As molecular and cellular biologists move toward nano-techniques for performing experiments on single molecules rather than on populations of molecules, a comprehensive manual on how (and why) to carry out such experiments is needed. Single-Molecule Techniques: A Laboratory Manual fills this requirement - it is the first to take researchers who know nothing about single-molecule analyses to the point where they can successfully design and execute appropriate experiments. Geared toward research scientists in structural and molecular biology, biochemistry, and biophysics, the manual will be useful to all who are interested in observing, manipulating, and elucidating the molecular mechanisms and discrete properties of macromolecules. Techniques range from in vivo and in vitro fluorescent-based methods to the use of atomic force microscopy, optical and magnetic tweezers, and nanopores. The book is edited by Paul R. Selvin and Taekjip Ha, two pioneers in the field of experimental biophysics who have made significant contributions to the development and application of single-molecule technologies.

This book makes life easier for those developing a computerized experiment. It is full of information to enable scientists and engineers to find their way through the many computing and electronics topics associated with computerized measurement. It draws together the knowledge of several fields in an easy to understand manner, and comes complete with a disk containing all the many useful examples of software and other information listed in the text.

An ideal introduction to this fast growing area, this Primer describes the many computational methods currently used by practising chemists. The authors describe the various techniques available, and how they can be applied to single molecules, to assemblies of molecules, and to molecules undergoing reaction. An introductory chapter outlines hardware and software options, as well as investigating some applications and developments. Subsequent chapters cover quantum mechanics, molecular mechanics, statistical mechanics, the modelling of biomolecules, and drug design.

This essential laboratory handbook dispels the mystery surrounding organocopper compounds and offers expert guidance on how to overcome the many problems associated with their use. Authored by leading researchers, the book features clear, practical descriptions of key procedures used in the preparation and application of these highly specific reagents. In addition, the book contains a succinct historical overview of the field's development. Beginning and established researchers alike will find Organocopper Reagents: A Practical Approach an invaluable source of information on an exciting, fast-growing field.

Plant cell culture techniques are being increasingly used in basic research and for plant exploitation in industry (genetic engineering, micropropagation). In this book, internationally recognized experts describe the techniques in use in their laboratories for isolating and manipulating cell cultures, and their central importance in plant biotechnology.

Modern chemical experiments rely heavily on electronic instrumentation; some techniques in common use owe their existence to electronics. Yet undegraduates reading chemistry often have only the most rudimentary understanding of the way in which electronics and allied disciplines have provided powerful tools that enable creative experimentation to be performed. This book aims to provide an understanding of some of the basic techniques that are harnessed for the benefit of chemists.

Die nichtinvasive Erfassung des arteriellen Pulswellensignals erlaubt Pulsmessung, Pulsoximetrie bis hin zu Gefassrisikobewertung direkt am Unterarm. Robert Couronne beschreibt zwei Modellsimulationen der Photonenausbreitung im Unterarmgewebe. Anhand gemessener Intensitaten verifiziert der Autor die erweiterte Lambert-Beer-Beziehung eines planaren Schichtenmodells und untersucht mithilfe eines Zylindermodells die Intensitatsverteilung entlang des Unterarmumfangs, wobei bevorzugte Ableitregionen identifiziert werden. Zum experimentellen Nachweis stellt der Autor den Prototyp eines optisch-transmissiven Mehrkanalsensorsystems vor und zeigt anhand von Probandenmessungen die technische Signalgewinnung und praktische Anwendbarkeit. Mit einem Klassifikationsverfahren kann die automatische Signalidentifikation sowie eine Qualitatsbewertung im Realzeitbetrieb erreicht werden. Die vorgestellten Verfahren sind dabei auf gangigen Mikrocontroller-Plattformen lauffahig."

The use of stable isotopes in nutritional studies is now widespread, and the technique is becoming increasingly popular. Practical applications are numerous and include: calcium and iron absorption studies, studies looking at the impacts of diet, physical activity, aging, and medical therapy and supplementation on nutrient metabolism, the measurement of energy cost of pregnancy, studies on the causes of growth faltering in infants, and investigations into childhood and adult obesity. This book is designed as a laboratory handbook of methods used to perform stable isotope studies in humans. It covers basic principles, dosage information, sample preparation procedures, analytical instrumentation, and necessary mathematical methods and provides the fundamentals to enable researchers to evaluate and establish stable isotope methods in their own laboratories.

Il libro prende le mosse dai pensieri di un giovane che alla maturita liceale si trova affascinato dalla cultura dei classici greco-latini, dai rudimenti filosofici e dall impatto con le scienze fisiche e naturali. Il latino e i suoi naturalisti hanno suscitato un fervore verso la Botanica Sistematica che lo riporta a Linneo e quindi alla conoscenza del mondo naturale, all esperienza della denominazione dell esistente come conoscenza e quindi agli universali di Guglielmo d Occam. La scelta della facolta di Medicina fungera da mediazione fra la filosofia, vista come via alla verita, e la biologia con il grande mistero dell uomo nella sua dualita di mente/corpo. L incontro con il microscopio aprira la strada all approfondimento della biologia, ma anche alla ricerca dei significati e delle interpretazioni del mondo. I meccanismi della percezione, visiva in particolare, nelle articolazioni della Gestaltpsychologie, e i suoi rapporti con il mondo interiore, sia quello della memoria esplicita che della memoria implicita, sono affrontati nell esplorazione del mondo attraverso il microscopico e nella ricerca di una obiettivita scientifica. Locke e Kant, Popper e Heidegger fanno da contraltare a Ramon y Cajal, Golgi, Kandel, Heisenberg, mentre la semiotica illumina e confonde sull importanza del linguaggio per la conoscenza. Il segno e il suo riconoscimento si trasferiscono nella scienza attraverso l inter-soggettivita e il linguaggio appare come l unico modo di penetrare l esistente. Il libro si dilunga sull origine di certe denominazioni in patologia tratte dalla vita quotidiana, sull antropomorfismo spesso applicato agli oggetti del campo microscopico, sempre illustrati su base fenomenologica e psicologica.

Thomas Hankins and Robert Silverman investigate an array of instruments from the seventeenth through the nineteenth century that seem at first to be marginal to science--magnetic clocks that were said to operate by the movements of sunflower seeds, magic lanterns, ocular harpsichords (machines that played different colored lights in harmonious mixtures), Aeolian harps (a form of wind chime), and other instruments of "natural magic" designed to produce wondrous effects. By looking at these and the first recording instruments, the stereoscope, and speaking machines, the authors show that "scientific instruments" first made their appearance as devices used to evoke wonder in the beholder, as in works of magic and the theater. The authors also demonstrate that these instruments, even though they were often "tricks," were seen by their inventors as more than trickery. In the view of Athanasius Kircher, for instance, the sunflower clock was not merely a hoax, but an effort to demonstrate, however fraudulently, his truly held belief that the ability of a flower to follow the sun was due to the same cosmic magnetic influence as that which moved the planets and caused the rotation of the earth. The marvels revealed in this work raise and answer questions about the connections between natural science and natural magic, the meaning of demonstration, the role of language and the senses in science, and the connections among art, music, literature, and natural science. Originally published in 1995. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

There is an increasing need for analysts to understand and be able to quantify the performance of analytical instruments, in particular with respect to the following:
* specifying equipment for purchase
* estimating uncertainties in intrumental measurements
* quantifying and demonstrating performance quality
This text links together an understanding of performance characteristics with an appreciation of the limitations imposed by instrument design, leading to the interplay of the validation and qualification processes within quality assurance systems.
A unique framework of topics covers the major instrumental techniques of spectrophotometry, chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and atomic emission spectroscopy. The use of over 200 questions and answers, together with cross-referencing, helps to develop a thorough understanding of the various concepts that underpin the different techniques.
This book will appeal to a broad range of professional chemists, technicians and students, weither with reference to specific analytical techniques, or within a general course of study in instrumental performance.
Analytical Techniques in the Sciences
This series of books provides coverage of all the major analytical techniques and their application in the most important areas of physical, life and materials sciences. Each text is presented in an open learning/distant learning style, in which the learning objectives are clearly identified. The reader's understanding of the material is constantly evaluated by the use of self-assessment and discussion questions.

From building a bridge and crafting an automaton to making a guitar and creating a crane, Science Lab is packed with activities that young readers can do at home to explore, discover, and understand the way the world works.

How do boats stay afloat? How can seals stay warm in very cold temperatures? How can you make a ball levitate? With fun, hands-on projects and experiments, this book reveals how science, technology, engineering, and maths are woven through the world around us.

Simple steps guide readers through the stages of each project, with spotlights on the key science, technology, engineering, and maths learning involved in each project along the way. "Test and tweak" panels encourage young readers to experiment and take their projects to the next level, developing their independence, initiative, and creative thinking skills.

With a focus on STEM subjects (science, technology, engineering, and maths) across school curricula to prepare children for the modern world, Science Lab will inspire and engage inquisitive young readers. It's perfect for school projects, homework help, and firing up imaginations.

Wie geht es weiter - nach der erfolgreichen Promotion? Wohin soll die medizinische Laufbahn fuhren? Dieser Leitfaden wird Ihnen bei der schwierigen Entscheidung eine wertvolle Stutze sein. Eine erfahrene Medizinjournalistin portratiert hier alle Facharztrichtungen der Ausbildungsordnung der OEsterreichischen AErztekammer - von der Anasthesie bis hin zur Zahnmedizin. Zusatzlich prasentiert sie die Additivfacher der einzelnen Sonderfacher und informiert Sie uber die neue Ausbildung zum Allgemein- bzw. Zahnmediziner. Kompakt und ubersichtlich beantwortet sie folgende Fragen: Wie gestaltet sich die Ausbildung? Welche Fahigkeiten und persoenlichen Eigenschaften sind in welchem Fach gefragt? Und: An welches Fach haben Sie bisher noch nie gedacht?

This book should be on the shelf of every practising statistician who designs experiments. Good design considers units and treatments first, and then allocates treatments to units. It does not choose from a menu of named designs. This approach requires a notation for units that does not depend on the treatments applied. Most structure on the set of observational units, or on the set of treatments, can be defined by factors. This book develops a coherent framework for thinking about factors and their relationships, including the use of Hasse diagrams. These are used to elucidate structure, calculate degrees of freedom and allocate treatment subspaces to appropriate strata. Based on a one-term course the author has taught since 1989, the book is ideal for advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate courses. Examples, exercises and discussion questions are drawn from a wide range of real applications: from drug development, to agriculture, to manufacturing.

This monograph describes the theoretical bases and experimental prerequisites for methods such as spin fluorescence, triplet, Mo ssbauer, photochromic and electron-density labeling, including the procedures used to obtain specifically modified proteins, enzymes, biomembranes, nucleic acids, and other biological molecules. The fundamentals of the physical theory behind each technique is explained and details are given of how to interpret the experimental data obtained. Special sections deal with critical reviews of recent data on the structure, molecular dynamics and conformational transitions of biological molecules. Each section concludes with a discussion of the results obtained from these techniques in connection with various problems of enzyme catalysis, electron transfer, molecular biophysics and molecular biology. The uses that labeling techniques can be put to for the investigation of whole cells and tissues are also discussed.

The past six years have seen a substantial increase in the attention paid by research workers to the principles of experimental design. The Second Edition of brings this handbook up to date, while retaining the basic framework that made it so popular. Describes the most useful of the designs that have been developed with accompanying plans and an account of the experimental situations for which each design is most suitable. Examples come from diverse fields of research, with an emphasis on biology and agriculture, two of the authors' specialties. New chapters have been added: one discusses the fractional replication of experiments. A second is concerned with experiments of the factorial type that present new methods and designs in which the factors represent quantitative variables measured on a continuous scale. Other new material includes an introductory account of experimental strategies for finding the levels at which the factors must be set in order to obtain maximum response and coverage of new incomplete block designs.

Scientists' views on what makes an experiment successful have developed dramatically throughout history. Different criteria for proper experimentation were privileged at different times, entirely new criteria for securing experimental results emerged, and the meaning of commitment to experimentation altered. In About Method, Schickore captures this complex trajectory of change from 1660 to the twentieth century through the history of snake venom research. As experiments with poisonous snakes and venom were both challenging and controversial, the experimenters produced very detailed accounts of their investigations, which go back three hundred years-making venom research uniquely suited for such a long-term study. By analyzing key episodes in the transformation of venom research, Schickore is able to draw out the factors that have shaped methods discourse in science. About Method shows that methodological advancement throughout history has not been simply a steady progression toward better, more sophisticated and improved methodologies of experimentation. Rather, it was a progression in awareness of the obstacles and limitations that scientists face in developing strategies to probe the myriad unknown complexities of nature. The first long-term history of this development and of snake venom research, About Method offers a major contribution to integrated history and philosophy of science.

Millionen von Medizin-Seiten im Internet machen den Durchblick schwer. Als kompakter, praxisbezogener Wegweiser durch diesen Informationsdschungel hilft das Buch Medizinern, das Internet optimal fur sich zu nutzen. Es erklart schrittweise den Umgang mit Daten und Datenbanken, bewertet die wichtigsten Internetadressen und informiert uber interessante Websites. Wer sich fur eine eigene Praxis-Homepage, Praxis-Netze oder telemedizinische Anwendungen interessiert, findet hier verstandliche Informationen und Anleitungen.

Die Fort- und Weiterbildungskurse der ASG-Fellows sind seit uber 10 Jahren ein Fortbildungsprogramm und mit jeweils 5-6 Schwerpunktthemen fester Bestandteil des Kongresses der DGOT. Die Fortbildungskurse richten sich an angehende Facharzte fur Orthopadie, aber auch an erfahrene Orthopaden in Praxis und Klinik, die von bestausgewiesenen Wissenschaftlern eine kompetente UEbersicht uber Neues zu aktuellen und modernen Krankheitsbildern erfahren und Strategien in Diagnostik und Therapie dargestellt bekommen. Die verschiedenen UEbersichtsreferate sind topographisch jeweils in einem Band zusammengefasst.

All populations fluctuate stochastically, creating a risk of extinction that does not exist in deterministic models, with fundamental consequences for both pure and applied ecology. This book provides the most comprehensive introduction to stochastic population dynamics, combining classical background material with a variety of modern approaches, including new and previously unpublished results by the authors, illustrated with examples from bird and mammal populations, and insect communities.

This book is the first synthesis of the practice and the philosophy of the scientific method. It offers scientists a deeper understanding of the underpinnings of the scientific method, thereby leading to more productive research and experimentation. It also provides a greater perspective on the rationality of the scientific approach and its role in society. Topics relevant to a variety of disciplines are treated, and clarifying figures, case studies, and chapter summaries enhance the pedagogy.

As careers in science have become increasingly demanding, they require much more than a keen scientific mind and practical ability. If you are considering a career in research, have already embarked on your career and want to succeed, are uncertain which route to take or advise, train or supervise scientists, this book offers some helpful advice. Nancy Rothwell, a senior scientist with extensive experience training scientists and communicating with the public, covers topics ranging from choosing a PhD or postdoctoral position, successful interviews and preparing your cv to managing your supervisor; how to give successful talks, publish high quality papers and become known within your field. Broader aspects of science which are so important today are also covered, including ethics and fraud, intellectual property and exploitation and disseminating science to the public.

This classic companion to undergraduate practical work in physics describes the purposeful, critical approach that should be made to all physics experiments. It covers the statistical treatment of data and experimental methods, and gives advice on keeping efficient records, calculations, and scientific writing. The new edition features treatment of the c2 distribution, a section on atomic clocks, worked examples based on spreadsheets, and additional exercises. Existing examples and references have been brought up to date. The text is liberally illustrated with examples and exercises, with solutions to the latter. Although intended for undergraduates, Practical Physics will be of interest to researchers, not only in physics, but in other sciences as well.

This textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to the theory and practice of validated numerics, an emerging new field that combines the strengths of scientific computing and pure mathematics. In numerous fields ranging from pharmaceutics and engineering to weather prediction and robotics, fast and precise computations are essential. Based on the theory of set-valued analysis, a new suite of numerical methods is developed, producing efficient and reliable solvers for numerous problems in nonlinear analysis. Validated numerics yields rigorous computations that can find all possible solutions to a problem while taking into account all possible sources of error--fast, and with guaranteed accuracy.

"Validated Numerics" offers a self-contained primer on the subject, guiding readers from the basics to more advanced concepts and techniques. This book is an essential resource for those entering this fast-developing field, and it is also the ideal textbook for graduate students and advanced undergraduates needing an accessible introduction to the subject. "Validated Numerics" features many examples, exercises, and computer labs using MATLAB/C++, as well as detailed appendixes and an extensive bibliography for further reading.Provides a comprehensive, self-contained introduction to validated numerics Requires no advanced mathematics or programming skills Features many examples, exercises, and computer labs Includes code snippets that illustrate implementation Suitable as a textbook for graduate students and advanced undergraduates