Provides the latest information regarding how to evaluate sediment contamination and its effects on aquatic ecosystems]Presents an integrated ecosystem approach]Explains how to integrate assessments]

How can biological markers help assess and predict human health risks? Find out the answers to this question and others in this timely new book examining the use of biological markers in animals and plants for evaluating the ecological and health effects of environmental contamination. The book explains the concept of environmental sentinels, presents example of field studies and discusses the utility of biomarkers within a risk analysis paradigm. Anyone who needs to know how to assess and predict environmental contamination should consider this book essential reading.

This book summarizes the knowledge of naturally occurring toxic and antinutritive food compounds. It includes those plants and animals of value or potential value for human nutrition, either by direct consumption or indirect. as feed for domestic animals. Also included are toxic and antinutritive compounds formed from food components during processing and storage, as well as the toxic and antinutritive compounds present as natural constituents in raw materials and foodstuffs. FEATURES: Discusses food intolerance-inducing compounds, toxins and toxic compounds; Focuses on the most frequently occurring intolerances; Describes the reaction conditions for the formation of these compounds, as well as for their degradation; Considers nitroso compounds and ethyl carbamate formation.

The present work is the first major attempt at reviewing comprehensively all the available information about the environmental fate and behaviour of the xenobiotic chemicals.

As one of many tasks of an analytical chemistry program sponsored by the office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Field Studies Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (EPA Prime Contract No. 68-02-3938), Midwest Research Institute (MRI) prepared these summaries of the mammalian toxicology of 52 individual elements (metals and metalloids) and the lanthanides (rare earth elements). MRI is assisting the EPA in developing protocols for the monitoring of selected metals and organic compounds in the blood of the general U.S. population. The monitoring will enable evaluation of changes in the blood levels over time and any trends associated with instituted control measures. This review will help EPA select the metals to be included in the monitoring effort based on toxicity, relative exposure, and the ability of blood measurements to reflect exposure.

Following the success of the first edition, this book is designed to provide practical and timely information for toxicologic pathologists working in pharmaceutical drug discovery and development. The majority of the book (Organ Systems) will provide detailed descriptions of histopathological lesions observed in drug development. In addition, it will provide information to assist the pathologist in making determinations of the origin of lesions as well as its relevance to human risk. Toxicologic Pathology: Nonclinical Safety Assessment, Second Edition includes 2 new concept chapters. The first of the new chapters address approaches for the evaluation of unique therapeutic modalities such as cell therapies, gene therapies, and gene expression knockdown therapies. While these still represent new developing therapeutic approaches, there has been significant experience with the therapeutic modalities in the last 5 years. The second new chapter addresses the nonclinical safety assessment of medical devices, a topic of increasing importance that was not addressed in a unique chapter in the first edition. The other concept chapters have been updated and cover important topics including the overview of drug development; principles of nonclinical safety assessment; an introduction to toxicologic pathology; techniques used in toxicologic pathology, clinical pathology, toxicokinetics, and drug development toxicogenomics; and spontaneous lesions. The 13 organ system chapters provide the specifics related to pathologic characteristics, differential diagnosis, and interpretation of toxic responses in each organ system. These chapters are specifically important for the bench pathologist but also for the toxicologist who interacts with pathologists and function as study toxicologists and project team representatives in the drug development arena.

With growing interest in the safety of foods, knowledge of food toxicology is gaining more importance every day. Introduction to Toxicology and Food provides a concise overview of both the science of toxicology and food toxicology. It presents easy-to-understand explanations of the concepts and principles of toxicology as a science, the toxicants found in foods, and naturally occurring antitoxic/anticarcinogenic substances in foods. It examines the uses, harmful effects, and safety aspects of a variety of toxicants, including natural toxicants, contaminants, and food additives.

The book begins with a general overview of the concepts and principles of toxicology. It describes its history and branches, toxic doses, stages of toxication, effect mechanisms of toxins, and toxicity tests. Then it covers the substances in our foods that have toxicological significance, such as natural sources of toxicants, contaminants, and food additives. Finally, the book presents information about "chemopreventers" - those foods and food components that have antimutagenic or anticarcinogenic effects.

With its easy-to-read style and its clear discussions of the science of toxicology, food toxicology, and chemopreventers, Introduction to Toxicology and Food is an ideal text for an undergraduate course in food toxicology and a useful guide for food scientists.

Today, we are exposed to an increasing number of chemicals in the environment and there is a growing awareness of the effects of these chemicals on the ovaries. Infertility resulting from environmental exposures may not be obvious until the reproductive life span is waning. As such, the potential for xenobiotic-induced infertility needs to be better understood. In recent years, research into chemicals that have the potential to cause early menopause by destroying pre-antral ovarian follicles is gaining greater appreciation. Ovarian Toxicology, Second Edition represents a compilation of chapters prepared by researchers who have substantially contributed to our understanding of the impact of xenobiotics and environmental factors on ovarian function. The second edition substantially updates newly investigated ovotoxicants as well as improved mechanistic insights that have emerged since the first edition. Topics include: Ovarian physiology and the metabolism of xenobiotics The effect of pesticides, heavy metals, phthalates, BPA, and cigarette smoking on the ovaries Ovarian cancer, including endocrine effects and new perspectives on chemoresistance Epidemiology and human health risk assessment for environmental chemicals and pharmaceuticals The first book to focus specifically on ovarian toxicology, this resource is ideal for scientists in academia, regulatory agencies, and industry who would benefit from a survey of the impact of xenobiotic chemicals on ovarian function.

With the growing prospect for germ warfare, environmental and occupational neurotoxicology has come center stage. This is a multidisciplinary science dealing with the study of chemical compounds found in the environment or workplace that have deleterious effects on the nervous system and behavior of humans. The ultimate goal of this science is the understanding of their toxicity with the aim of preventing illness and suffering. Prior to the original publication of this work in 1991, this subject has never been viewed as a distinct body of knowledge; over ten years later it remains the premier text of its field.
An encyclopedic compendium of over thirty years exhaustive research written by an expert in the fields of occupational health, environment, and toxicology, "Foundations of Environmental and Occupational Neurotoxicology" is a pioneering work. Jos A. Valciukas, in building bridges between several academic and medical disciplines, explains how health and human behavior may be adversely affected by neurotoxins. After introducing his study with a history of environmental and occupational neurotoxicology, he discusses, in Chapter 1, "Fundamentals & Techniques"-the components of the nervous system and how a clinical examination is conducted. Chapter 2, "Neurotoxic Chemical Compounds & Drugs," classifies the various neurotoxic substances. In Chapter 3, "Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Occupational Health," the author examines how neurotoxic agents are absorbed and excreted. In Chapter 4, entitled "Methods of Data Analysis," he assesses surveys, data management, and the determination of toxic causation. Chapter 5, "The Targets of Neurotoxicity," contains an examination of the effects of toxins on brain development, the auditory and visual systems, and emotions and moods. Chapter 6, entitled "Counfounders & Current Issues," discusses relevant issues of senile dementia, alcoholism, smoking, and neurotoxic agents of chemical warfare.
"What is unique about this book is that Dr. Valciukas has consolidated this information and discussed the principles and pitfalls governing the assessment of neurotoxicology in the workplace This book is highly recommended to those who wish to expand their knowledge beyond their area of expertise into aspects of environmental and occupational neurotoxicology..."
-"Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health"
Jos A. Valciukas is director of the Clinical Psychology Internship Program at the Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center in the Bronx, New York. He is the author of "Forensic Neuropsychology: Conceptual Foundations and Clinical Practice," and is a former managing editor of the journal "Environmental Research."

In spite of the growing importance of Species Sensitivity Distribution models (SSDs) in ecological risk assessments, the conceptual basis, strengths, and weaknesses of using them have not been comprehensively reviewed. This book fills that need. Written by a panel of international experts, Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology reviews the current SSD methods from all angles, compiling for the first time the variety of contemporary applications of SSD-based methods.

Beginning with an introduction to SSDs, the chapter authors review the issues surrounding SSDs, synthesizing the positions of advocates and critics with their own analysis of each issue. Finally, they discuss the prospects for future development, paving the way for improved future uses. In sum, this book defines the field of SSD modeling and application. It reveals a lively field, with SSD-applications extending beyond legally adopted quality criteria to other applications such as Life-Cycle Analysis.

For anyone developing or revising environmental criteria or standards, this book explores the pros and cons of using the SSD approach. For anyone who needs to apply and interpret SSD-based criteria or standards, the book explains the basis for the numbers, thereby making it possible to correctly apply and defend them. For anyone performing ecological risk assessments, the book covers when and how to use SSDs including alternative assumptions, data treatments, computational methods, and available resources. Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology provides you with a clear picture of these standard models for estimating ecological risks from laboratory toxicity data.

Contents:
What is an expert witness?; so you want to be an expert; the attorney-expert relationship; what do you offer the attorney?; reports - to be or not to be?; how much are they paying you for your testimony?; play acting; can you determine cause? now the deposition; the courtroom, the judge and the jury; the trial comes eventually; nature of the attack on you; the aftermath.

Honey Bees: Estimating the Environmental Impact of Chemicals provides the reader with an up-to-date account of the different strategies currently in use or in development for assessing the ecotoxicity of xenobiotics against these social insects which play a key role in both ecology and agriculture. In addition to the classical acute laboratory test, semi-field cage tests and full field funnel tests, new tests based mainly on behavioural responses are for the first time clearly described. Information on the direct and indirect effects on honey bees of radionuclides, heavy metals, pesticides, semi-volatile organic compounds and genetically modified plants is also presented.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203218655

The need to understand the biological processes that are important for essential aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem function has prompted much research into the field of ecological enzymology. This book presents the two broad areas of application in a compilation of reviews by 21 international experts in their respective fields. The first explores enzymatic activities to assess the processes or mechanisms that operate in a given system, such as the rhizosphere, plant leaves and shoots, soil surfaces, and biofilms. The second considers enzymes or microbial cells as sensors to detect microbial activity and stresses due to pollution, management, or climatic change in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.

Contents:
1. Antioxidant Nutrients and Protection From Free Radicals M. Doyle and M. Pariza 2. Carotenoids and Health Risk E. Kraczek and J. Erdman 3. The Role of Nutrients in Detoxification Mechanisms K. Netter 4. Foods Derived From Genetically Modified Crop Plants R. Fuchs 5. Allergic Reactions and Food Intolerances S. Taylor and S. Hefle 6. Ethanol Toxicity and Nutritional Status H. Seitz and P. Suter 7. Interactions Between Foods, Nutritional Supplements and Drugs J. Thomas and R. Cotter 8. Phytosterols in Human Health D. Kritchevsky 9. Threshhold of Regulation: A Unifying Concept in Food Safety Assessment W. Flamm, F. Kotsonis and J. Hjelle 10. Biotechnology-derived and Novel Foods: Safety Approaches and Regulations G. Speijers 11. Safety Effectiveness and Labelling of Self Care Products R. Soller 12. Functional Foods: Regulatory and Scientific Considerations M. Mackey and F. Kotsonis 13. Estimation of Food Chemical Intake D. Tennant and N, Rees 14. Post Marketing Surveillance in the Food Industry: the Aspartame Case Study H. Butchko and W. Stargel 15. Regulation of Flavour Ingredients G. Burdock 16. Food Irradiation P. Elias 17. Carcinogens M. McClain

Plants depend for their survival on physiological mechanisms with which to combat adverse environmental conditions, such as pathogen attack, wounding, drought, cold, freezig, salt, UV, intense light, hevy metals, and SO2. Many of these cause excess production of active oxygen species in plant cells. Plants in turn have evolved complex defence systems against such oxidative stress. The study of these mechanisms has become a fast-moving, topical firld of importance to many biologists studying the effect of the environment on living organisms.
Written and edited by world-leading scientists, Oxidative Stress in Plants reviews the current knowledge of the mechanisms by which various biotic and abiotic environmental stress conditions produce oxygen eadicals. The biochemistry and molecular biology of both non-enzymatic (Vitamin C; Glutathione) and enzymatic systems which eliminate active oxygen species are considered in detail. In addition, the book discusses evidence that active oxygen species and antioxidants act as signals which trigger defence reactions.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203303148

REAL-LIFE CASES, TUTORIAL QUESTIONS, NARRATIVE HISTORY

Intriguing anecdotal pedagogy, like the alleged arsenical poisonings of Napoleon and President Taylor and the probable mercury overdose of Isaac Newton, is one of the things that set Toxicology: A Case-Oriented Approach apart from other toxicology texts. Based on an undergraduate-graduate combined toxicology course at West Chester University, this innovative text captures readers' interest by combining modern case studies, historical cases, and hundreds of illustrations and tables. Each chapter presents several case scenarios that involve the reader with questions about diagnosis, testing methods, treatment, and other pertinent information.

TOXICOLOGY FOR THE LABORATORY AND THE EMERGENCY ROOM

In an easy-to-read style, this book covers the major organ systems and reviews the effects of toxins in each system. Most contemporary books are almost entirely clinical or entirely analytical. Toxicology: A Case-Oriented Approach treats each area extensively to benefit students and professionals who need to know aspects of both. It describes diagnosis and treatment of each specific poisonous exposure and discusses chemical basis and the laboratory testing of toxins. This dual perspective, coupled with the book's interesting narrative approach, lets readers quickly absorb the information they need to understand toxicology in the laboratory and in the Emergency Department.

This book presents an overview of the diverse and complex influences that link the mechanisms of adverse drug interactions (ADIs) with their clinical effects. It provides information to busy prescribers in a user-friendly form to ensure that they minimize the risk of harm to patients by ADI.

With contributions from world-renowned experts in the field, this book explores developments in the transport kinetics, seasonal cycling, accumulation, geochemistry, transformation, and toxicology of arsenic. It details advances in the prevention and control of arsenic and arsenic compounds in the air, soil, and water and offers analytical methods for the detection and study of arsenic in the environment and human body. Providing bioremediation techniques for effective treatment of contaminated water supplies, the book discusses factors that influence the removal of arsenic from water as well as diurnal and seasonal variations in the arsenic concentration of surface water supplies.

The clinical approaches to the chronic degenerative diseases that drain our resources, and compromise our well-being, have become almost exclusively symptom-focused. The common wisdom is that they are idiopathic with final outcomes to be managed rather than prevented or cured. That they are potentially reversible rarely enters any discussion between doctor and patient. Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5: Treatment Options of Chemical Sensitivity, the final volume of this set, offers a much different perspective on chronic degenerative disease; one that disputes the idiopathic label attached to most, as well as the usual fatalistic prognosis.

The present work is the first major attempt at reviewing comprehensively all the available information about the environmental fate and behaviour of the xenobiotic chemicals.

Principles of Animal Extrapolation addresses the conceptual basis for animal extrapolation and provides an abundance of documentation that illustrates how these principles may be applied in the selection of the more appropriate models and in the interpretation of toxicological studies. The book analyzes and documents each specific biological cause of interspecies differences in susceptibility to toxic agents, including differences in absorption, gut flora, tissue distribution, metabolism, mechanisms and efficiencies of repair, and excretion. The problem of the heterogenicity of the human population is addressed through several chapters that assess the availability and prospects of developing predictive animal models for normal humans, as well as selected potential high-risk groups. Other topics presented in this book include the biological basis of regulatory actions involving attempts to extrapolate from exceptionally high exposure levels to realistic values, especially carcinogens; an assessment of genotoxicity tests, their ability to predict carcinogenicity in whole animals, and the manner in which they should be used by regulatory agencies; birth defects; and predicting the risk of human teratogenesis. Principle of Animal Extrapolation is essential for environmental toxicologists. It also provides valuable information to biomedical scientists (especially those involved in drug development and testing) and regulatory personnel in agencies such as the EPA, the OSHA, the NIOSH, and the FDA.

This practical resource provides toxicolgists and scientists with essential information on the regulations that govern the context and the content of their jobs and products. The book also covers the scientific and historical underpinnings of those regulations. Each chapter provides a grounding in the historical events that led to the development of original legislation and major subsequent changes in legislation. The major administrative divisions for regulatory agencies and their main missions and responsibilities are also detailed, as are the basic filing units or documents the agencies require of individuals to meet goals.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203165594

Uses Computational Tools to Simulate Endocrine Disruption Phenomena Endocrine Disruption Modeling provides a practical overview of the current approaches for modeling endocrine activity and the related potential adverse effects they may induce on environmental and human health. Based on the extensive research of an international panel of contributors from industry, academia, and regulatory agencies, this is the first book devoted to using computer tools to better understand and simulate the multifaceted aspects of endocrine disruption in humans and wildlife. Explores Diverse Modeling Techniques and Applications This up-to-date resource focuses on xenobiotics that are accidentally released into the environment with the potential to disturb the normal functioning of the endocrine system of invertebrates and vertebrates but also on the specific agro-chemistry design of chemicals that take control of insect endocrine systems. A comprehensive research reference, Endocrine Disruption Modeling provides a collection of computational strategies to model these structurally diverse chemicals. It concludes with a review of the available e-resources in the field, rounding out the book's task-oriented approach to future EDC discovery. Endocrine Disruption Modeling is the first book in the QSAR in Environmental and Health Sciences series (James Devillers, [email protected]).

Addressing the numerous gaps in current information, Target Organ Toxicology in Marine and Freshwater Teleosts is an essential resource for researchers and professionals in aquatic toxicology and environmental risk assessment.
All the chapters are written by researchers who are internationally recognised for their work in mechanistic aspects of aquatic toxicology. Each chapter focuses on a specific target organ or physiological system and describes how various agents disrupt the normal physiological system and processes. This volume provides coverage of toxic effects in the central nervous, immune, neurobehavioural and reproductive systems as well as describing general mechanisms of toxicity. The companion volume, Organs, is devoted to specific organs with coverage of the gill, kidney, skin, liver and gut.

eBook available with sample pages: 0203361415

One of the very few - if not only - books written exclusively related to this topic. This book comprehensively outlines the principles governing the accumulation of chemicals from the environment by organisms. Packed with tables and diagrams, this work reviews the experimental data available on both terrestrial and aquatic systems. It describes methods which are used to predict bioaccumulation of chemicals from their physicochemical properties. It also reviews environmental and other factors influencing bioaccumulation. This text also includes previously unpublished theoretical explanations of several bioaccumulation processes, including food chain biomagnification. Information in this exceptional volume is useful to government officials involved with environmental management, chemists, biologists, consultants working with chemical waste control, researchers, and graduate students.