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Books > Social sciences > Psychology > Philosophy & theory of psychology > Behavioural theory (Behaviourism)
Many people consider their weight to be a personal problem; when, then, does body weight become a social problem? Until recently, the major public concern was whether enough food was consistently available. As food systems began to provide ample and stable amounts of food, questions about food availability were replaced with concerns about "ideal" weights and appearance. These interests were aggregated into public concerns about defining people as "too fat" and "too thin." Social constructionist perspectives can contribute to the understanding of weight problems because they focus attention on how these problems are created, maintained, and promoted within various social environments. While there is much objectivist research concerning weight problems, few studies address the socially constructed aspects of fatness and thinness. This book however draws from and contributes to social constructionist perspectives. The chapters in this volume offer several perspectives that can be used to understand the way society deals with fatness and thinness. The contributors consider historical foundations, medical models, gendered dimensions, institutional components, and collective perspectives. These different perspectives illustrate the multifaceted nature of obesity and eating disorders, providing examples of how a variety of social groups construct weight as a social problem.
Shows how to use linguistic understanding to improve communication
of mathematics teaching
Routledge is now re-issuing this prestigious series of 204 volumes originally published between 1910 and 1965. The titles include works by key figures such asC.G. Jung, Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, Otto Rank, James Hillman, Erich Fromm, Karen Horney and Susan Isaacs. Each volume is available on its own, as part of a themed mini-set, or as part of a specially-priced 204-volume set. A brochure listing each title in the "International Library of Psychology" series is available upon request.
Routledge is now re-issuing this prestigious series of 204 volumes originally published between 1910 and 1965. The titles include works by key figures such asC.G. Jung, Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, Otto Rank, James Hillman, Erich Fromm, Karen Horney and Susan Isaacs. Each volume is available on its own, as part of a themed mini-set, or as part of a specially-priced 204-volume set. A brochure listing each title in the "International Library of Psychology" series is available upon request.
Routledge is now re-issuing this prestigious series of 204 volumes originally published between 1910 and 1965. The titles include works by key figures such asC.G. Jung, Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, Otto Rank, James Hillman, Erich Fromm, Karen Horney and Susan Isaacs. Each volume is available on its own, as part of a themed mini-set, or as part of a specially-priced 204-volume set. A brochure listing each title in the "International Library of Psychology" series is available upon request.
This book examines a key issue in current cognitive theories - the nature of representation. Each chapter is characterized by attempts to frame hot topics in cognitive development within the landscape of current developmental theorizing and the past legacy of genetic epistemology. The chapters address four questions that are fundamental to any developmental line of inquiry:
These questions are situated in a historical context, Piagetian theory, and contemporary researchers attempt to trace how they draw upon, depart from, and transform the Piagetian legacy to revisit classic issues such as the child's awareness of the workings of mental life, the child's ability to represent the world, and the child's growing ability to process and learn from experience. The theoretical perspectives covered include constructivism, connectionism, theory-theory, information processing, dynamical systems, and social constructivist approaches. The research areas span imitation, mathematical reasoning, biological knowledge, language development, and theory of mind. Written by major contributors to the field, this work will be of interest to students and researchers wanting a brief but in-depth overview of the contemporary field of cognitive development.
Primatology, Ethics and Trauma offers an analytical re-examination of the research conducted into the linguistic abilities of the Oklahoma chimpanzees, uncovering the historical reality of the research. It has been 50 years since the first language experiments on chimpanzees. Robert Ingersoll was one of the researchers from 1975 to 1983. He is well known for being one of the main carers and best friend of the chimpanzee, Nim Chimpsky, but there were other chimpanzees in the University of Oklahoma's Institute for Primate Studies, including Washoe, Moja, Kelly, Booee, and Onan, who were taught sign language in the quest to discover whether language is learned or innate in humans. Antonina Anna Scarna's expertise in language acquisition and neuroscience offers a vehicle for critical evaluation of those studies. Ingersoll and Scarna investigate how this research failed to address the emotional needs of the animals. Research into trauma has made scientific advances since those studies. It is time to consider the research from a different perspective, examining the neglect and cruelty that was inflicted on those animals in the name of psychological science. This book re-examines those cases, addressing directly the suffering and traumatic experiences endured by the captive chimpanzees, in particular the female chimpanzee, Washoe, and her resultant inability to be a competent mother. The book discusses the unethical nature of the studies in the context of recent research on trauma and offers a specific and direct psychological message, proposing to finally close the door on the language side of these chimpanzee studies. This book is a novel and groundbreaking account. It will be of interest to lay readers and academics alike. Those working as research, experimental, and clinical psychologists will find this book of interest, as will psychotherapists, linguists, anthropologists, historians of science and primatologists, as well as those involved in primate sanctuary and conservation.
This collection of writings aims to show how culture and ethnicity play a role in the influence of human social behaviour. An overview of the current psychological knowledge about African-Americans, Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders, American Indians/Alaska Natives and Hispanics/Latinos in the United States, the book addresses basic concepts in the field: race, ethnic identity, acculturation and biculturalism. In addition to examining the sociodemographic characteristics and history of these groups, psychosocial conditions such as crime, delinquency, psychopathologies and clinical and treatment issues are also explored.
First Published in 1998. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Jean Piaget was one of the most salient and inspirational figures in psychological and educational research this century. He was prolific, authoring or editing over eighty books and numerous journal papers which have spawned a huge and fertile continuation of his research over the decades. A major component of any course on children's psychological development and a research tradition that is expanding, scholars need access to the original texts rather than relying on secondhand accounts. Jean Piaget: Selected Works is a chance to acquire key original texts, most of which have been previously unavailable for several years.
The rationale behind how people value and trade stocks is of unparalleled interest to governments, companies and other participants in stock markets. The book focuses on the way in which investors process information and form expectations about future gains. It argues that humans fall short of the perfect information processing required by theory, and that their expectations are based on more than just future company earnings. Karl-Erik Warneryd discusses the psychology of investing, providing detailed coverage of how financial expectations are formed, how complex decisions are made and how emotions and influence from others affect the financial decisions of individuals. Empirical studies featured in the book suggest that many, if not most, stockholders have long-term goals, believe in certain stocks, and make few transactions - behavior which, argues the author, may have a stabilizing influence upon stock prices. As a unique overview of how investors process information and build up expectations of future gains on stocks, this fascinating book will be welcomed by students of, and researchers in, economic psychology and behavioral finance. Stock-Market Psychology will also be invaluable to practitioners of finance who wish to learn more about the psychology behind financial transactions.
Motivation and Culture brings together an international list of writers with a variety of academic backgrounds and cultural experiences to explore the ways culture influences motivation. Traditionally, culture has long been neglected by those interested in motivation theories; instead, the focus has been on the individual in relation to biological and cognitive models. While the biological component of motivation is not neglected in this volume, most of the essays emphasize the ways culture needs to be taken into consideration both in formulating theories of motivation and applying them to the modern multicultural world.
We humans are faced with an interesting problem: That which we think we un derstand the most-our own behavior-we probably understand the least. On the eve of a new millennium. the planet is beset by a host of problems that are. for the most part. caused by human behavior. Ironically. although it seems that the greatest impact of our behavior is on the planet and its other inhabitants. we may actually be threatening our own future the most. For example. we have caused untold harm to the air we breathe. to the water we drink. and. by exten sion. to much of the food we eat. More important perhaps. we have created a so ciety in which. among other things. many people are anxious and depressed. young women starve themselves. and alcohol and cigarette use are responsible for hundreds of thousands of cases of illness and death every year. And humans still murder one another at an astounding rate. while at the same time continu ing to affirm the value of human life. At a time when it is critical that our chil dren become educated. more and more children are not learning the basic skills they will need to think logically so that they can begin to solve the world's problems. The question may be not "Can the planet survive?" but. rather. "Can we humans survive and change our own destructive actions?" Although many scholars. philosophers."
As we begin a new century, the astonishing spread of nationally and
internationally accessible computer-based communication networks
has touched the imagination of people everywhere. Suddenly, the
Internet is in everyday parlance, featured in talk shows, in
special business "technology" sections of major newspapers, and on
the covers of national magazines. If the Internet is a new world of
social behavior it is also a new world for those who study social
behavior. This volume is a compendium of essays and research
reports representing how researchers are thinking about the social
processes of electronic communication and its effects in society.
Taken together, the chapters comprise a first gathering of social
psychological research on electronic communication and the
Internet.
Recently, there has been a renewal of interest in the broad and
loosely bounded range of phenomena called deception and
self-deception. This volume addresses this interest shared by
philosophers, social and clinical psychologists, and more recently,
neuroscientists and cognitive scientists. Expert contributors
provide timely, reliable, and insightful coverage of the normal
range of errors in perception, memory, and behavior. They place
these phenomena on a continuum with various syndromes and
neuropsychiatric diseases where falsehood in perception,
self-perception, cognition, and behaviors are a peculiar sign.
Leading authorities examine the various forms of "mythomania,"
deception, and self-deception ranging from the mundane to the
bizarre such as imposture, confabulations, minimization of
symptomatology, denial, and anosognosia. Although the many diverse
phenomena discussed here share a family resemblance, they are
unlikely to have a common neurological machinery. In order to reach
an explanation for these phenomena, a reliable pattern of lawful
behavior must be delineated. It would then be possible to develop
reasonable explanations based upon the underlying neurobiological
processes that give rise to deficiencies designated as the
mythomanias. The chapters herein begin to provide an outline of
such a development. Taken as a whole, the collection is consistent
with the emerging gospel indicating that neither the machinery of
"nature" nor the forces of "nurture" taken alone are capable of
explaining what makes cognition and behaviors aberrant.
Why do some young adults substantially change their patterns of
smoking, drinking, or illicit drug use after graduating from high
school? In this book, the authors show that leaving high school and
leaving home create new freedoms that are linked to increases in
the use of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine. They also
show that marriage, pregnancy, and parenthood create new
responsibilities that are linked to decreases in drug use.
Although it has been assumed since early recorded history that psycho logical factors influence health and illness, it has only been within the past few years that a group of investigators and clinicians with a shared interest in the application of psychological principles and techniques to health and illness has existed. Over this same period of time, a number of multi-author books on the topic of health psychology and an associ ated field, behavioral medicine, have been published. Although these books are major resources for the investigator and the clinician in the field, it is often difficult for students, both undergraduate and graduate, to learn the basics of health psychology from such books. Thus, Health Psychology: A Psychobiological Perspective was written to provide such basics. The need for such a textbook in health psychology became appar ent to the first author when he was searching for reading material for an undergraduate course in health psychology at McGill University. This book grew out of the course in health psychology, and its structure represents the course content. The purpose of the book is to present the theoretical, empirical, and clinical aspects of the rapidly developing field of health psychology. Data from a number of subdisciplines within psychology and the behav ioral and health-related sciences are integrated throughout each chapter in an effort to provide a balanced perspective. Health Psychology explores the development of the field and its research methodologies, theoretical models, and intervention possibilities."
One of the most profound insights of the dynamic systems
perspective is that new structures resulting from the developmental
process do not need to be planned in advance, nor is it necessary
to have these structures represented in genetic or neurological
templates prior to their emergence. Rather, new structures can
emerge as components of the individual and the environment
self-organize; that is, as they mutually constrain each other's
actions, new patterns and structures may arise. This theoretical
possibility brings into developmental theory the important concept
of indeterminism--the possibility that developmental outcomes may
not be predictable in any simple linear causal way from their
antecedents.
One of the most important practical problems in child psychology and psychia try is the differential diagnosis of emotional disorders. Until recently, the gener al mode of assessment had been to apply to children the characteristics of psychopathology that were evident in adults. In addition, there had been few assessment tools available for use with children aside from modified versions of adult instruments. Understandably, this approach was controversial, and dissat isfaction with it led to the more recent knowledge that adult and child problems may be manifested quite differently. The third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders takes these factors into account much more extensively than previous editions. Furthermore, a great deal of research on methodology in child assessment procedures has emerged recently. Yet, in spite of these advances, practicing clinicians are still frequently at a loss in moving from the characteristics of the disturbed child before them to the final assign ment of a psychiatric diagnosis. The focus of this book is to outline the various methods of viewing and categorizing the wide range childhood psycho pathology, with special emphasis on the end product of making a differential diagnosis. Our goal was to make this book unique in several ways. First, we attempted to cover a wider range of disorders than is typical in currently available hand books."
Being sick is a normal part of childhood, and being seriously ill
is the unfortunate lot of many children. Every child in the United
States has some contact with the healthcare system at some time,
and it is estimated that one of every two children or adolescents
is hospitalized as a result of illness or injury. Being injured,
undergoing routine medical procedures, getting sick, or being
hospitalized confront children with challenges on many
levels--physical, mental, emotional, and social.
This book was written with the belief that ordinal statistical
methods--sometimes discussed under the title of "nonparametric
statistics"--deserve much more serious attention as research tools
than they have traditionally had. There are three classes of
reasons for this:
A year before his death, B.F. Skinner wrote that "There are two
unavoidable gaps in any behavioral account: one between the
stimulating action of the environment and the response of the
organism and one between consequences and the resulting change in
behavior. Only brain science can fill those gaps. In doing so, it
completes the account; it does not give a different account of the
same thing." This declaration ended the epoch of radical
behaviorism to the extent that it was based on the doctrine of the
"empty organism," the doctrine that a behavioral science must be
constructed purely on its own level of investigation. However,
Skinner was not completely correct in his assessment. Brain science
on its own can no more fill the gaps than can single level
behavioral science. It is the relation between data and
formulations developed in the brain and the behavioral sciences
that is needed.
Managed care is a revolution impacting the practice of clinicians throughout America. The Clinician's Guide to Managed Behavioral Care, called "a survival kit" and "must reading," helps clinicians develop and market professional services attuned to the needs of managed care systems, manage the utilization process, and reshape an office practice or hospital-based program to become more "managed care friendly." It is newly referenced and updated for clinicians to continue to advocate for their patients and clients.The Clinician's Guide to Managed Behavioral Care addresses how clinicians can develop and market professional services attuned to the needs of managed care systems, how to best manage the utilization review process, how to re-shape an office practice or hospital-based program to become more "managed care friendly," and how to best advocate for patients and clients. Readers will understand the history and evolution of attempts to manage mental health care costs and services as well as the emerging clinical, economic, and social trends that will continue to fuel changes in the mental health field in coming years. Importantly, this guide sensitizes readers to the perspectives about mental health care benefits and the treatment field held by the payor community--insurance carriers, HMO's, and self-insured employers. It allows readers to consider a payor's view of how professionals can play a crucial role in providing quality services while helping control spiraling mental health care costs--costs that have escalated much faster than other segments of health care.Who can benefit from this book? Practicing psychologists, social workers, psychiatrists, substance abuse counselors, marriage and family therapists, Employee Assistance Professionals, psychiatric nurses, professional counselors, program managers, hospital administrators, and health care marketing professionals will find The Clinician's Guide to Managed Behavioral Care and invaluable resource.It is often said that in the future, all in the treatment community will be involved in "managing care" and that the most successful clinicians and practices will be those most adept at working with managed care systems on behalf of their patients and clients. This book helps you understand how!Important topics in The Clinician's Guide to Managed Behavioral Care: the changing marketplace for mental health/substance abuse treatment services assessing market opportunities in light of managed care influences clinical service needs of managed care systems clinical innovations: examples, case studies, vignettes strategies for managing utilization review marketing strategies for office-based practitioners hospital-managed care partnerships contemporary office management strategies to control costs consumers and managed care directory of America's HMOs directory of America's Managed Mental Health Care Companies glossary of key terms
Breastfeeding is a biocultural phenomenon: not only is it a biological process, but it is also a culturally determined behavior. As such, it has important implications for understanding the past, present, and future condition of our species. In general, scholars have emphasized either the biological or the cultural aspects of breastfeeding, but not both. As biological anthropologists the editors of this volume feel that an evolutionary approach combining both aspects is essential. One of the goals of their book is to incorporate data from diverse fields to present a more holistic view of breastfeeding, through the inclusion of research from a number of different disciplines, including biological and social/cultural anthropology, nutrition, and medicine. The resulting book, presenting the complexity of the issues surrounding very basic decisions about infant nutrition, will fill a void in the existing literature on breastfeeding. |
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