Das heutige Wucherverbot der 138 II BGB, 291 StGB ist das Ergebnis einer fur das 19. Jahrhundert exemplarischen Normenentwicklung. Dabei bildete die Zins-Wucher-Gesetzgebung den wesentlichen Ausgangspunkt fur die modernen Individualwucherbestimmungen. Vor allem jene Gesetzgebung und deren Veranderung in diesem Jahrhundert zeigt beispielhaft, wie sehr neue wirtschaftspolitische "Dogmen", allgemeinwirtschaftliche und gesellschaftliche Strukturen und die Legislative miteinander verknupft waren. Gegenstand dieser entwicklungsgeschichtlichen Betrachtung ist sowohl die Verdeutlichung der unmittelbaren Vorgeschichte des 138 II BGB, als auch die Darstellung jener engen Abhangigkeiten von rasanter wirtschaftlicher Entwicklung des 19. Jahrhunderts und sich dem anpassenden radikalen gesetzgeberischen Reaktionen. Zugleich wird die Suche des Gesetzgebers nach einer normierten Schnittmenge zwischen ungezugeltem Fortschrittsglauben und "liberalistischer Ideologie" einerseits und effektivem Schutz vor - vornehmlich auf dem Land auftretender - wucherischer Ausbeutung andererseits beleuchtet.

Die faktische Monopolstellung der Deutschen Telekom AG bei Ortsgesprachen fordert geradezu ein kommunales Engagement auf dem lokalen Telekommunikationsmarkt. Diese wissenschaftliche Eroerterung beschaftigt sich hauptsachlich mit den rechtlichen Fragestellungen, die sich kommunalen Telekommunikationsunternehmen stellen. Hierbei werden die Probleme, die sich aus dem Verfassungs-, Telekommunikations- sowie dem privaten und kommunalen Wirtschaftsrecht in diesem Zusammenhang ergeben, intensiv diskutiert. Zudem werden auch die wirtschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen auf dem lokalen Telekommunikationsmarkt untersucht.

Der Autor legt eine Dokumentation und Analyse der Entwicklung der Praxis der europaischen Fusionskontrolle vor, die vor allem zwei Fragen nachgeht: Zum einen, ob und inwieweit nicht wettbewerbliche Gesichtspunkte in die Beurteilung von Zusammenschlussen nach der Fusionskontrollverordnung (FKVO) einfliessen bzw. einfliessen durfen. Zum anderen, ob und inwieweit wettbewerbliche Vorteile von Zusammenschlussen auf den betroffenen Markten bzw. auf Drittmarkten Berucksichtigung finden koennen. Der Autor richtet sich methodisch nicht nach vorgepragten Wettbewerbsleitbildern, sondern untersucht die FKVO aus ihren eigenen Entstehungs- und Wertungsgrundlagen heraus. Er konzentriert sich auf die belegbaren Wertungen des europaischen Rechts und die verlautbarten Zielsetzungen. Daraus ergibt sich, dass potentieller Wettbewerb bei Zusammenschlussen, die zu einer verstarkten Forschungs- und Entwicklungstatigkeit der beteiligten Unternehmen fuhren, zu Gunsten der beteiligten Unternehmen starker zu berucksichtigen ist. Auch allgemeinpolitische Gesichtspunkte sind in Ausnahmefallen zu berucksichtigen. Die FKVO enthalt zudem in Art. 2 die Moeglichkeit, eine wettbewerbliche Gesamtbilanz eines Zusammenschlusses aufzustellen. Beide Gesichtspunkte sind in der Praxis der Kommission bereits jetzt festzustellen und werden durch den Autor in den rechtlichen Rahmen der FKVO eingeordnet.

This book relates the development of economic and monetary union in the EC to the development of the single market for financial services. The new edition fully reflects the institutional and legal consequences of the achievement of economic and monetary union in 1999, while taking account also of the continuing flow of Community legislation and case-law in the area of financial services. The transparency resulting from monetary union has shown problems of taxation to be a barrier to market integration, and this is reflected in a new Chapter. On the other hand, this an area in which variable geometry has become a legal reality, and this also is reflected in a new Chapter of the book.

The globalization of financial markets has attracted much academic and policymaking commentary in recent years, especially with the growing number of banking and financial crises and the current credit crisis that has threatened the stability of the global financial system. This major new Research Handbook sets out to address some of the fundamental issues in financial regulation from a comparative and international perspective and to identify some of the main research themes and approaches that combine economic, legal and institutional analysis of financial markets. Specially commissioned contributions represent diverse viewpoints on the financial regulation debate and cover a number of new and controversial topics not yet adequately addressed in the literature. Specifically, these include; financial innovation - particularly in the context of the credit risk transfer market, securitization and the systemic importance of the over-the-counter trading markets; the institutional structure of international financial regulation; and risk management and corporate governance of financial institutions. This Handbook will provide a unique and comprehensive resource for all those with an interest in this critical issue - including academic researchers in finance and regulation, practitioners working in the industry and those involved with regulation and policy. Contributors: K. Alexander, I. Alfon, I. Argimon, P. Bascunana-Ambros, T. Burns, A. Cornford, R. Dhumale, J. Eatwell, M. Fujii, I. Hasan, K.R. Ilmonen, E.J. Kane, M. Kawai, D. Masciandaro, D.G. Mayes, A. Nesvetailova, C. Papathanassiou, A. Persaud, D. Pesendorfer, G. Riccio, X. Roduner, C.A. Russo, A. Singh, M. Waisman

The only book of its kind in the English language, this is the first volume of the Oxford Commentaries on the State Constitutions of the United States to explore the constitution of a U.S. territory: Puerto Rico. The first half of the volume unearths the island's constitutional history from the days of Spanish colonization in the 16th century, through to Congress' enactment in 2016 of the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management and Economic Stability Act (PROMESA). Professor Cox Alomar offers a careful analysis of the most recent decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court implicating Puerto Rico, Sanchez Valle (2016), Franklin Trust (2016), Aurelius (2020) and Vaello Madero (2022). The second half of this volume provides an in-depth analysis of each of the provisions incorporated by the Puerto Rican framers to the 1952 Constitution, still in full force today. Commentary is provided on each of these constitutional provisions in light of the most recent decisions of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court. The volume examines the interaction between the Puerto Rico Supreme Court and the U.S. Supreme Court, as well as the complex relationship between Puerto Rico and the political branches in Washington. This book is a timely companion in one of the more complex, yet transformative periods in Puerto Rico's constitutional life.

"Die Arbeit wurde mit dem Foerderpreis 2000 der Heinz Ansmann-Stiftung ausgezeichnet" Der Mehrheitsaktionar einer Aktiengesellschaft kann Interessen verfolgen, die dem Ziel der Maximierung des Beteiligungswerts der Gesellschaft entgegen stehen. Diese Arbeit setzt sich mit der Frage auseinander, wie die Minderheitsaktionare vor den Interessen des Mehrheitsaktionars geschutzt werden koennen. Zu diesem Zweck wird eingangs untersucht, welchen Anspruchen der Minderheitenschutz aus gesamtwirtschaftlicher Sicht genugen muss. An diesen Massstaben wird der nach deutschem Recht gultige Schutz fur Minderheitsaktionare abhangiger Aktiengesellschaften ( 291-318 AktG) gemessen. Es wird gezeigt, dass das deutsche Recht keinen aus gesamtwirtschaftlicher Sicht geeigneten Schutzumfang bieten kann. Die Arbeit beschaftigt sich deshalb mit der Frage, ob eine UEbernahmeregelung die gesamtwirtschaftlichen Anspruche erfullt, die an ein Schutzsystem fur Minderheitsaktionare zu stellen sind und wie eine UEbernahmeregelung gestaltet werden muss, um diesen Anspruchen gerecht zu werden.

Neben der unmittelbaren Beteiligung an als Personengesellschaften organisierten Publikumsgesellschaften besteht oft die Moeglichkeit, dass sich Anleger mittelbar als Treugeber uber einen Treuhandgesellschafter beteiligen. Dabei sollen die Anleger vertraglich wie Quasi-Gesellschafter gestellt werden. Der Autor untersucht in diesem Spannungsfeld die Haftung und die Auskunfts- und Informationsrechte der Treugeber. Besonderes Augenmerk legt er dabei auf die AEnderungen und Probleme, insbesondere bei der Einlagenruckgewahr, durch die Einfuhrung des Kapitalanlagegesetzbuches (KAGB). Abschliessend widmet sich der Autor der Vertragsgestaltung zur Loesung der aufgeworfenen Probleme mit konkreten Regelungsvorschlagen.

This book provides an overview of The Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) and the Anti-Money Laundering Manual (AML) which is intended to safeguard the U.S. financial system and the financial institutions that make up that system from the abuses of financial crime, including money laundering, terrorist financing, and other illicit financial transactions. Money laundering and terrorist financing are financial crimes with potentially devastating social and financial effects. The BSA was designed to help identify the source, volume, and movement of currency and other monetary instruments transported or transmitted into or out of the U.S. or deposited in financial institutions.

Das Furstentum Liechtenstein ist das einzige kontinentaleuropaische Land, das eine ausdruckliche Regelung des Trust (Treuhanderschaft/Treuunternehmen) und der privatrechtlichen Anstalt in sein Rechtssystem aufgenommen hat. Einen Schwerpunkt dieser Untersuchung bildet die gesellschaftsrechtliche Darstellung der unterschiedlichen Rechtsformen. Dabei sollen die Vorteile der liechtensteinischen Besteuerung von Sitz- und Holdinggesellschaften erlautert werden. In dieser steuerlichen Privilegierung liegt ein wesentlicher Grund fur die Attraktivitat des Standortes Liechtenstein. Von besonderer Bedeutung fur die Beurteilung der finanziellen und wirtschaftlichen Vorteilhaftigkeit fur deutsche Kapitalanleger ist die zivil- und steuerrechtliche Behandlung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.

The explosion of the Covid-19 pandemic in February 2020 led to a paradigm change in the European Union architecture of economic governance. To mitigate the pandemic's damage, the EU established a Recovery Fund called 'Next Generation EU' (NGEU). Funded though resources raised on the financial markets, this special budget is worth 750bnEURO at 2018 prices, which corresponds to 806,9bnEURO at current prices. Disbursed to member states in the form of both loans and grants and to be repaid on a long-term basis through the introduction of new EU taxes, the NGEU has endowed the EU with borrowing, spending, and taxing powers. EU Fiscal Capacity: Legal Integration After Covid-19 and the War in Ukraine argues that the NGEU constiutes a profound overhaul in the EU architecture of economic governance. Moving away from the fiscal surveillance shown in response to the euro-crisis, the EU has adopted a strategy of fiscal federalism more akin to the United States. The return of war in Europe following 75 years of peace has caused yet more socio-economic damage for the EU. Occuring as Europe was slowly re-emerging from the pandemic, the war in Ukraine has disrupted supply chains, increased humanitarian assistance costs, and generated an energy crisis. Within the context of war, the limitations of the current EU constitutional arrangements have yet again been exposed. EU Fiscal Capacity argues that the EU needs to retain the NGEU as a permanent feature of EMU. The first book to analyse how the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have affected Europe's Economic & Monetary Union from an EU law and policy perspective, this book is a must read for policy makers and students of European law and politics alike.

A perfect companion to Bribery Abroad, this book continues the story of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)- America's far-reaching law against overseas bribery. It talks about notable cases, shows how the FCPA works, and tells what companies and individuals must do to comply with the law. Written in a style and language suitable for anyone who wants a better understanding of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, Bribery Everywhere brings its subject to life. It is sure to be a great addition to the bookshelves of lawyers and laymen who want to know more about the FCPA. And it will become an important part of compliance training programs everywhere.

The explosion of the Covid-19 pandemic in February 2020 led to a paradigm change in the European Union architecture of economic governance. To mitigate the pandemic's damage, the EU established a Recovery Fund called 'Next Generation EU' (NGEU). Funded though resources raised on the financial markets, this special budget is worth 750bnEURO at 2018 prices, which corresponds to 806,9bnEURO at current prices. Disbursed to member states in the form of both loans and grants and to be repaid on a long-term basis through the introduction of new EU taxes, the NGEU has endowed the EU with borrowing, spending, and taxing powers. EU Fiscal Capacity: Legal Integration After Covid-19 and the War in Ukraine argues that the NGEU constiutes a profound overhaul in the EU architecture of economic governance. Moving away from the fiscal surveillance shown in response to the euro-crisis, the EU has adopted a strategy of fiscal federalism more akin to the United States. The return of war in Europe following 75 years of peace has caused yet more socio-economic damage for the EU. Occuring as Europe was slowly re-emerging from the pandemic, the war in Ukraine has disrupted supply chains, increased humanitarian assistance costs, and generated an energy crisis. Within the context of war, the limitations of the current EU constitutional arrangements have yet again been exposed. EU Fiscal Capacity argues that the EU needs to retain the NGEU as a permanent feature of EMU. The first book to analyse how the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have affected Europe's Economic & Monetary Union from an EU law and policy perspective, this book is a must read for policy makers and students of European law and politics alike.

This book describes the key advantages and risks involved in the choice of law governing international business and financial transactions, plus the accompanying choice of courts. Beginning with an analysis of the role of law in social infrastructure, the work outlines the economic value and power of governing law. It concentrates predominantly on financial, corporate, commercial, and insolvency law across a vast comparative basis, discussing how legal risk can be reduced through careful choice of law and courts. In Governing Law Risks in International Business Transactions, Philip R. Wood proposes 70 key indicators to rank the England, New York, France, and German legal systems plus many other jurisdictions on 13 risk tests. These include contract predictability, business orientation, freedom of contract, insolvency regimes, corporate law, regulatory law, courts, litigation, and other factors. The book considers all 320 jurisdictions of the world and shows how to understand them by locating them in eight families of law, each with their own features. The book explains not only choice of law principles but sets out the factors to consider the commercial and legal implications of choosing one law over another in business contracts, and is an essential resource for all commercial lawyers.

This new work provides integrated analysis of and guidance on the Prospectus Regulation 2017, civil liability for a misleading prospectus, and securities litigation in a European context. The prospectus rules are one of the cornerstones of the EU Capital Markets Union and analysis of this aspect of harmonisation, the areas not covered by the rules, and the impact of Brexit, provides valuable reference for all advising and researching this field. The first Part serves as an introduction to the volume with relevant context. Part II discusses the subjects of Prospectus Regulation from both a legal and economic perspective. Each chapter within Part II focuses on a key subject of the new Prospectus Regulation, providing an in-depth analysis of each issue. Part III of the work explains the domestic law on liability for a misleading prospectus, this issue being omitted from the Regulation. The law and practice in each of the key capital markets centres in Europe is analysed, with the UK chapter covering the issues and possible solutions under Brexit. There is full consideration of conflicts of laws issues with reference to the Brussels I regulation, and the Rome I and II Regulations. The influence of the EU Prospectus rules on private law is also addressed.

A mortgage represents a loan or lien on a property/house that has to be paid over a specified period of time. Mortgages come in many different shapes and sizes, each with its own advantages and disadvantages, terminology and vested interests. Mortgages represent one of the most (if not the most) significant investment decisions most individuals will make in their lifetimes. This new book presents invaluable information on some of the primary types of mortgages as well as FAQ and future trends in the industry.

This book primarily provides assistance to litigators who find themselves acting for or against firms in contentious regulatory matters. The material covered is broad in that it covers matters of civil, criminal, administrative, and public law. It is also highly focused in that it is intended to act as a practical handbook for litigators; detailed explanations are given of practice, procedure, evidence, and remedies at the expense of general commentary on the non-contentious aspects of financial regulation. The book starts with two chapters that are primarily contextual. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the UK financial regulators whilst paying particular attention to the relationships between them and the ways in which those interactions can pose problems for litigators and the firms they represent. Chapter 2 summarises the authorisation process and its procedures, as well as the Senior Managers and Certification Regime. In both cases, it provides practical advice for firms and individuals in composing and submitting applications for authorisation and approval. Chapter 3 deals with the increasingly important topic of investigations and information gathering. It pays particular attention to the settlement of investigations and the FCA's procedures for determining discounts. The heart of this book is found in Chapters 4-7, which cover the various forums in which firms can be challenged for failing to adhere to regulatory standards. Unlike many works dealing with financial services regulation, which so often seem to focus on civil liability, this book aspires to be equally helpful to the criminal litigator. Criminal liability is therefore split in two. Chapter 4 covers practice, procedure, and evidence. Chapter 5 covers the substantive offences, defences, and sentencing. Civil liability is found in Chapters 6 and 7. Civil enforcement action taken by regulators, including RDC procedure, penalties, and an analysis of the basis and scope of the raft of potential remedies available to the regulator, are covered in Chapter 6. Individual action by investors and consumers is considered in Chapter 7 alongside wider legal principles that may come into play such as litigation. This chapter for the first time includes a detailed analysis of the types of claims often encountered by firms, including case studies on PPI and interest rate hedging products. Redress, complaints, the Financial Ombudsman Service, and relevant procedure are analysed in Chapter 8. Finally, Chapter 9 provides an overview of the independent methods of challenging regulators, including judicial review and the Financial Services Complaints Commissioner.

This book is the most comprehensive and authoritative practical guide to financial transactions under Islamic law. Global interest in Shari'a-compliant financial practices continues to increase, but Islamic financial products can often be hard to understand, not least because they often cut across rather than strictly align with more conventional financial products. This book provides the necessary explanation by explaining the theoretical underpinnings of Islamic finance as a whole before going on to examine the major individual transaction structures in detail. The first part of the book informs the reader about the general background to Islamic Finance and the relevant aspects (and sources) of Islamic law. It also considers the role of Shari'a supervisory boards, Islamic financial institutions and accounting approaches. The second part of the book concentrates on Islamic financial law in practice by focusing on individual concepts and techniques. This section explains the basic requirements for Islamic finance contracts both in terms of the underlying asset types and also both the applicability and acceptability of the underlying asset. Arrangements discussed include Mudaraba (trustee finance), Musharaka (partnership or joint venture), Murabaha (sale of goods), and Sukuk (participation securities: coupons etc). Takaful (insurance) is also examined in detail. A new chapter has also been added to this second part of the book detailing the principles of Islamic investment funds and commonly applied structures.

Tender offers, exchange offers and consent solicitations in connection with debt securities are important instruments of corporate restructurings, corporate rescues, recapitalisations and other types of liability management of public and private companies. Although tender offers for shares, stocks and other equity securities are covered by a vast literature on public mergers, takeovers and acquisitions, the literature on liability management transactions for debt securities is scarce. Law and Practice of Liability Management rectifies this by providing a systematic treatise of the law relating to this significant aspect of the global capital market. It guides students and professionals through the complex legal and regulatory requirements applicable to these transactions, the increasing regulatory interest by the world's leading financial regulatory authorities, and recent innovations in the structuring, legal techniques and execution of the relevant transactions in international capital markets.

Despite the role of shadow banking in the building up of the 2008 international financial crisis, the massive size of this sector, its cross-border nature, and the risks it entails for financial stability, the post-crisis regulation of shadow banking has remained rather feeble. Why? The Perils of International Regime Complexity in Shadow Banking identifies a 'game of shadows', which unfolded recursively concerning the definition, monitoring, and regulation of shadow banking internationally. Thus, states, regulators, and private actors tended to cast light away from various parts of the shadow banking system - shadow banking was (re)fined over time, its measurement was narrowed down, lessening the (perceived) need for regulation. The playing out of such a game was facilitated by the international architecture for shadow banking governance, which is a 'regime complex' characterized by the presence of multiple institutions and elemental regimes governing a set of related issues. Indeed, shadow banking is a quintessential case for demonstrating the perils of international regime complexity, which magnifies problems that are endemic in governing global finance - namely, interstate competition, disagreement between technocratic bodies, and the power of the financial industry - while splintering solutions, due to the fragmentation of regulatory authority. Empirically, this book examines various elemental regimes concerning different aspects of shadow banking, namely: international standards for defining, measuring, and monitoring global shadow banking; international standards for shadow banking entities, including money market funds, hedge funds, and investment funds; international standards for shadow banking activities, such as securitization, securities lending, and repos; international standards for bank capital exposures to shadow banking.

Brexit will have a significant impact on the UK financial services system. At the time of writing this book it is still unclear whether the UK will leave the EU with a deal. Given the uncertainty, this book provides high-level guidance on the complexity of Brexit as it applies to financial institutions through the eyes of leading lawyers. It considers from a financial services perspective, the draft withdrawal agreement and political declaration on the future EU / UK relationship that was approved at the negotiators level on both sides in November 2018 and further amended in October 2019. In a no deal scenario the focus of the book is on the key themes providing readers with a holistic view of the regulatory issues. In particular, the book addresses communications from the EU institutions on the approach to be taken regarding the authorisation of banks and investment firms in the EU27. Of particular importance is consideration of the opinions issued in 2017 by the European Banking Authority and the European Securities and Markets Authority. The analysis also includes a review of the approach taken by the key EU jurisdictions of Germany, France, the Netherlands and Ireland. Furthermore the book includes coverage of key pieces of EU legislation including the European Markets Infrastructure Regulation, the revised Markets in Financial Instruments Directive, the Capital Requirements Directive IV and the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive. The work also provides a useful outline of the UK transitional regime and onshoring of EU legislation in a no deal scenario. The overseas persons exclusion contained in the FSMA Regulated Activities Order is also discussed as is the senior managers regime. The book also considers the EU equivalence regime, the different pieces of EU legislation that contain equivalence provisions, and the process for determining equivalence. Furthermore, it examines the role of international regulatory bodies and international standards. The development of international regulation and the UKs influence on it will be important components in the post-Brexit landscape. Breaking Brexit issues into accessible, structured chapters, leading practitioners from across the City of London unpack legal complexities, sharing a wealth of experience.

Bringing together a team of globally renowned academics and expert practitioners in the field, Transnational Securities Law , Second Edition, presents a comprehensive analysis of the international harmonization of the law relating to securities. The book focuses on private law, insolvency law, and conflict-of-laws issues, as well as providing in-depth guidance on recent regulatory and technological developments. Each chapter assesses the current state of the law, and, for issues that have not yet been harmonized, identifies best standard practice solutions. This fully revised and updated edition considers the regulatory intervention in the wake of the global financial crisis and the impact of ground-breaking technological innovations in the securities markets, with a particular focus on blockchain and other types of distributed ledger technology, smart contracts, and crypto-securities. In so doing it addresses the paucity of attention given to issues of investor protection and custody of digital assets, and provides guidance on the development from legacy technology to a landscape in which a variety of DLT solutions are increasingly applied. It furthermore proposes an approach toward solving or ameliorating prevailing legal and regulatory problems with enhanced systems, infrastructures, regulatory approaches, and private-law doctrine. Alongside the well-established and comprehensive analysis of securities law at the transnational level, this new edition continues to provide best-practice solutions for practitioners working in the field of securities law.

The World Bank's Lawyers provides an original socio-legal account of the evolving institutional life of international law. Informed by oral archives, months of participant observation, interviews, legal memoranda, and documents obtained through freedom-of-information requests, it tells a previously untold story of the World Bank's legal department between 1983 and 2016. This is a story of people and the beliefs they have, the influence they seek, and the tools they employ. It is an account of the practices they cling to and how these practices gain traction, or how they fail to do so, in an international bureaucracy. Inspired by actor-network theory, relational sociologies of association, and performativity theory, this ethnographic exploration multiplies the matters of concern in our study of international law (and lawyering): the human and non-human, material and semantic, visible and evasive actants that tie together the fragile fabric of legality. In tracing these threads, this book signals important changes in the conceptual repertoire and materiality of international legal practice, as liberal ideals were gradually displaced by managerial modes of evaluation. It reveals a world teeming with life-a space where professional postures and prototypes, aesthetic styles, and technical routines are woven together in law's shifting mode of existence. This history of international law as a contingent cultural technique enriches our understanding of the discipline's disenchantment and the displacement of its traditional tropes by unexpected and unruly actors. It thereby inspires new ways of critical thinking about international law's political pathways, promises, and pathologies, as its language is inscribed in ever-evolving rationalities of rule.

The proper functioning of the EU financial market is protected by public actors - both national and supranational - responsible for rulemaking and supervision of investment firms and other private actors. At the same time the effectiveness of the EU legal system requires vigilance from private actors such as investment firms but also their clients, invoking their rights before national authorities and courts. This means that investment firms have a dual role within the system, turning them into subjects of control and enforcement but also agents in the maintenance of the rule of law. Legal Accountability in EU Markets for Financial Instruments brings together a group of scholars with expertise from different legal disciplines but a shared interest for the EU internal market and the way it develops. It integrates a modern study of the form and function of EU rulemaking in the internal market after the financial crisis. The book includes an evaluation of core aspects of rulemaking in the financial market and that way provides a cross-cutting treatment of EU law. The focus of the book is set on the regulatory framework in MiFIDII and MiFIR and thematic questions around legal mechanisms for accountability and the role of investment firms in the operation of those mechanisms. It further discusses the implications for EU law and the EU legal system and gives readers a thorough understanding of the concept of accountability through its own findings.