacy of
NARRATION and RESULT, namely by an abductive argument. This
contribution opens a new way of thinking about how eventive and
stative descriptions contribute to the perceived narrative
progression in a discourse. The theme of the second part of the
monograph is the semantics and pragmatics of tense. A key
innovation is that the present and past tenses are treated as
scalar alternatives, a view that is motivated by adopting a
particular hypothesis concerning stative predication. The proposed
analysis accounts for tense in both matrix clauses and in
complements of propositional attitudes, where the notorious double
access reading arises. This reading is explored as part of a corpus
study that provides a glimpse of how tense semantics interacts with
Gricean principles and at-issueness. Several cross-linguistic
predictions of the analysis are considered, including their
consequences for the Sequence of Tense phenomenon and the Upper
Limit Constraint. Finally, a hypothesis is provided about how tense
meanings compose with temporal adverbs and verb phrases. Two
influential analysis of viewpoint aspect are then compared in light
of the hypothesis. The monograph is directed at graduate students
and researchers in semantics, pragmatics and philosophy of
language. The analysis of narrative discourse that is developed in
the monograph synthesizes and builds on prior collaborative
research with Corien Bary, Valentine Hacquard, Thomas Roberts,
Roger Schwarzschild, Una Stojnic, Karoly Varasdi and Aaron White.
Daniel Altshuler is an Assistant Professor of Linguistics at the
School of Cognitive Science, Hampshire College and an Adjunct
Professor of Linguistics at the University of Massachusetts,
Amherst.
Typically, books on evaluation in the second and foreign language
field deal with large programs and often result from large?scale
studies done by the authors. The challenge for ordinary second and
foreign language classroom teachers is that they must extrapolate
techniques or strategies for evaluation from a very large scale to
a much smaller scale, that of the course. At the same time,
classroom teachers are responsible for outcomes of their courses
and need to do evaluation on a scale and for needs of their
choosing. Evaluating Second Language Courses is designed for
classroom teachers who are dealing with a single course, and who
wish to understand and improve some aspect of their course.
Karen Tracy examines the identity-work of judges and attorneys in
state supreme courts as they debated the legality of existing
marriage laws. Exchanges in state appellate courts are juxtaposed
with the talk that occurred between citizens and elected officials
in legislative hearings considering whether to revise state
marriage laws. The book's analysis spans ten years, beginning with
the U.S. Supreme Court's overturning of sodomy laws in 2003 and
ending in 2013 when the U.S. Supreme Court declared the federal
government's Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) unconstitutional, and
it particularly focuses on how social change was accomplished
through and reflected in these law-making and law-interpreting
discourses. Focal materials are the eight cases about same-sex
marriage and civil unions that were argued in state supreme courts
between 2005 and 2009, and six of a larger number of hearings that
occurred in state judicial committees considering bills regarding
who should be able to marry. Tracy concludes with analysis of the
2011 Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on DOMA, comparing it to
the initial 1996 hearing and to the 2013 Supreme Court oral
argument about it. The book shows that social change occurred as
the public discourse that treated sexual orientation as a
"lifestyle " was replaced with a public discourse of gays and
lesbians as a legitimate category of citizen.
This volume descibes, in up-to-date terminology and authoritative
interpretation, the field of neurolinguistics, the science
concerned with the neural mechanisms underlying the comprehension,
production and abstract knowledge of spoken, signed or written
language. An edited anthology of 165 articles from the
award-winning Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics 2nd edition,
Encyclopedia of Neuroscience 4th Edition and Encyclopedia of the
Neorological Sciences and Neurological Disorders, it provides the
most comprehensive one-volume reference solution for scientists
working with language and the brain ever published.
Investigating the efforts of the Kichwa of Tena, Ecuador to reverse
language shift to Spanish, this book examines the ways in which
indigenous language can be revitalized and how creative bilingual
forms of discourse can reshape the identities and futures of local
populations. Based on deep ethnographic fieldwork among urban,
periurban, and rural indigenous Kichwa communities, Michael
Wroblewski explores adaptations to culture contact, language
revitalization, and political mobilization through discourse.
Expanding the ethnographic picture of native Amazonians and their
traditional discourse practices, this book focuses attention on
Kichwas' diverse engagements with rural and urban ways of living,
local and global ways of speaking, and indigenous and dominant
intellectual traditions. Wroblewski reveals the composite nature of
indigenous words and worlds through conversational interviews, oral
history narratives, political speechmaking, and urban performance
media, showing how discourse is a critical focal point for studying
cultural adaptation. Highlighting how Kichwas assert autonomy
through creative forms of self-representation, Remaking Kichwa
moves the study of indigenous language into the globalized era and
offers innovative reconsiderations of indigeneity, discourse, and
identity.
This book provides an overview of current theories of and methods
for analysing spoken discourse. It includes discussions of both the
more traditional approaches of pragmatics, conversation analysis,
interactional sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology and
critical discourse analysis, and more recently developed approaches
such as multimodal discourse analysis and critical
sociolinguistics. Rather than treating these perspectives as
mutually exclusive, the book introduces a framework based on
principles from mediated discourse analysis in which different
approaches to spoken discourse are seen as complementing and
informing one another. In this framework, spoken discourse is seen
as mediated through a complex collection of technological, semiotic
and cultural tools which enable and constrain people's ability to
engage in different kinds of social actions, enact different kinds
of social identities and form different kinds of social
relationships. A major focus of the volume is on the way
technological tools like telephones, broadcast media, digital
technologies are changing the way people communicate with spoken
language. The book is suitable for use as a textbook in advanced
courses in discourse analysis and language in social interaction,
and will also be of interest to scholars in a variety of fields
including linguistics, sociology, media studies and anthropology.
Researchers in applied linguistics have found medical and health
contexts to be fertile grounds for study, from macro-levels of
conceptual analyses to micro-levels of the "turn-by-turn." The rich
array of health contexts include medical research itself, clinical
encounters, medical education and training, caregivers and patients
in everyday life - from the formal and ritualized to the ad hoc and
ephemeral. This volume foregrounds the crucial role of applied
linguists addressing real world problems, while simultaneously
highlighting the varied ways that health can be understood as a
rich site of language inquiry in its own right. Chapters cover a
range of health topics including medical training, medical
interaction, disability in education, health policy analysis and
recommendations, multidisciplinary research teams, and medical
ethics. While reporting and reflecting on their specific topics in
clinical and health contexts, contributors also articulate their
own hybrid identities as professional collaborators in health
research, education, and policy.
Communication Centers: A Theory-Based Guide to Training and
Management offers advice based on extant research and best
practices to both faculty who are asked to develop a communication
center and for directors of established centers. Broken into easily
understood parts, Turner and Sheckels begin with the development of
communication centers, offering guidance on the history of centers,
how to start a center, and, in a contribution by Kyle Love,
creative approaches to marketing. They provide a communication
perspective on selecting and training tutors, and then address how
to train the tutors in their tasks of helping students with
invention, disposition, style, memory, and delivery as well as
presentation aids, including consideration of special situations
and diverse populations. The authors explore ways to broaden the
vision for communication centers, and conclude with chapters on
techniques for assessment by Marlene Preston and on the rich
rhetorical roots of communication centers by Linda Hobgood. The
volume concludes with appendixes on guidelines for directors and
for certification of tutor training programs. Communication Centers
is a valuable resource for scholars in any stage of developing or
improving a communication center at their university.
Sequential images are as natural at conveying narratives as verbal
language, and have appeared throughout human history, from cave
paintings and tapestries right through to modern comics.
Contemporary research on this visual language of sequential images
has been scattered across several fields: linguistics, psychology,
anthropology, art education, comics studies, and others. Only
recently has this disparate research begun to be incorporated into
a coherent understanding. In The Visual Narrative Reader, Neil Cohn
collects chapters that cross these disciplinary divides from many
of the foremost international researchers who explore fundamental
questions about visual narratives. How does the style of images
impact their understanding? How are metaphors and complex meanings
conveyed by images? How is meaning understood across sequential
images? How do children produce and comprehend sequential images?
Are visual narratives beneficial for education and literacy? Do
visual narrative systems differ across cultures and historical time
periods? This book provides a foundation of research for readers to
engage in these fundamental questions and explore the most vital
thinking about visual narrative. It collects important papers and
introduces review chapters summarizing the literature on specific
approaches to understanding visual narratives. The result is a
comprehensive "reader" that can be used as a coursebook, a
researcher resource and a broad overview of fascinating topics
suitable for anyone interested in the growing field of the visual
language of comics and visual narratives.
Hillary Rodham Clinton and the 2016 Election: Her Political and
Social Discourse is an edited collection that demonstrates the ways
in which Clinton has used political rhetoric and discourse to
provide and assert her right to leadership in her many roles as
First Lady, Senator from New York, and Secretary of State. This
collection lends itself to the potential Democratic nomination of
Clinton for U.S. President with its examination of current media
reports and interviews with Clinton. Each chapter analyzes various
aspects of the campaign to present readers with a pre-election
picture of Clinton's political discourse and how it relates to the
2016 election. Recommended for scholars of rhetoric, political
rhetoric, political discourse, leadership studies, women's studies,
and gender roles in politics.
This two-volume collection showcases a wide range of modern
approaches to the philosophical study of language. Contributions
illustrate how these strands of research are interconnected and
show the importance of such a broad outlook. The aim is to throw
light upon some of the key questions in language and communication
and also to inspire, inform, and integrate a community of
researchers in philosophical linguistics. Volume two presents
analyses of several fundamental concepts and studies in which they
are applied empirically. These include the linguistic topics of
assertion, vagueness, and disagreement, and the philosophical
themes of belief, normativity, and thought. These chapters provide
unique insight into the role of philosophy in the contemporary
study of communication.
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