This volume offers the most comprehensive presentation available on metal toxicology. It discusses not only metals but also the toxic endpoints, such as neurotoxicity, renal toxicity, and cancer induction. Chapters are written by experts in their respective fields, focusing on carcinogenesis and human exposures and highlighting the major aspects and issues of toxicity in general.

This updated and expanded Second Edition of Dr. Erickson's Analytical Chemistry of PCBs appears a decade after the first and is completely revised and updated. The changes from the First Edition reflect the significant growth in the area and a growing appreciation of the importance of PCB analysis to our culture. This book is a comprehensive review of the analytical chemistry of PCBs. It is part history, part annotated bibliography, part comparison, and part guidance. Featuring a new chapter on analyst/customer interactions and several new appendices, the Second Edition is an invaluable resource for both chemists with no experience in PCB analysis and seasoned PCB researchers.
All topics have been more thoroughly treated and updated in this new edition to reflect advances made in the last decade, especially:

The opportunities for improving crops and the environment using genetic engineering have aroused much interest but the public have expressed concerns as to whether there are hazards associated with these techniques. A workshop was held at King's College London, UK, within the framework of the OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) and this book has its origins in that meeting.

Second in our Ecotoxicology series, this book presents a timely discussion of theoretical and practical issues involved in the study of ecotoxicology. By concentrating on the key issues, the book provides an exciting introduction for those new to ecotoxicology while stimulating veterans in the field into lively debate.

Each volume in the series focuses on a particular taxon, presenting detailed and reliable ecotoxicological results from both laboratory and field experiments, performed for a comprehensive range of chemicals. A taxonomical guide to the species is given, together with relevant biological and ecological information.
In recent times much attention has been focused on the effects of anthropogenic emissions of chemicals. This series is unique in providing a considered estimate of the potential impact of such chemicals on the environment.
"Ecotoxicity of Chemicals to Photobacterium Phosphoreum" is the second volume in the series "Handbooks of Ecotoxicological Data." After a brief introductory chapter on the usefulness of the Microtox(R) test, toxicity results for a large collection of over a thousand chemicals are presented in unparalleled detail, thus ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the data. An advantage of this book is that it contains many hitherto unpublished results which

The contributors provide a rich overview of the strengths and limitations of using risk assessment methods in the occupational health arena. This book brings together a distinguished group of experts in occupational health and risk assessment who express diverse views on the usefulness of risk assessment in the protection of worker health. Representatives from regulatory agencies, labor, industry, and academia consider both policy and technical issues, providing a rich overview of the strengths and limitations of using risk assessment methods in the occupational health arena. Both policy and technical issues are explored. Several contributors focus on the policy implications of regulatory agencies' increasing reliance on risk assessment to guide occupational and environmental risk reduction strategies. Others consider specific methodological issues relating to the application of state-of-the-art scientific developments to the evaluation of occupational risks. Chapters are organized to consider specific aspects of the field including current applications of risk assessment methods by federal regulatory agencies; approaches to improving the use of epidemiological data in risk assessment; the use of animal bioassay data to predict occupational risks; potential uses of cutting-edge scientific data on toxicological mechanisms, toxicokinetics, and biomarkers in risk assessment; specific issues including ethics, values, and sociopolitical aspects of the process, and a concluding chapter discussing future directions to the evaluation and regulation of risks to worker health and safety. Given the range of policy and technical issues explored, this collection will be invaluable to professionals as well as academics in the fields of occupational health and environmental risk assessment.

With the advent of the Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986, many water utilities are reexamining their water treatment practices. Upcoming new regulations on disinfection and on disinfection by-products, in particular, are the primary driving forces for the big interest in ozone. It appears that ozone, with its strong disinfection capabilities, and apparently lower levels of disinfection by-products (compared to other disinfectants), may be the oxidant/disinfectant of choice. Many utilities currently using chlorine for oxidation may need to switch due to chlorine by-product concerns. Utilities using chloramines may need to use ozone to meet CT requirements.
This book, prepared by 35 international experts, includes current technology on the design, operation, and control of the ozone process within a drinking water plant. It combines almost 100 years of European ozone design and operating experience with North American design/operations experience and the North American regulatory and utility operational environment. Topics covered include ozone chemistry, toxicology, design consideration, engineering aspects, design of retrofit systems, and the operation and economics of ozone technology. The book contains a "how to" section on ozone treatability studies, which explains what information can be learned using treatability studies, at what scale (bench, pilot, or demonstration plant), and how this information can be used to design full-scale systems. It also includes valuable tips regarding important operating practices, as well as guidance on retrofits and the unique issues involved with retrofitting the ozone process.
With ozone being one of the hottest areas of interest in drinking water, this book will prove essential to all water utilities, design engineers, regulators, and plant managers and supervisors.

Organized primarily around the mechanisms of action of the toxins at the biochemical, physiological and pathological level, rather than by source, the handbook covers most toxins which have been clearly identified and characterized, but emphasizes toxins that are more important by virtue of the sign

The IACUC Administrator's Guide to Animal Program Management supports IACUC administrators who assist with developing, managing, and overseeing a program of animal care and animal use. It provides many options and possibilities for specific operational practices (e.g., how to build a well-functioning IACUC, what a functional protocol template looks like) to satisfy regulatory requirements. The material provided is a compilation of several years of Best Practices (BP) meetings among IACUC administrators across the country. The BP meetings included representatives from the NIH/OLAW, AAALAC, and the USDA, whose presence and dialogue assured the BP discussion met or exceeded all regulatory or accreditation minimum standards. BP meeting attendees from private, public, governmental, and academic organizations have helped to shape and develop the information offered herein. It is through the insight of several hundred colleagues-their successes as well as their failures-that the authors have distilled suggestions and considerations for your local animal care and use program. This handbook complements other useful references and manuals regarding programmatic function-it is not intended to replace them. The primary difference you will find is the transparent and open nature of describing processes that have been time tested and proven to help you and your organization satisfy the regulatory requirements.

The volumes 3/I and 3/J present a modern account of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their heterocyclic analogs in the environment. The authors are internationally well recognized scientists belonging to those working presently in the frontline of the different subfields of this interdisciplinary area of environmental science; they give an integrated thorough overview on this hot topic. Extensive cross-referencing between chapters provides the readers with an easy access to all major areas. Due to the huge amount of material the text is published in two volumes (3/I and 3/J). It is expected that both volumes will soon become a major source of information and inspiration for all researchers actively working in PAH environmental chemistry or ecology.

Sun, wind and water draining from the land interact with the morphological features of a water body to create the environment experienced by freshwater plants and animals. The result of this interaction can be considered as the freshwater hydro climate and this plays the same role as that of conventional climate in terrestrial ecology. Agriculture, for example, has long been supported by specialist meteorological services which not only provide farmers with a sound interpretation of weather and climate without excessive technicality but which also consider relations between climate and the growth of crops and stock. There is a need for a similar service in freshwater ecology and applied biology. This book is the result of a number of years devoted to developing part of that service. It concentrates on the influence of all forms of water movement on the ecology of fresh waters. Water movement implies interest in both the quantity of water moving through river basins which reflects the climate of the catch ment as well as the nature of the fluid motion within the rivers and lakes of the basin. The book is not so much a review of recent research as an attempt to establish a logic-how knowledge of water movement can contribute to understanding the ecology of fresh waters. Two points follow directly.

Potable water supplies that contain arsenic concentrations high enough to pose a human health hazard are a problem of international proportion. Surface water and ground water are both at risk of arsenic contamination. However, most incidences of high concentrations of arsenic have been reported for ground water, which is the subject of this book. The geochemistry of arsenic in aqueous environments is complex. This book consolidates much of what is known about the geochemistry of arsenic and provides new information on relationships between high concentrations of arsenic in ground water and geochemical environments. The subject matter of this book ranges in scope from molecular-scale geochemical processes that affect the mobility of arsenic in ground water, to arsenic contaminated ground water at the national scale. Chapters were contributed by an international group of research scientists from a broad range of backgrounds.
Information includes reviews of existing thermodynamic data for arsenic containing mineral phases and aqueous arsenic species, factors that affect adsorption of arsenic in common ground water environments, and spectroscopic techniques used to determine the chemical reactions controlling arsenic partitioning between solid and liquid phases at particle-water interfaces. A significant portion of this book is devoted to regions where high concentrations of arsenic in ground waters have a natural source. The original source of arsenic can vary; however, arsenic becomes concentrated in the solid and aqueous phases of an aquifer given appropriate geochemical conditions. Often, high arsenic concentrations in the solid phase become mobile if there is a change in ground water chemistry, either natural or anthropogenically induced. Research presented in this book covers several different geologic settings and provides explanations of the geochemical processes that have caused the arsenic concentrations observed in ground water. In situ remediation of arsenic-contaminated ground water can provide a relatively inexpensive alternative to above ground treatment. One chapter of this book discusses natural remediation of an aquifer where naturally occurring arsenic was mobilized by leachate from a landfill. Two chapters discuss results from field experiments designed to alter aquifer geochemistry in order to remove arsenic from ground water prior to withdrawal.
This book will be of interest to scientists working in the field of arsenic, health professionals interested in arsenic exposure, and water-resource managers and regulators.

Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution provides the reader with an overview of the health effects of air pollution in human subjects. The majority of the book is devoted to the discussion of the health effects of common widespread air pollutants regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency through national ambient air quality standards. The book reviews the sources and fate of common air pollutants in ambient air and researches the adverse effects of these outdoor and indoor air pollutants in in vivo' cell systems, animals, and humans. Research for the book was conducted in controlled laboratory studies and epidemiologic studies. Special emphasis throughout Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution is placed on the effects of air pollution in subjects with asthma.

The volumes of this classic series, now referred to simply as "Zechmeister" after its founder, L. Zechmeister, have appeared under the "Springer Imprint" ever since the series inauguration in 1938. The volumes contain contributions on various topics related to the origin, distribution, chemistry, synthesis, biochemistry, function or use of various classes of naturally occurring substances ranging from small molecules to biopolymers. Each contribution is written by a recognized authority in his field and provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the topic in question. Addressed to biologists, technologists, and chemists alike, the series can be used by the expert as a source of information and literature citations and by the non-expert as a means of orientation in a rapidly developing discipline.

The field of electromagnetic sensitivity is the new epidemic of the 21st century, and can cause disease of the automatic nerve system in any part of the body. This is as a result of chemical sensitivity, in which over 80,000 chemicals are involved, resulting in innumerable combinations. A cursory understanding of the combinations can help clinicians partially understand the associated problems and thus help in the diagnosis and treatment of electromagnetic sensitivities. But a basic understanding of environmentally induced illness and healing must first be understood by the clinicians before diseases occur such as cardiac arrhythmia, muscle spasms, and nerve pain. Key Features: Describes how an understanding of the vast combinations of electrical and chemical sensitivities will help in the diagnosis and treatment of electromagnetic sensitivities Reveals the complexity and multi-faceted presentation often seen in chemical sensitivity and chronic degenerative disease cases Provides information backed up by rigorous scientific data including hundreds of tables and figures as online resources Features a Dedication to Robert Becker, MD, an orthopedic surgeon who was one of the first clinicians to recognize the significance of EMF in medicine and surgery, and also to his assistant Andrew Marino, PhD, who helped develop the basic science of orthopedic electromagnet healing

The Leguminosae is an economically important family in the Dicotyledonae with many cultivated species, e. g. , beans and peas. The family also contains many well-known medicinal plants. It is composed of 17,000 or more species that constitute nearly one twelfth of the world's flowering plants (1). Traditionally the family has been divided into three subfamilies, Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae and Papilionoi- deae, which are sometimes recognized as separate families Caesalpinia- ceae, Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature permits alternative nomenclatures, the family names being replaced by Fabaceae, Fabales and Faboideae, and this usage will be common (2). Licorice (liquorice, kanzoh in Japanese, gancao in Chinese) is the name applied to the roots and stolons of some Glycyrrhiza species (Fabaceae) and has been used by human beings for at least 4000 years. The earliest written reference to the use of licorice is contained in the Codex Hammurabi dating from 2100 B. C. , and the subsequent history in the West has been described in the earlier reviews (3-6). In the Far East, references to the effectiveness of licorice are contained in the "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing", the first Chinese dispensatory whose original anonymous volumes probably appeared by the end of the third century (7, 8).

This work draws together current research on the origins and effects of pollutants in the Artic area and the implications for arctic ecology and fauna as well as more far-reaching global change. Topics discussed include: toxic substances in the food chain; acids and heavy metals in snow and ice and the possible consequences to arctic ecology following snow melt; the Antarctic ozone "hole"; climate change and its effect on the northern hemisphere; climate and global sea levels; exploitation of minerals and fossil fuels; and future impacts from industrialization of the North. The book should be useful to all environmental scientists, atmospheric chemists, pollution specialists, ecologists, conservationists, climatologists, meteorologists and government and industrial departments concerned with environmental impact studies and pollution control.

The migration of substances from packaging to food is a matter of concern for the food safety authorities, and packaging materials constitute a potential source of contaminants to which the consumer will be exposed to through their diet. A huge variety of substances can be present in packaging materials, which could consequently migrate into food and represent a risk to consumer health. Food Contamination by Packaging provides an overview of the main packaging contaminants including Bisphenol A, melamine, phthalates, alternative plasticisers, photoinitiators, perfluorochemicals, saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons (mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons) from mineral oils, other bisphenol-related compounds, nanoparticles, primary aromatic amines and nonintentionally added substances. The analytical techniques used for their determination are reviewed. This book will be of interest to students and researchers in universities and research institutions associated with food packaging and, in general, to the food safety sector.

Proceedings of a conference sponsored by the Air Resources Information Clearinghouse ARIC, a project of the Center for Environmental Information, Inc.

This volume is designed to impart the fundamental concepts in experimental pharmacology, research methodology and biostatistics. Through this book, the readers will learn about different methods involved in drug discovery, experimental animals and their care, equipments and the various bioassays used in experimental pharmacology. This book contains special sections on various drug screening methods involved in the evaluation of different body systems. Certain sections provide the healthcare professionals with the knowledge necessary to interpret clinical research articles, design clinical studies, and learn essential concepts in biostatistics in an expedient and concise manner. Basic principles and applications of simple analytical methods employed in drug analysis are well written under one section. It focuses on the basic and advanced laboratory techniques and also on computer simulated data, written extensively under the Biostatistics section. The methods used for drug analysis have been described in adequate detail with cross-references for further studies and comprehension. Overall, the book is designed systematically with four broad sections with extensive subdivisions for easy tracking, interpretation, and understanding.

Tuberculous Meningitis: Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy focuses on the most common and most lethal manifestation of tuberculosis of the central nervous system. It includes up-to-date reviews of the diagnosis, treatment, and management of tuberculous meningitis in adults and children. Extensive guidance is provided for the treatment of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tuberculosis and tuberculous meningitis. Clinicians and researchers will find the beginning chapters on immunopathology and epidemiology of great use in their efforts to develop new strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous meningitis.

Handbook on Biological Warfare Preparedness provides detailed information on biological warfare agents and their mode of transmission and spread. In addition, it explains methods of detection and medical countermeasures, including vaccine and post-exposure therapeutics, with specific sections detailing diseases, their transmission, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, vaccines, prevention and management. This book is useful reading for researchers and advanced students in toxicology, but it will also prove helpful for medical students, civil administration, medical doctors, first responders and security forces. As the highly unpredictable nature of any event involving biological warfare agents has given rise to the need for the rapid development of accurate detection systems, this book is a timely resource on the topic.

Ecotoxicology, New Challenges and New Approaches provides the latest in new challenges for research in ecotoxicology. In six comprehensive chapters, the book deals with the long term effect of stressors on biological communities, the effect of pollutants on the chemical communication among organisms, the impact of multiple stressors and of emerging pollutants (microplastics), and at the use of new technologies (omics) in ecotoxicology.

This up-to-date reference book compiles the recent developments, innovations, and perspectives on second and third-generation bioplastics. It discusses the main commercialized bioplastics, such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). Chapters include the use of alternative raw materials and innovations in bioplastic production processes to reduce costs and decrease environmental impacts. It covers bioplastic production from lignocellulosic biomass, sugars, or oils produced by microbes and municipal waste material. It also includes techno-economic aspects. The book is meant for researchers and industry experts in biotechnology, environmental sciences, and applied microbiology.