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Books > Social sciences > Psychology > Philosophy & theory of psychology > Behavioural theory (Behaviourism)
Originally published in 1988, the purpose of this title was to present a coherent summary of the previous 30 years' of research on the way in which animals and humans distribute their behaviour between alternative sources of reinforcement. There were three reasons why the book was needed at the time. First, it makes use of the empirical results available, something only partially present in many theories of the time. Second, as a general source of information to gain understanding of the scope of research on behaviour allocation. Third, a text was needed that described the techniques of experimental design and data analysis in this area.
What can the evolution of animal behaviour tell us about human behaviour? More specifically, how good an account of animal behaviour can we give in terms of evolution, and how do humans fit in with or deviate from the pattern established for other animals? The biological approach to the study of animal behaviour has important implications for psychology, but it is distinctly different. Originally published in 1984, this book provides a basic introduction to biological theories about behaviour, from the classic ethological tradition of Lorenz and Tinbergen to the later sociobiological approach. The principles of experimentation and research involved are assessed critically, especially with regard to their implications for the study of human behaviour. Written specifically for those with little biological knowledge, this book will still be of interest to students of biology and introductory psychology alike.
First published in 1998. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Why do men behave the way they do? The "science" of gender studies is less than 25 years old and it is only recently that scholars and popular authors interested in gender have started to examine the issues associated with masculinity. This text is based on over 10 years research, and constructs a comprehensive theory of masculinity by exploring in great detail how men form their gender identities and how those identities influence their behaviour. The book examines the influence of 24 male messages, or gender norms - such as "be like your father", "faithful husband", "superman", and "nurturer" - that represent cultural expectations for masculinity in western societies. Drawing on a diverse sample of over 500 men from different classes, backgrounds, races and ethnic groups, the author describes how men learn these messages, how individual men respond to them, and how their influence changes over the course of a man's life. This accessible text presents a general framework for masculinity and breaks new ground in understanding the construction of male gender identity.
Focusing on language and the assessment of its meaning, this volume
concentrates on a method of content analysis developed by the
author and Goldine Gleser. Applicable to transcripts of speech or
verbal texts, this method uses the grammatical clause as its
smallest unit of communication, considers whether or not a verb is
transitive and involves an object, or is intransitive and describes
a state of being. It derives scores on many scales that have been
tested for reliability of scoring and for construct validity with
concurrently administered measures, such as rating and self-report
scales as well as biochemical and pharmacological criteria.
Finally, this volume provides detailed descriptions of the clinical
and basic research establishing the validity of these scales, so
that a reader can locate studies that have pertinence to any
special interest area.
This book was written with the belief that ordinal statistical methods--sometimes discussed under the title of "nonparametric statistics"--deserve much more serious attention as research tools than they have traditionally had. There are three classes of reasons for this: *Many behavioral variables constitute only ordinal scales, not interval measurements that are required for traditional statistics. *Various research issues that are of primary interest in behavioral research are themselves questions about order: Which group scores higher? Is the order on this variable similar to the order on that? *Inferences from ordinal statistics are less subject to distributional peculiarities of the data than are those from traditional statistics. Taking an innovative approach, this book treats ordinal methods in an integrated way rather than as a compendium of unrelated methods, and emphasizes that the ordinal quantities are highly meaningful in their own right, not just as stand-ins for more traditional correlations or analyses of variance. In fact, since the ordinal statistics have desirable descriptive properties of their own, the book treats them parametrically, rather then nonparametrically. The author discusses how ordinal statistics can be applied in a much wider set of research situations than has usually been thought, and that they can often come closer to answering the researcher's primary questions than traditional ones can. And he includes some extensions of ordinal methods in order to accomplish that end.
Human interaction with the natural environment has a dual character. By turning increasing quantities of natural substances into physical resources, human beings might be said to have freed themselves from the constraints of low-technology survival pressures. However, the process has generated a new dependence on nature in the form of complex "socionatural systems," as Bennett calls them, in which human society and behavior are so interlocked with the management of the environment that small changes in the systems can lead to disaster. Bennett's essays cover a wide range: from the philosophy of environmentalism to the ecology of economic development; from the human impact on semi-arid lands to the ecology of Japanese forest management. This expanded paperback edition includes a new chapter on the role of anthropology in economic development. Bennett's essays exhibit an underlying pessimism: if human behavior toward the physical environment is the distinctive cause of environmental abuse, then reform of current management practices offers only temporary relief; that is, conservationism, like democracy, must be continually reaffirmed. Clearly presented and free of jargon, Human Ecology as Human Behavior will be of interest to anthropologists, economists, and environmentalists.
In recent years, advocates for civil rights for minorities, women, and gays and lesbians have become more informed consumers of mental health services. As a result, social work practitioners need to prepare themselves to serve diverse constituencies for who previously held behavioral and cultural assumptions have proven not to be universally applicable. The purpose of Greene's book is to help students and practitioners better understand how social workers have used human behavior theories to more competently address variations in group and community membership within the social worker-client encounter. The book's approach is largely thematic. Most of the chapters explore how particular assumptions of a human behavior theory--psychoanalytic theory, psychodynamic/ego psychology theory, systems theory, behavioral theory, symbolic interaction theory, feminist theory, constructionist theory, small group theory, and an ecological perspective --have been used to answer issues related to cultural diversity. The challenges and limitations of each theory's applications across varying client constituencies are discussed throughout. What sorts of new conceptual issues for the practitioner of family services are raised in work with minority families, for example, or with lesbian families? How does a specific theory help, or not help, in group-specific interventions and evaluations? Intended as a companion volume to the widely adopted human behavior text by Greene and Ephross, Greene's new book fills the need for a wide, synthetic reading of the recent literature on divergent client populations. "Roberta R. Greene" is the Louis and Ann Wolens Centennial Chair in Gerontology and Social Welfare at the University of Texas at Austin. She has authored numerous books and journal articles dealing with the application of conceptual frameworks to social work practice. She is a member of the editorial board of the "Journal of Social Work Education."
Blending academic theory with policy guidelines and practical suggestions, this book provides a review of current approaches to assessment and Intervention For Children With Emotional And Behavioural Difficulties. It incorporates a discussion of government guidelines on policy and provision with schools and LEAs and reviews a range of successful innovations in intervention. Specific areas are covered, including Exclusion, Integration And Emotional Abuse.; Five Recurring Themes permeate the whole book, these being: the effects of government legislation on all aspects of EBD assessment and provision; the recognition that children with EBD come from economically and socially disadvantaged families and the implication that this has for assessment and provision; the problems of agreeing on an acceptable definition of EBD; the fact that children labelled as EBD do not have an equal opportunity to assessment and provision; and the belief that schools can make a substantial contribution to the prevention of EBD.
Looking In Depth At The Main Issues Of Emotional And Behavioural difficulties of 7-11 year olds, this book draws on recent study material and projects to suggest practical ways of dealing with such difficulties in schools, and to give a clearer understanding of the problems posed by children with EBDs. Key topics covered include educating children with Emotional And Behavioural Difficulties Ebds In Mainstream And Special schools, disruptive behaviour and bullying, withdrawal, anxiety and depression, identification and assessment and how schools, parents and others can help.
This edited collection of articles addresses aspects of medical
care in which human error is associated with unanticipated adverse
outcomes. For the purposes of this book, human error encompasses
mismanagement of medical care due to:
First Published in 1998. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
This work contributes to the debate on adverse treatment of children with emotional and behavioural difficulties. The text serves as a practical and theoretical resource for the training of teachers and other professionals. Drawing on case studies from his own experience, the author illustrates the relevant concepts of Jungian, psychoanalytic and humanistic psychology. The text also provides individual and group exercises which should help adults to explore the nature of their own participation in the growth and learning processes. The book's multi-disciplinary approach should appeal to teachers in mainstream and special schools, researchers and professionals in the related fields of clinical psychology, counselling and social work, as well as to parents.
Teachers in mainstream schools are increasingly confronted with children with severe emotional and behavioural difficulties. This text provides a concise guide to the major approaches which can be used to deal with emotional and behavioural difficulties. The authors discuss counselling, behavioural approaches, family therapy and class management based on analysis of social interaction. The final chapters look at the development of whole school policies through an extended case study and at the relevance of recent research in school effectiveness to the tackling of emotional and behavioural difficulties. The work should be useful reading for special needs co-ordinators, individual teachers reflecting on the issue in their own classrooms and heads wishing to establish whole school approaches to the problem.
For over a century and a quarter, the science of learning has expanded at an increasing rate and has achieved the status of a mature science. It has developed powerful methodologies and applications. The rise of this science has been so swift that other learning texts often overlook the fact that, like other mature sciences, the science of learning has developed a large body of knowledge. The Science of Learning comprehensively covers this knowledge in a readable and highly systematic manner. Methodology and application are discussed when relevant; however, these aspects are better appreciated after the reader has a firm grasp of the scientific knowledge of learning processes. Accordingly, the book begins with the most fundamental and well-established principles of the science and builds on the preceding material toward greater complexity. The connections of the material with other sciences, especially its sister science, biology, are referenced throughout. Through these frequent references to biology and evolution, the book keeps in the forefront the recognition that the principles of learning apply to all animals. Thus, in the final section the book brings together all learning principles studied in research settings by demonstrating their relevance to both animals and humans in their natural settings. For animals this is the untamed environment of their niches; for humans it is any social environment, for Homo sapiens is the social and learning animal par excellence.
During the past decade a diverse group of disciplines have
simultaneously intensified their attention upon the scientific
study of emotion. This proliferation of research on affective
phenomena has been paralleled by an acceleration of investigations
of early human structural and functional development. Developmental
neuroscience is now delving into the ontogeny of brain systems that
evolve to support the psychobiological underpinnings of
socioemotional functioning. Studies of the infant brain demonstrate
that its maturation is influenced by the environment and is
experience-dependent. Developmental psychological research
emphasizes that the infant's expanding socioaffective functions are
critically influenced by the affect-transacting experiences it has
with the primary caregiver. Concurrent developmental psychoanalytic
research suggests that the mother's affect regulatory functions
permanently shape the emerging self's capacity for
self-organization. Studies of incipient relational processes and
their effects on developing structure are thus an excellent
paradigm for the deeper apprehension of the organization and
dynamics of affective phenomena.
This book brings together a group of scholars to share findings and
insights on the effects of media on children and family. Their
contributions reflect not only widely divergent political
orientations and value systems, but also three distinct domains of
inquiry into human motivation and behavior -- social scientific,
psychodynamic (or psychoanalytical), and clinical practice. Each of
these three domains is privy to important evidence and insights
that need to transcend epistemological and methodological
boundaries if understanding of the subject is to improve
dramatically. In keeping with this notion, the editors asked the
authors to go beyond a summary of findings, and lend additional
distinction to the book by applying the "binoculars" of their
particular perspective and offering suggestions as to the
implications of their findings.
Based upon lectures presented at an invitational colloquium in
honor of Nico Frijda, this collection of essays represents a brief
and up-to-date overview of the field of emotions, their
significance and how they function. For most, emotions are simply
what we feel, giving our lives affective value. Scientists approach
emotions differently -- some considering the "feeling" aspect to be
of little relevance to their research questions. Some investigators
consider emotions from a phenomenological perspective, while others
believe that the psychophysiological bases of the emotions are of
prime importance, and still others observe and study animals in
order to generate hypotheses about human emotions. Containing
essays which represent each of these approaches, this book is in
one sense a heterogenous collection. Nevertheless, the variety of
approaches and interests come together, since these scholars are
all operating from a more or less cognitive psychological
orientation and use the same conceptual reference scheme. Written
by experts in their own area, the essays reflect the richness of
research in emotions. Whether these approaches and opinions can be
harmonized into a single theory of emotions is a question which the
future will have to answer.
Humor and comedy are an integral part of our lives, inviting us to
take pleasure at any moment. In "Taking Humour Seriously," Jerry
Palmer argues that humor must be taken seriously--as well as in
it's "native state"--or else we fail to understand a fundamental
dimension of our aesthetic and social culture.
This book presents a new approach to understanding the family unit
and how and why it functions as it does. The approach focuses on
the cognitions of family members and how these, in turn, shape
individuals' behavior and the functioning of the family system.
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