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Books > Social sciences > Psychology > Philosophy & theory of psychology > Behavioural theory (Behaviourism)
Why are people often so unpredictable? Why do they do things which can often cause great personal harm even whey they know this to be the case? This volume seeks to address these and many other enduring questions through a detailed discussion of the chaotic nature of human existence. It explores three general areas, the first of which is neurobiology and genetics. The evolution of the mind is examined from a Darwinian perspective, drawing attention to the way chance and uncertainty in development are structured by natural selection. Key findings from current biological and medical research are reviewed, the interrelationship between genetics and experience is explored, and Gerald Edelman's theory of the evolution of the mind through natural selection is discussed. The second theme, cognition and collective action, is considered in the light of evidence indicating that the way we think is also subject to natural selection. Furthermore, it is argued that there is a meaningful distinction between reason (adaptive rationality) and formal rationality. Finally, recent research into chaos theory, order and complexity is reviewed.
This book challenges the assumptions of the event-dominated DSM
model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Bowmam examines a series of
questions directed at the current mental health model, reviewing
the empirical literature. She finds that the dose-response
assumptions are not supported; the severity of events is not
reliable associated with PTSD, but is more reliably associated with
important pre-event risk factors. She reviews evidence showing the
greater role of individual differences including trait negative
affectivity, belief systems, and other risk factors, in comparison
with event characteristics, in predicting the disorder. The
implications for treatment are significant, as treatment protocols
reflect the DSM assertion that event exposure is the cause of the
disorder, implying it should be the focus of treatment. Bowman also
suggests that an event focus in diagnosis anad treatment risks
increases the disorder because it does not provide sufficient
attention to important pre-exisiting risk factors.
Originally published in 1986, this book was an effort to integrate thinking and research concerning the role of emotion and cognition in altruistic behaviour. Prior to publication there was a vast body of research and theorizing concerning the development and maintenance of prosocial (including altruistic) behaviour. This book focusses primarily on a specific set of intrapsychic factors involved in prosocial responding, especially emotions and cognitions believed to play a major role in altruistic behaviour. In the final chapters these intrapsychic factors are also discussed in relation to a variety of other relevant factors including socialization and situational influences on altruism.
First published in 1976, this volume was completely new with original contributions and traces the advances in theory and research on anxiety and emotion of the previous decade. The authors examine the origins of fear, anxiety, and other emotions and consider self-report and psychophysiological approaches to the measurement of anxiety. Also considered are the effects of anxiety on the behaviour of normal and abnormal subjects, and the volume concludes with behavioural approaches to assessment and treatment of anxiety in clinical settings.
Originally published in 1985, this title was a retrospective appreciation of the late Richard L. Solomon. His pre- and postdoctoral students from past years presented the 22 papers which are published in this volume. The book reflects the breadth of Solomon's impact through his teaching and research. The first part contains a chapter that provides a bit of history in a retrospective appreciation of the several foci of Solomon's research career. This chapter sets the stage for those that follow and reduces their diversity by providing a degree of historical understanding. The second part on the role of properties of fear contains chapters that address various issues associated with the role of conditioned fear. The third part contains papers that address cognitive, information-processing issues in the context of Pavlovian conditioning of appetitive and aversive events, reasoning and timing. The fourth part continues the exploration of the phenomenon of learned helplessness first discovered in Solomon's laboratory. The fifth part addresses various issues associated with the Solomon and Corbit opponent-process theory of motivation and affect. The final part, on applications to human and cultural issues, contains chapters on such diverse subjects as cross-cultural analyses of aggressive behavior in children, the analysis of resistance to change in industrial organizations, the concept of liberty in formulating research issues in developmental psychology, and the status of free will in modern American psychology.
The opening of the former Soviet Union to the West has provided an
opportunity to describe Russian human factors/ergonomics and to
compare American theories and methods with it. Although this book
is principally dedicated to describing the theory of activity as it
applies to issues of design and training, it is also offered to a
general audience of psychologists and interested lay readers. This
theory studies the goal-directed behavior of man and attempts to
integrate the cognitive, motivational, and behavioral aspects of
activity into a holistic system. Such fundamental notions as goal,
action, and self-regulation are described and analyzed from totally
different theoretical points of view.
This text explores family of origin treatment, which looks at patterns and rules in a family which affect interactions within that family. These patterns are then unconsciously utilized throughout a person's life in work and family settings. Examining and understanding these family rules allows an emphasis on cultural diversity. The family is often the basis for ethnic, cultural and religious norms. Examining these norms can help the individuals and their families deal with norms and variations from these norms, when confronting issues such as marriage and intimacy, sexual orientation and religious belief.
This book showcases papers presented at the annual Advertising and
Consumer Psychology Conference. The contributors -- active scholars
with both practitioner and academic backgrounds -- share an
interest in the general area of psychographics, values, and
lifestyle in advertising.
One of the most profound insights of the dynamic systems
perspective is that new structures resulting from the developmental
process do not need to be planned in advance, nor is it necessary
to have these structures represented in genetic or neurological
templates prior to their emergence. Rather, new structures can
emerge as components of the individual and the environment
self-organize; that is, as they mutually constrain each other's
actions, new patterns and structures may arise. This theoretical
possibility brings into developmental theory the important concept
of indeterminism--the possibility that developmental outcomes may
not be predictable in any simple linear causal way from their
antecedents.
Why do some young adults substantially change their patterns of
smoking, drinking, or illicit drug use after graduating from high
school? In this book, the authors show that leaving high school and
leaving home create new freedoms that are linked to increases in
the use of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine. They also
show that marriage, pregnancy, and parenthood create new
responsibilities that are linked to decreases in drug use.
The result of extensive scholarship and consultation with leading scholars, this text introduces students to twenty-four theorists and compares and contrasts their theories on how we develop as individuals. Emphasizing the theories that build upon the developmental tradition established by Rousseau, this text also covers theories in the environmental/learning tradition.
Everyday conversations including gossip, boasting, flirting,
teasing, and informative discussions are highly creative,
"improvised" interactions. Children's play is also an important,
often improvisational activity. One of the most improvisational
games among 3- to 5-year-old children is "social pretend
play"--also called fantasy play, sociodramatic play, or role play.
Children's imaginations have free reign during pretend play.
Conversations in these play episodes are far more improvisational
than the average adult conversation. Because pretend play occurs in
a dramatized, fantasy world, it is less constrained by social and
physical reality.
There is a tremendous concern and interest in the number of
chemical dependents with co-existing compulsive behaviors. However,
no one has developed a theory that can explain the high prevalence
of compulsive behaviors in chemical dependents, and more
importantly, describe the treatment and recovery implications. The
literature and professionals are divided with the
counselors/clinicians on one side and the researchers on the other.
The authors try to bridge this obvious gap by writing a book that
can bring recent genetic/biochemical research to the
counselor/clinician in a way that will help them diagnose and treat
their patients.
Seen in modern perspective, the concept of national character poses fundamental problems for social science theory and research: To what extent do conditions of life in a particular society give rise to certain patterns in the personalities of its members? What are the consequences? Alex Inkeles surveys various definitions of national character, tracing developments through the twentieth century. His approach is to examine the regularity of specific personality patterns among individuals in a society. He argues that modal personality may be extremely important in determining which new cultural elements are accepted and which institutional forms persist in a society. Reviewing previous studies, Inkeles canvasses the attitudes and psychological states of different nations in an effort to discover a set of values in the United States. He concludes that, despite recent advances in the field, there is much to be done before we can have a clear picture of the degree of differentiation in the personality structure of modern nations. Until now, there were few formal definitions and discussions on national character and the limits of this field of study. This book will be of great interest to psychologists, sociologists, philosophers, and political theorists.
The field of behavioural economics can tell us a great deal about cognitive bias and unconscious decision-making, challenging the orthodox economic model whereby consumers make rational and informed choices. But it is in the arena of health that it perhaps offers individuals and governments the most value. In this important new book, the most pernicious health issues we face today are examined through a behavioral economic lens. It provides an essential and timely overview of how this growing field of study can reframe and offer solutions to some of the biggest health issues of our age. The book opens with an overview of the core theoretical concepts, after which each chapter assesses how behavioral economic research and practice can inform public policy across a range of health issues. Including chapters on tobacco, alcohol and drug use, physical activity, dietary intake, cancer screening and sexual health, the book integrates the key insights from the field to both developed and developing nations. Also asking important ethical questions around paternalism and informed choice, this book will be essential reading for students and researchers across psychology, economics and business and management, as well as public health professionals wishing for a concise overview of the role behavioral economics can potentially play in allowing people to live healthier lives.
After many "out-of-print" years, this volume has been reissued in response to an increasing demand for copies. This reflects that the fundamental questions that motivated this book thirty years ago are still being asked. But more important, the answers -- or at least their outlines -- now seem to be in sight. In 1968, this book stood as an expression of a paradigm crisis in its critique of the state of personality psychology. The last three decades have been filled with controversy and debate about the dilemmas raised here, and then with renewal and fresh discoveries. It therefore seems especially timely to revisit the pages which posed the challenges. Mischel outlined the need to encompass the situation in the study of personality, but with a focus on the acquired meaning of stimuli and on the situation as perceived, viewing the individual as a cognitive-affective being who construes, interprets, and transforms the stimulus in a dynamic reciprocal interaction with the social world. He focused on the idiographic analysis of personality that had originally motivated the field, and the complexity, discriminative facility, and uniqueness of the individual, and sought to connect the expressions of personality to the individual's behavior -- that is, to what people do and not just what they say. Even the intrinsically contextualized "if...then..." expressions of the personality system -- its essential behavioral signatures -- were foreshadowed in this book that fired the opening salvo in a search for "a truly dynamic personality psychology."
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one killer of men and
women in industrialized countries. In older age groups, CVD is also
the most important cause for hospitalization, and, in many
countries, it is the basis of early retirement from work. Thus, CVD
is associated with enormous costs for care and loss of
productivity, as well as for disabilities, pensions, etc. All this
has motivated clinicians and scientists to develop and implement
new methodologies and technologies to better care for patients who
are hospitalized for heart disease.
In one grand effort, this is an anatomy of power, a history of the ways in which it has been defined, and a study of its forms (force, manipulation, authority, and persuasion), its bases (individual and collective resources, political mobilization), and its uses. The issues that Dennis Wrong addresses range from the philosophical and ethical to the psychological and political. Much of the work is punctuated with careful examples from history. While the author illuminates his discussion with references to Weber, Marx, Freud, Plato, Dostoevsky, Orwell, Hobbes, Arendt, and Machiavelli, he keeps his arguments grounded in contemporary practical issues, such as class conflicts, multi-party politics, and parent-child relationships. In his new introduction, prepared for the 1995 edition of Power, the author reconsiders the concept of power, now locating it in the broader traditions of the social sciences rather than as a series of actions and actors within the sociological tradition. As a result. Wrong emphasizes such major distinctions as "power over" and "power to," and various conflations of power as commonly used. The new opening provides the reader with a deeper appreciation of the non-reductionist character of the book as a whole.
Breastfeeding is a biocultural phenomenon: not only is it a biological process, but it is also a culturally determined behavior. As such, it has important implications for understanding the past, present, and future condition of our species. In general, scholars have emphasized either the biological or the cultural aspects of breastfeeding, but not both. As biological anthropologists the editors of this volume feel that an evolutionary approach combining both aspects is essential. One of the goals of their book is to incorporate data from diverse fields to present a more holistic view of breastfeeding, through the inclusion of research from a number of different disciplines, including biological and social/cultural anthropology, nutrition, and medicine. The resulting book, presenting the complexity of the issues surrounding very basic decisions about infant nutrition, will fill a void in the existing literature on breastfeeding.
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