This book owes its existence to an ideal, a burning frustration, and a trusted believer. The ideal was the sense that governed my feelings about systematic desensitization during my early introduction to its benefits. It is hard to put into words the initial doubts that pervaded me during my first attempt with desensitization with a seriously phobic client, as I re ligiously worked my way through the procedure: "Will this client really become relaxed? And then what-will the visualization actually occur? And then what-will the fear really vanish, just like that?" And oh, the feeling of discovery, and validation, when indeed the process worked, and worked well. Desensitization was everything it was claimed to be: systematic, clean, theoretically grounded, empirically tested, applicable as a behavioral technology regardless of one's own theoretical bias. And there were testable outcomes; concrete evidence for change. So I became invested and aimed at doing more with desensitization. My students and I raised some theoretical questions in order to open the doors for revising the desensitization to improve on its applications. We tested the rapidity with which desensitization could be accomplished, shortening the time by shortening the anxiety hierarchy. Along with others, we studied the question of group delivery, and reducing the total number of sessions, as well as examining the use of audiotaped delivery of services."

"It all began one morning last July when we noticed a young manof twenty-six crying in his bed in Dr. Pitre's ward. He had just come from a longjourney on foot and was exhausted, but that was not the cause of his tears. He weptbecause he could not prevent himself from departing on a trip when the need tookhim; he deserted family, work, and daily life to walk as fast as he could, straightahead, sometimes doing 70 kilometers a day on foot, until in the end he would bearrested for vagrancy and thrown in prison."

--Dr.Philippe Tissie, July 1886

Thus begins therecorded case history of Albert Dadas, a native of France's Bordeaux region and thefirst diagnosed mad traveler, or fuguer. An occasional employee of a local gascompany, Dadas suffered from a strange compulsion that led him to travelobsessively, often without identification, not knowing who he was or why hetraveled. He became notorious for his extraordinary expeditions to such far-reachingspots as Algeria, Moscow, and Constantinople. Medical reports of Dadas set off atthe time of a small epidemic of compulsive mad voyagers, the epicenter of which wasBordeaux, but which soon spread throughout France to Italy, Germany, andRussia.

Today we are similarly besieged by mentalillnesses of the moment, such as chronic fatigue syndrome and attention deficithyperactivity disorder. The debate rages about which of these conditions areaffectations or cultural artifacts and which are "real." In Mad Travelers, IanHacking uses the Dadas case to weigh the legitimacy of cultural influences versusphysical symptoms in the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders. He argues thatpsychological symptoms find stable homes at a given place and time, in "ecologicalniches" where transient illnesses flourish.

Usingthe records of Dadas's physician, Philippe Tissie, Hacking attempts to make sense ofthis strange epidemic. While telling his fascinating tale, he raises probingquestions about the nature of mental disorders, the cultural repercussions of theirdiagnosis, and the relevance of this century-old case study for today's overanalyzedsociety.

Religion on the Internet is the first systematic inquiry into the nature, scope and content of religion in cyberspace. Contributors to this volume include leading social scientists engaged in systematic studies of how organizations and individuals are presenting religion on the Internet. Their combined efforts provide a conceptual mapping of religion in cyberspace at this moment. The individual papers and collective insights found in this volume add up to a valuable agenda of research that will enrich understanding of this new phenomenon. Among the contributors are the founders of three of the most important scholarly religion web sites on the Internet: American Religion Data Archive, Religious Tolerance, and Religious Movements Homepage.
Religion and the Internet is essential reading for all who seek to understand how religion is being presented on the Internet and how this topic is likely to unfold in the years ahead.

In cross cultural settings, the author suggests it is not enough to know that behavior differs across cultures, but also how differences in values drive behaviors. To truly understand the differences among cultures, one must understand their origins, how they emerged on the world stage, the various economic, political, physical, social, and religious forces that shaped them. This is a unique book in that it traces the antecedents of people's behavior and shows readers why cultures differ and includes suggestions for adjusting to these differences. Engrossing and revealing, Scarborough's book will be essential for corporate management and others involved in international commerce, but also for their counterparts in the public sector, who also understand why it is necessary to get along with people from other cultures in the pursuit of mutually beneficial goals.

Scarborough says, There may be no greater, more significant void in the knowledge of educated adults than cross-cultural understanding. My book advances that understanding by explaining the reasons "why" behavior, attitudes, beliefs, and values differ across specific cultures. Its premise is that people who interact with others with different cultural backgrounds, whether in international or culturally diverse domestic settings, are much better prepared if they understand the reasons why people act, talk, think and feel as they do. Instead of being left with just lessons on behavior, to be learned by rote, readers will be able to rely on a substantive understanding of the cultures and societies in which they find themselves, as well as their own good common sense, and in this way work more productively and harmoniously with their counterparts abroad.

A revised and updated version of Behavioral consultation (1977). A basic text for students and professionals interested in increasing consultation skills to assist parents, teachers and others to solve mental-health and educational problems of children and youths. The orientation is behavioral, with

This series will include monographs and collections of studies devoted to the investigation and exploration of knowledge, infonnation, and data-processing systems of all kinds, no matter whether human, (other) animal, or machine. Its scope is intended to span the full range of interests from classical problems in the philosophy of mind and philosophical psychology through issues in cognitive psychology and sociobiology (concerning the mental capabilities of other species) to ideas related to artificial intelligence and computer science. While primary emphasis will be placed upon theoretical, conceptual, and epistemological aspects of these problems and domains, empirical, experi mental, and methodological studies will also appear from time to time. In the present volume, Bruce Thyer has brought together an impressive collection of original studies concerning philosophical aspects of behaviorism, which continues to exert considerable influence even in the era of the Cognitive Revolution. From its early origins and basic principles to its analysis of verbal behavior, consciousness, and free-will, determinism, and self-control, this work offers something of value for everyone with a serious interest in understanding scientific method in application to human behavior. Indeed, as the editor remarks, behaviorism is as much a philosophy as it is an approach to the study of behavior. The breadth and depth of this approach receives proper representation in this work devoted to its rich and varied philosophical legacy. J.H.F. v BA. Thyer (ed.). The Philosophical Legacy of Behaviorism, v."

It is with great pride and satisfaction that I welcome the publication of Cognitive Therapy with Couples and Groups. For several years, Arthur Freeman, Director of Clinical Services at the Center for Cognitive Therapy, has been a leader in attempting to extend a cognitive approach to new problems and new populations and to expand the approaches for treating the depressed outpatients for whom this approach was first developed. Dr. Freeman brought to the Center the full range and depth of a diverse clinical background which had and continues to broaden and enrich his work both as a therapist and as a teacher. I believe he has applied these dimensions of his experi ence fully in developing and editing this volume. The chapters in this book clearly reflect those clinical problems that have attracted the keenest interest on the part of practicing cognitive therapist, which are encountered so frequently in the course of treating depression. The utilization of cognitive therapy with couples, families, groups, and in training is a clear example of this process, an intriguing topic in its own right. Conversely, coping with special clinical phe nomena such as loneliness is a familiar problem to therapists of de pressed patients. Laura Primakoff demonstrates her creativity and expe rience in her treatment of this subject. Similarly, the chapters on al coholism and agoraphobia are timely elaborations of the original cogni tive model for the individual treatment of depression."

One of the most frequent requests I receive from graduate students is for references on how to formulate a complex clinical case. Typically, after reading the recommended materials, the student returns to request more detailed accounts of how clinicians "think" about particular cases. The general lack of such materials in the behavior therapy Iiterature led to the formation of the present volume. Throughout much of the behavior therapy literature, one gets the impression that most cases seen present circumscribed and straight fmward psychological problems. In my experience, such cases are rare. Accordingly, the present volume was designed to cover more complex problemssuch as sociopathy and paranoid personality. Thesedisorders are rarely discussed in the behavior therapy Iiterature but nonetheless seem to appear regularly in clinical settings. The cases presented in this book are descriptions of patients seen clinically by the editor or by the contributors. Work an this text began while I was a faculty member at Vanderbilt University and took several years to complete. As the contributors would attest, the task I set out for them was atypical and often difficult. The complexities involved in articulating how one conceptualizes a case are numerous and may help to explain why there are so few sources available on case formulation. The fact that our current state of knowl edge in psychopathology is rather limited further exacerbates the problem."

For hundreds of years, the human response to personal and collective catastrophe has been recognized. Major historical events of the twen tieth century have highlighted the reality of the human response to extreme traumatization, especially the experience of persons exposed to the concentration camps of Nazi Germany, the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the unique features of the Vietnam conflict. However, it was not until1980, with the publication of the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-111), that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was fully recognized as a distinct and valid diagnostic category with a permanency not hitherto afforded post-trauma stress syndromes. Consequently, a formidable PTSD literature has emerged since the late 1970s. Included among the wealth of research and clinical papers are a variety of edited books containing contributions from the major authorities in the field (e.g., Figley, 1978, 1985; van der Kolk, 1984; Kelly, 1985; Sonnenberg, Blank, & Talbott, 1985; Milgram, 1986; Ochberg, 1988). However, to date no publication has brought together and integrated the variety of theoretical and therapeutic perspectives in a form readily accessible to clinicians. It is to this gap in the literature that this contribution is addressed."

Understanding visual perceptual organization remains a challenge for vision science. Perceptual Organization in Vision: Behavioral and Neural Perspectives explores ideas emanating from behavioral, developmental, neuropsychological, neurophysiological, and computational approaches to the problem of perceptual organization. The growing body of research on perceptual organization has converged on a number of critical issues, most of which are addressed in this volume. These include issues concerning the nature and order of organizational processes, the stimulus factors that engage the mechanisms of organization, the developmental stage at which the mechanisms of organization are available, the role of past experience and learning in organization, the neural mechanisms underlying perceptual organization, and the relations between perceptual organization and other cognitive processes, in particular, object recognition and visual attention. Divided into four parts, the book is designed not only to detail the current state of the art in the field but also to promote an interdisciplinary approach to the study of perceptual organization. Part I presents an overview of the problem of perceptual organization, different frameworks for understanding perceptual organization, and a state-of-the-art summary of the domain. Part II details which organizational processes are hardwired in the perceptual system, which are acquired through experience, and how object perception relates to other aspects of cognition. Part III describes various attempts to understand the neural mechanisms underlying perceptual organization using two different approaches--neurophysiological and neuropsychological. Part IV offers a computational approach to the problem. This book is intended for cognitive psychologists, neuroscientists, computational vision scientists, and developmental psychologists.

The International Journal of Psychoanalysis Key Papers Series brings together the most important psychoanalytic papers in the journal's eighty-year history in a series of accessible monographs. Approaching the IJP's intellectual resources from a variety of perspectives, the monographs highlight important domains of psychoanalytic enquiry.

This provocative book provides the first comprehensive and informative overview of the role of various subjective experiences in social cognition and behavior, and argues that the study of such experiences may be one of the key unifying themes of social psychology. Based on recent theoretical and empirical developments in the discipline, this select group of leading international researchers surveys extensive evidence and shows that subjective experiences play a key role in most aspects of social cognition and social behavior. The book contains five main sections, discussing the role of subjective experiences in social information processing (Part 1), their influence on memory (Part 2) and their role in intergroup contexts (Part 3). The role of affective experiences in social thinking and behavior is analyzed (Part 4), and the influence of subjective experiences on the development and change of attitudes and stereotypes is also addressed (Part 5).
The subjective experiences discussed include affective states, metacognitive feelings, feelings of uncertainty, ease of retrieval, feelings of familiarity, feelings of knowing and primed prior experiences. Despite extensive recent research on these issues, a comprehensive survey and integration of the available empirical and theoretical evidence has been lacking. The Message Within seeks to link and integrate a variety of research areas, and to provide a new theoretical perspective based on subjective experience as a core integrative concept. It will be essential reading for researchers and students in social, personality, cognitive, and clinical psychology, as well as those interested in subjective experience in other social sciences.

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The Wiley Handbook of Contextual Behavioral Science describes the philosophical and empirical foundation of the contextual behavioral science movement; it explores the history and goals of CBS, explains its core analytic assumptions, and describes Relational Frame Theory as a research and practice program. * This is the first thorough examination of the philosophy, basic science, applied science, and applications of Contextual Behavioral Science * Brings together the philosophical and empirical contributions that CBS is making to practical efforts to improve human wellbeing * Organized and written in such a way that it can be read in its entirety or on a section-by-section basis, allowing readers to choose how deeply they delve into CBS * Extensive coverage of this wide ranging and complex area that encompasses both a rich basic experimental tradition and in-depth clinical application of that experimental knowledge * Looks at the development of RFT, and its implications for alleviating human suffering

This book offers a comprehensive review and integration of the most recent research and theories on the role of affect in social cognition and features original contributions from leading researchers in the field. The applications of this work to areas such as clinical, organizational, forensic, health, marketing, and advertising psychology receive special emphasis throughout. The book is suitable as a core text in advanced courses on the role of affect in social cognition and behavior or as a reference for those interested in the subject.

During the past decade, a dramatic increase in research and clinical interest has risen in child abuse and neglect. This recent growth in awareness isdue at leastpartly to thealarmingstatisticsdocumentingthe incidence of child maltreatment. Almost one million children are re ported to be abused and neglected each year, and many experts believe that this figure underestimates the true incidence. Indeed, recentsurveys suggest that almost 1. 5 million children are the targets of domestic vio lence every year. A significantproportion of these children die as a func tion of this maltreatment, whereas theremaindersuffera variety ofshort and long-term deleterious medicaland psychosocial consequences. Child maltreatment is a universal problem that has precipitated a mobilization of effort from a variety of disciplines, including psychology, medicine, psychiatry, social work, sociology, and criminology. Particular attention has been directed toward the prevention and treatment of childabuse and neglect. Such endeavors require the screen ing of large groups in order to identify families that are at high-risk for engaging in such behavior. Delineating those characteristics that differ entiate high- from low-risk families and children is one of the obvious priorities for researchers and clinicians in the future. This book, there fore, carefully considers the status of research on risk factors of abuse and neglect in children. Adduced data undoubtedly will have practical value for subsequent intervention efforts."

The movement from young adulthood through coupling and the transition to parenthood may be among the most universal adult developmental transitions. These passages hold interest for all of us, but especially for those who study the psychological, familial, and sociocultural components of development, all of which interact and influence each other. This book enhances understanding of family-life development by shedding light on the meanings that family members ascribe to the developmental process of becoming a family. This is achieved through qualitative analysis of narratives through which individuals and families explain themselves, their thinking, and their behavior. These family narratives are windows into individual and family identity, as well as descriptions of connections to others. The book addresses issues including identity, child characteristics, social support, and work. Each chapter includes a review of seminal literature, parents' comments and ideas about the topic, and a discussion of practice, policy, and research implications.

This new monograph presents Dr. Luce's current understanding of the behavioral properties people exhibit (or should exhibit) when they make selections among alternatives and how these properties lead to numerical representations of those preferences. It summarizes, and places in historical perspective, the research Dr. Luce has done on utility theory for over 10 years. Included are axiomatic theoretical formulations, experiments designed to test individual assumptions, and analyses of the fit to bodies of data of numerical representations derived from the theory.

What is "too fat?" "Too thin"? Interpretations of body weight vary widely across and within cultures. Meeting weight expectations is a major concern for many people because failing to do so may incur dire social consequences, such as difficulty in finding a romantic partner or even in locating adequate employment. Without these social and cultural pressures, body weight would be only a health issue. While socially constructed standards of body weight may seem immutable, they are continuously re-created through social interactions that perpetuate or transform expectations about fatness and thinness. Understanding social constructions of body weight requires insight regarding how people develop and use constructions in their daily lives. While structural conditions and cultural environments make important contributions to weight constructions, the chapters in this book focus on the "social processes" in which people engage while they interpret, negotiate, resist, and transform cultural definitions and expectations. As such, most of the chapters in this volume borrow from and contribute to a symbolic interactionist perspective. Written by sociologists, psychologists, and nutritionists, all of the chapters in "Interpreting Weight" focus on how people construct fatness and thinness. The contributors examine different strategies used to interpret body weight, such as negotiating weight identities, reinterpreting weight, and becoming involved in weight-related organizations. Together, these chapters emphasize the many ways that people actively define, construct, and enact their fatness and thinness in a variety of settings and situations.

Many people consider their weight to be a personal problem; when, then, does body weight become a social problem? Until recently, the major public concern was whether enough food was consistently available. As food systems began to provide ample and stable amounts of food, questions about food availability were replaced with concerns about "ideal" weights and appearance. These interests were aggregated into public concerns about defining people as "too fat" and "too thin." Social constructionist perspectives can contribute to the understanding of weight problems because they focus attention on how these problems are created, maintained, and promoted within various social environments. While there is much objectivist research concerning weight problems, few studies address the socially constructed aspects of fatness and thinness. This book however draws from and contributes to social constructionist perspectives. The chapters in this volume offer several perspectives that can be used to understand the way society deals with fatness and thinness. The contributors consider historical foundations, medical models, gendered dimensions, institutional components, and collective perspectives. These different perspectives illustrate the multifaceted nature of obesity and eating disorders, providing examples of how a variety of social groups construct weight as a social problem.

Shows how to use linguistic understanding to improve communication of mathematics teaching
*Fresh and stimulating analysis of language in mathematics talk
Drawing on philosophy of language and recent linguistic theory, Rowland surveys several approaches to classroom communication in mathematics. Are students intimidated by the nature of mathematics teaching? Many students appear fearful of voicing their understanding - is fear of error part of the linguistics of mathematics? The approaches explored here provide a rationale and a method for exploring and understanding speakers' motives in classroom mathematics talk. Teacher-student interactions in mathematics are analyzed, and this provides a toolkit that teachers can use to respond to the intellectual vulnerability of their students.

Routledge is now re-issuing this prestigious series of 204 volumes originally published between 1910 and 1965. The titles include works by key figures such asC.G. Jung, Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, Otto Rank, James Hillman, Erich Fromm, Karen Horney and Susan Isaacs. Each volume is available on its own, as part of a themed mini-set, or as part of a specially-priced 204-volume set. A brochure listing each title in the "International Library of Psychology" series is available upon request.