Sustainable Automotive Energy System in China aims at identifying and addressing the key issues of automotive energy in China in a systematic way, covering demography, economics, technology and policy, based on systematic and in-depth, multidisciplinary and comprehensive studies. Five scenarios of China's automotive energy development are created to analyze the possible contributions in the fields of automotive energy, vehicle fuel economy improvement, electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles and the 2nd generation biofuel development. Thanks to this book, readers can gain a better understanding of the nature of China's automotive energy development and be informed about: 1) the current status of automotive energy consumption, vehicle technology development, automotive energy technology development and policy; 2) the future of automotive energy development, fuel consumption, propulsion technology penetration and automotive energy technology development, and 3) the pathways of sustainable automotive energy transformation in China, in particular, the technological and the policy-related options. This book is intended for researchers, engineers and graduates students in the low-carbon transportation and environmental protection field. China Automotive Energy Research Center (CAERC), Tsinghua University, established in 2008, is a university-wide interdisciplinary automotive energy research institution affiliated to Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy (LCE), Tsinghua University. More than 30 researchers are working at CAERC, including six full professors. CAERC's mission is to create and disseminate sustainable automotive energy knowledge, research and development of integrated automotive energy system assessment methodologies and models, and provide technological and policy options for sustainable automotive energy system transformation in China and the world.

This book explains the fundamental concepts of information theory, so as to help students better understand modern communication technologies. It was especially written for electrical and communication engineers working on communication subjects. The book especially focuses on the understandability of the topics, and accordingly uses simple and detailed mathematics, together with a wealth of solved examples. The book consists of four chapters, the first of which explains the entropy and mutual information concept for discrete random variables. Chapter 2 introduces the concepts of entropy and mutual information for continuous random variables, along with the channel capacity. In turn, Chapter 3 is devoted to the typical sequences and data compression. One of Shannon's most important discoveries is the channel coding theorem, and it is critical for electrical and communication engineers to fully comprehend the theorem. As such, Chapter 4 solely focuses on it. To gain the most from the book, readers should have a fundamental grasp of probability and random variables; otherwise, they will find it nearly impossible to understand the topics discussed.

This comprehensive book covers flexible fiber-shaped devices in the area of energy conversion and storage. The first part of the book introduces recently developed materials, particularly, various nanomaterials and composite materials based on nanostructured carbon such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, metals and polymers for the construction of fiber electrodes. The second part of the book focuses on two typical twisted and coaxial architectures of fiber-shaped devices for energy conversion and storage. The emphasis is placed on dye-sensitized solar cells, polymer solar cells, lithium-ion batteries, electrochemical capacitors and integrated devices. The future development and challenges of these novel and promising fiber-shaped devices are summarized in the final part. This book is the first to introduce fiber-shaped electronic devices, which offer many fascinating advantages compared with the conventional planar structure. It is particularly designed to review the state-of-art developments in fiber-shaped devices for energy conversion and storage. The book will provide a valuable resource for researchers and students working in a wide variety of fields such as advanced materials, new energy, electrochemistry, applied physics, nanoscience and nanotechnology, and polymer science and engineering. Huisheng Peng, PhD, is a Professor and Associate Chair of the Department of Macromolecular Science and PI of the Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

In the past decade, there has been a substantial increase of grid-feeding photovoltaic applications, thus raising the importance of solar electricity in the energy mix. This trend is expected to continue and may even increase. Apart from the high initial investment cost, the fluctuating nature of the solar resource raises particular insertion problems in electrical networks. Proper grid managing demands short- and long-time forecasting of solar power plant output.

"Weather modeling and forecasting of PV systems operation" is focused on this issue. Models for predicting the state of the sky, nowcasting solar irradiance and forecasting solar irradiation are studied and exemplified. Statistical as well as artificial intelligence methods are described. The efficiency of photovoltaic converters is assessed for any weather conditions.

"Weather modeling and forecasting of PV systems operation" is written for researchers, engineers, physicists and students interested in PV systems design and utilization.

Liberating Energy from Carbon analyzes energy options in a carbon-constrained world. Major strategies and pathways to decarbonizing the carbon-intensive economy are laid out with a special emphasis on the prospects of achieving low-risk atmospheric CO2 levels. The opportunities and challenges in developing and bringing to market novel low and zero-carbon technologies are highlighted from technical, economic and environmental viewpoints. This book takes a unique approach by treating carbon in a holistic manner-tracking its complete transformation chain from fossil fuel sources to the unique properties of the CO2 molecule, to carbon capture and storage and finally, to CO2 industrial utilization and its conversion to value-added products and fuels. This concise but comprehensive sourcebook guides readers through recent scientific and technological developments as well as commercial projects that aim for the decarbonization of the fossil fuel-based economy and CO2 utilization that will play an increasingly important role in the near- and mid-term future. This book is intended for researchers, engineers, and students working and studying in practically all areas of energy technology and alternative energy sources and fuels.

In this revised and expanded edition, Howard E. Jordan explains-in a clear manner-the technology of energy efficient electric motors including motor losses, testing, and efficiency labeling. He also discusses how to calculate the return on investment for an energy efficient motor in addition to several other subjects related to effective motor applications. New chapters explore permanent magnet synchronous motors and transistor pulse-width-modulated inverters. Engineers, purchasing managers, and executives who make decisions on motor selection will find this an invaluable reference.

The protection which is installed on an industrial power system is likely to be subjected to more difficult conditions than the protection on any other kind of power system. Starting with the many simple devices which are employed and covering the whole area of industrial power system protection, this book aims to help achieve a thorough understanding of the protection necessary.

Vital aspects such as the modern cartridge fuse, types of relays, and the role of the current transformer are covered and the widely used inverse definite-minimum time overcurrent relay, the theory of the Merz-Price protection system and the development of the high-impedance relay system are critically examined. This new edition has come about in response to the dramatic change from the use of electro-magnetic relays to electronic and micro-processor relays which figure in practically all new installations. Therefore, although the theory and usage are the same, the application can be much improved owing to the increased range and accuracy and the added facilities provided with the modern relays. This book reflects the change and explains the technical advantages.

Recent years have brought substantial developments in electrical drive technology, with the appearance of highly rated, very-high-speed power-electronic switches, combined with microcomputer control systems.
This popular textbook has been thoroughly revised and updated in the light of these changes. It retains its successful formula of teaching through worked examples, which are put in context with concise explanations of theory, revision of equations and discussion of the engineering implications. Numerous problems are also provided, with answers supplied.
The third edition includes enhanced coverage of power-electronic systems and new material on closed-loop control, in addition to thorough treatment of electrical machines.

High-frequency switching power semiconductor devices are at the heart of power electronic converters. To date, these devices have been dominated by the well-established silicon (Si) technology. However, their intrinsic physical limits are becoming a barrier to achieving higher performance power conversion. Wide Bandgap (WBG) semiconductor devices offer the potential for higher efficiency, smaller size, lighter weight, and/or longer lifetime. Applications in power grid electronics as well as in electromobility are on the rise, but a number of technological bottle-necks need to be overcome if applications are to become more widespread - particularly packaging. This book describes the development of advanced multi-chip packaging solutions for novel WBG semiconductors, specifically silicon carbide (SiC) power MOSFETs. Coverage includes an introduction; multi-chip power modules; module design and transfer to SiC technology; electrothermal, thermo-mechanical, statistical and electromagnetic aspects of optimum module design; high temperature capable SiC power modules; validation technologies; degradation monitoring; and emerging packaging technologies. The book is a valuable reference for researchers and experts in academia and industry.

Fault-tolerance in integrated circuits is not an exclusive concern regarding space designers or highly-reliable application engineers. Rather, designers of next generation products must cope with reduced margin noises due to technological advances. The continuous evolution of the fabrication technology process of semiconductor components, in terms of transistor geometry shrinking, power supply, speed, and logic density, has significantly reduced the reliability of very deep submicron integrated circuits, in face of the various internal and external sources of noise. The very popular Field Programmable Gate Arrays, customizable by SRAM cells, are a consequence of the integrated circuit evolution with millions of memory cells to implement the logic, embedded memories, routing, and more recently with embedded microprocessors cores. These re-programmable systems-on-chip platforms must be fault-tolerant to cope with present days requirements. This book discusses fault-tolerance techniques for SRAM-based Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). It starts by showing the model of the problem and the upset effects in the programmable architecture. to protect integrated circuits against errors. A large set of methods for designing fault tolerance systems in SRAM-based FPGAs is described. Some presented techniques are based on developing a new fault-tolerant architecture with new robustness FPGA elements. Other techniques are based on protecting the high-level hardware description before the synthesis in the FPGA. The reader has the flexibility of choosing the most suitable fault-tolerance technique for its project and to compare a set of fault tolerant techniques for programmable logic applications.

Selected from papers presented at the 8th Scientific Computation in Electrical Engineering conference in Toulouse in 2010, the contributions to this volume cover every angle of numerically modelling electronic and electrical systems, including computational electromagnetics, circuit theory and simulation and device modelling.

On computational electromagnetics, the chapters examine cutting-edge material ranging from low-frequency electrical machine modelling problems to issues in high-frequency scattering. Regarding circuit theory and simulation, the book details the most advanced techniques for modelling networks with many thousands of components. Modelling devices at microscopic levels is covered by a number of fundamental mathematical physics papers, while numerous papers on model order reduction help engineers and systems designers to bring their modelling of industrial-scale systems within the reach of present-day computational power. Complementing these more specific papers, the volume also contains a selection of mathematical methods which can be used in any application domain.

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This book describes a cross-domain architecture and design tools for networked complex systems where application subsystems of different criticality coexist and interact on networked multi-core chips. The architecture leverages multi-core platforms for a hierarchical system perspective of mixed-criticality applications. This system perspective is realized by virtualization to establish security, safety and real-time performance. The impact further includes a reduction of time-to-market, decreased development, deployment and maintenance cost, and the exploitation of the economies of scale through cross-domain components and tools. Describes an end-to-end architecture for hypervisor-level, chip-level, and cluster level. Offers a solution for different types of resources including processors, on-chip communication, off-chip communication, and I/O. Provides a cross-domain approach with examples for wind-power, health-care, and avionics. Introduces hierarchical adaptation strategies for mixed-criticality systems Provides modular verification and certification methods for the seamless integration of mixed-criticality systems. Covers platform technologies, along with a methodology for the development process. Presents an experimental evaluation of technological results in cooperation with industrial partners. The information in this book will be extremely useful to industry leaders who design and manufacture products with distributed embedded systems in mixed-criticality use-cases. It will also benefit suppliers of embedded components or development tools used in this area. As an educational tool, this material can be used to teach students and working professionals in areas including embedded systems, computer networks, system architecture, dependability, real-time systems, and avionics, wind-power and health-care systems.

This book investigates the utilization of harmonics in the permanent magnet (PM) or rotor shape to improve the torque density of PM brushless AC machines including three-phase inner rotor and outer rotor machines, five-phase machines, dual three-phase machines, linear machines, by means of analytical, finite element analyses, and as well as experimental validation. The torque density can be improved while the torque ripple remains low in PM shaping utilizing the 3rd harmonic. In this book, the analytical expression of output torque is derived for PM machines with rotor shape using the 3rd harmonic, and then the optimal 3rd harmonic for maximizing torque is analytically obtained. The book compares the PM shape in surface-mounted PM (SPM) machines and the rotor lamination shape in interior PM (IPM) machines utilizing the 3rd harmonic, and it becomes clear that their shaping methods and amount of torque improvement are different. In a five-phase PM machine, the 3rd harmonic can be utilized in both the current waveform and PM shapes to further improve the output torque. For the dual three-phase SPM machines without deteriorating the torque more than 30% when the optimal 3rd harmonic into both the current and PM shape are injected. The harmonics in airgap flux density have significant influence on the cogging torque, stator iron flux distribution, and radial force between the rotor and stator. These effects has been investigated as well in this book.

The fourth international conference on Scientific Computing in Electrical En- gineering (SCEE) was held at the Eindhoven University of Technology, from 23rd to 28th June, 2002. It was sponsored by Philips Research Laborato- ries Eindhoven, the Eindhoven University of Technology, Computer Simula- tion Technology (CST) from Darmstadt, ABB Corporate Research, Thales Netherlands,the European Consortium for Mathematics in Industry (ECMI), the University of Rostock (organiser of SCEE-2000), the European network for Mathematics, Computing and Simulation for Industry (MACSI-net), the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), and the Scien- tific Computing Group of the Eindhoven University of Technology. The Program Committee consisted of: Dr. Alain Bossavit, Electricite de France, Clamart, France. Dr. Uwe Feldmann, Infineon Technologies A.G., Munich, Germany. Prof.Dr. Leszek Demkowicz, University of Texas at Austin, USA. Dr. Michael Gunther, Universitat Karlsruhe, Germany. Prof.Dr. Ulrich Langer, Johannes Kepler Universitat, Linz, Austria. Dr. Jan ter Maten,Philips Research Laboratories Eindhoven, The Nether- lands. Prof.Dr. Ursula van Rienen, Universitat Rostock, Germany. Prof.Dr. Jaijeet Roychowdhury, University of Minnesota, USA. - Prof.Dr. Wil Schilders, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven and Philips Research Laboratories Eindhoven, The Netherlands. - Prof.Dr. Thomas Weiland, Technische Universitat Darmstadt, Germany.

This book focuses on the introduction of new and modern maintenance management frameworks of assets in the electricity & gas network sector and more specifically, on electricity networks for distribution. The author describes methodologies for developing and implementing maintenance management maturity models, using case studies to show how these have been applied. These maturity models are discussed as part of an overarching, multi-disciplinary organizational maintenance management professionalization framework. This book adds a new dimension to the well-known Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) method, by incorporating failure modes via multiple scenarios into business values, by means of statistical risk calculation methods. The author demonstrates a method called Utility Risk Linked RCM, which uses a statistical tool to develop failure models which can be used to predict future failure behavior of assets in relation to corporate business values. This new method is a practical, structured and comprehensive framework for assessing risk based maintenance policies. The book also proposes a condition monitoring framework that can be used as a guide to assist asset managers in identifying the relationship between failure modes, ageing processes to select amongst condition monitoring regimes.

2. High Temperature UHV-STM System 264 3. Hydrogen Desorption Process on Si (111) Surface 264 4. (7x7) - (1 xl) Phase Transition on Si (111) Surface 271 Step Shifting under dc Electric Fields 275 5. 6. Conclusions 280 Acknowledgements and References 281 12. DYNAMIC OBSERVATION OF VORTICES IN SUPERCONDUCTORS USING ELECTRON WAVES 283 by Akira Tonomura 1. Introduction 283 2. Experimental Method 284 2. 1 Interference Microscopy 284 2. 2 Lorentz Microscopy 287 Observation of Superconducting Vortices 288 3. 3. 1 Superconducting Vortices Observed by Interference Microscopy 288 3. 1. 1 Profile Mode 288 3. 1. 2 Transmission Mode 291 3. 2 Superconducting Vortices Observed by Lorentz Microscopy 293 3. 3 Observation of Vortex Interaction with Pinning Centers 294 3. 3. 1 Surface Steps 295 3. 3. 2 Irradiated Point Defects 296 4. Conclusion 298 References 299 13. TEM STUDIES OF SOME STRUCTURALLY FLEXIBLE SOLIDS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS 301 by Ray L. Withers and John G. Thompson 1. Introduction 301 2. Tetrahedrally Comer-Connected Framework Structures 302 3. Tetragonal a-PbO 311 4. Compositionally Flexible Anion-Deficient Fluorites and the "Defect Fluorite" to C-type Sesquioxide Transition 320 5. Summary and Conclusions 327 Acknowledgements and References 327 Author Index 331 Subject Index 333 List of Contributors A. ASEEV Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences Novosibirsk, 630090, pr. ac. , Lavrentjeva 13, RUSSIA E. BAUER Department of Physics and Astronomy, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ 85287-1504, U. S. A. G. H.

Power Generation from Solid Fuels introduces the different technologies to produce heat and power from solid fossil (hard coal, brown coal) and renewable (biomass, waste) fuels, such as combustion and gasification, steam power plants and combined cycles etc. The book discusses technologies with regard to their efficiency, emissions, operational behavior, residues and costs. Besides proven state of the art processes, the focus is on the potential of new technologies currently under development or demonstration.

The main motivation of the book is to explain the technical possibilities for reducing CO2 emissions from solid fuels. The strategies which are treated are: more efficient power and heat generation technologies, processes for the utilisation of renewable solid fuels, such as biomass and waste, and technologies for carbon capture and storage.

Power Generation from Solid Fuels provides, both to academia and industry, a concise treatment of industrial combustion of all types of solid, hopefully inspiring the next generation of engineers and scientists.

The re-engineering of power transmission systems is crucial to meeting the objectives of such regulators as the European Union. In addition to its market, organisational and regulatory aspects, this re-engineering will also involve technical issues dealing with the progressive integration of innovative transmission technologies in the daily operation of transmission system operators. In this context, Advanced Technologies for Future Transmission Grids provides an overview of the most promising technologies, likely to be of help to planners of transmission grids in responding to the challenges of the future: security of supply; integration of renewable generation; and creation of integrated energy markets (using the European case as an example). These issues have increased importance because of administrative complication and the fragmentation of public opinion expressed on the build up of new infrastructure. For each technology discussed, the focus is on the technical-economic perspective rather than on purely technological points of view. A transmission-system-operator-targeted Technology Roadmap is presented for the integration of promising innovative power transmission technologies within power systems of the mid-long term. Although the primary focus of this text is in the sphere of the European energy market, the lessons learned can be generalized to the energy markets of other regions.

This book provides specific topics intending to contribute to an improved knowledge on Technology Evaluation and Selection in a Life Cycle Perspectives. Although each chapter will present possible approaches and solutions, there are no recipes for success. Each reader will find his/her balance in applying the different topics to his/her own specific situation. Case studies presented throughout will help in deciding what fits best to each situation, but most of all any ultimate success will come out of the interplay between the available solutions and the specific problem or opportunity the reader is faced with.

Thermal Power Plant Control and Instrumentation describes the systems and equipment used for measuring and controlling boilers and heat-recovery steam-generators used in land and marine power plant and in process industries. It provides a practical guide to the design, installation, operation and maintenance of these systems. Starting with descriptions of how each area of the plant operates, it shows how the relevant control systems have evolved, how they are implemented in modern systems and how to evaluate the merits of alternative approaches. The rise of renewable power in the generation mix, and of biomass in the fuel, has demanded greater flexibility from combustion plants, requiring more sophisticated and robust control. In parallel, thermal power plants have been developed with overfire air systems to reduce NOx, once-through supercritical boilers to increase efficiency and model-based control schemes to optimise response. These developments have brought opportunities in terms of flexibility, energy efficiency and safety, but also the risk of a comprehension gap between control specialists and power plant engineers, a gap this new edition aims to bridge.

"As chip size and complexity continues to grow exponentially, the challenges of functional verification are becoming a critical issue in the electronics industry. It is now commonly heard that logical errors missed during functional verification are the most common cause of chip re-spins, and that the costs associated with functional verification are now outweighing the costs of chip design. To cope with these challenges engineers are increasingly relying on new design and verification methodologies and languages. Transaction-based design and verification, constrained random stimulus generation, functional coverage analysis, and assertion-based verification are all techniques that advanced design and verification teams routinely use today. Engineers are also increasingly turning to design and verification models based on C/C++ and SystemC in order to build more abstract, higher performance hardware and software models and to escape the limitations of RTL HDLs. This new book, Advanced Verification Techniques, provides specific guidance for these advanced verification techniques. The book includes realistic examples and shows how SystemC and SCV can be applied to a variety of advanced design and verification tasks."
- Stuart Swan

Electric Power Systems Resiliency: Modelling, Opportunity and Challenges considers current strengths and weaknesses of various applications and provides engineers with different dimensions of flexible applications to illustrate their use in the solution of power system improvement. Detailing advanced methodologies to improve resiliency and describing resilient-oriented power system protection and control techniques, this reference offers a deep study on the electrical power system through the lens of resiliency that ultimately provides a flexible framework for cost-benefit analysis to improve power system durability. Aimed at researchers exploring the significance of smart monitoring, protecting and controlling of power systems, this book is useful for those working in the domain of power system control and protection (PSOP).

A comprehensive survey of theoretical andexperimental concepts in fuel cell chemistry

Fuel cell science is undergoing significant development, thanks, in part, to a spectacular evolution of the electrocatalysis concepts, and both new theoretical and experimental methods. Responding to the need for a definitive guide to the field, Fuel Cell Science provides an up-to-date, comprehensive compendium of both theoretical and experimental aspects of the field.

Designed to inspire scientists to think about the future of fuel cell technology, Fuel Cell Science addresses the emerging field of bio-electrocatalysis and the theory of heterogeneous reactions in fuel cell science and proposes potential applications for electrochemical energy production. The book is thorough in its coverage of the electron transfer process and structure of the electric double layer, as well as the development of operando measurements. Among other subjects, chapters describe:

Recently developed strategies for the design, preparation, and characterization of catalytic materials for fuel cell electrodes, especially for new fuel cell cathodes

A wide spectrum of theoretical and computational methods, with?the aim of?developing?new fuel cell catalysis concepts and improving existing designs to increase their performance.?

Edited by two leading faculty, the book:

Addresses the emerging fields of bio-electrocatalysis for fuel cells and theory of heterogeneous reactions for use in fuel cell catalysis

Provides a survey of experimental and theoretical concepts in these new fields

Shows the evolution of electrocatalysis concepts

Describes the chemical physics of fuel cell reactions

Forecasts future developments in electrochemical energy production and conversion

Written for electrochemists and electrochemistry graduate students, electrocatalysis researchers, surface and physical chemists, chemical engineers, automotive engineers, and fuel cell and energy-related researchers, this modern compendium can help today's best minds meet the challenges in fuel science technology.

While there are many excellent books available on fundamental and applied electromagnetics, most introduce operator concepts in an ad hoc manner, and few discuss the subject within the general framework of operator theory. This is in contrast to quantum theory, where the use of operators and concepts from functional analysis is common. However, casting electromagnetic problems in terms of operator theory produces useful insights into the mathematical properties and physical characteristics of solutions. For instance, the commonly used modal expansion of fields in waveguides are immediately justified upon identifying the differential operators as being of the appropriate Sturm-Liouville type. As another example, existence, uniqueness and solvability of integral formulations can often be settled by appealing to the theory of Fredholm operators. Many other examples that illustrate the value of abstracting problems to an operator level are provided. Although the book focuses on mathematical fundamentals, it is written from the perspective of engineers and applied scientists working in electromagnetics. The book begins with a review of electromagnetic theory, including a discussion of singular integral operators commonly encountered in applications. It then turns to a self-contained introduction to operator theory, including basic functional analysis, linear operators, Green¿s functions and Green¿s operators, spectral theory, and Sturm-Liouville operators. The discussion is at an introductory mathematical level, presenting definitions and theorems, as well as proofs of the theorems when these are particularly simple or enlightening. The tools developed in this first part of the book are then applied to problems in classical electromagnetic theory: boundary-value problems and potential theory, transmission lines, waves in layered media, scattering problems in waveguides, and electromagnetic cavities.