This thesis analyzes aerodynamic forces in viscous and compressible external flows. It is unique, as the force theories discussed apply to fully viscous and compressible Navier-Stokes external flows, allowing them to be readily combined with computational fluid dynamics to form a profound basis of modern aerodynamics. This thesis makes three fundamental contributions to theoretical aerodynamics, presenting: (1) a universal far-field zonal structure that determines how disturbance flow quantities decay dynamically to the state of rest at infinity; (2) a universal and exact total-force formula for steady flow and its far-field asymptotics; and (3) a general near-field theory for the detailed diagnosis of all physical constituents of aerodynamic force and moment.

Dimensional Analysis and Physical Similarity are well understood subjects, and the general concepts of dynamical similarity are explained in this book. Our exposition is essentially different from those available in the literature, although it follows the general ideas known as Pi Theorem. There are many excellent books that one can refer to; however, dimensional analysis goes beyond Pi theorem, which is also known as Buckingham's Pi Theorem. Many techniques via self-similar solutions can bound solutions to problems that seem intractable. A time-developing phenomenon is called self-similar if the spatial distributions of its properties at different points in time can be obtained from one another by a similarity transformation, and identifying one of the independent variables as time. However, this is where Dimensional Analysis goes beyond Pi Theorem into self-similarity, which has represented progress for researchers. In recent years there has been a surge of interest in self-similar solutions of the First and Second kind. Such solutions are not newly discovered; they have been identified and named by Zel'dovich, a famous Russian Mathematician in 1956. They have been used in the context of a variety of problems, such as shock waves in gas dynamics, and filtration through elasto-plastic materials. Self-Similarity has simplified computations and the representation of the properties of phenomena under investigation. It handles experimental data, reduces what would be a random cloud of empirical points to lie on a single curve or surface, and constructs procedures that are self-similar. Variables can be specifically chosen for the calculations.

This book is a complete revision of the part of Monin & Yaglom's famous two-volume work "Statistical Fluid Mechanics: Mechanics of Turbulence" that deals with the theory of laminar-flow instability and transition to turbulence. It includes the considerable advances in the subject that have been made in the last 15 years or so. It is intended as a textbook for advanced graduate courses and as a reference for research students and professional research workers.

The first two Chapters are an introduction to the mathematics, and the experimental results, for the instability of laminar (or inviscid) flows to infinitesimal (in practice "small") disturbances. The third Chapter develops this linear theory in more detail and describes its application to particular problems. Chapters 4 and 5 deal with instability to finite-amplitude disturbances: much of the material has previously been available only in research papers."

The book surveys the state-of-the-art methods that are currently available to model and simulate the presence of rigid particles in a fluid flow. For particles that are very small relative to the characteristic flow scales and move without interaction with other particles, effective equations of motion for particle tracking are formulated and applied (e.g. in gas-solid flows). For larger particles, for particles in liquid-solid flows and for particles that interact with each other or possibly modify the overall flow detailed model are presented. Special attention is given to the description of the approximate force coupling method (FCM) as a more general treatment for small particles, and derivations in the context of low Reynolds numbers for the particle motion as well as application at finite Reynolds numbers are provided. Other topics discussed in the book are the relation to higher resolution immersed boundary methods, possible extensions to non-spherical particles and examples of applications of such methods to dispersed multiphase flows.

Ship optimization design is critical to the preliminary design of a ship. With the rapid development of computer technology, the simulation-based design (SBD) technique has been introduced into the field of ship design. Typical SBD consists of three parts: geometric reconstruction; CFD numerical simulation; and optimization. In the context of ship design, these are used to alter the shape of the ship, evaluate the objective function and to assess the hull form space respectively. As such, the SBD technique opens up new opportunities and paves the way for a new method for optimal ship design. This book discusses the problem of optimizing ship's hulls, highlighting the key technologies of ship optimization design and presenting a series of hull-form optimization platforms. It includes several improved approaches and novel ideas with significant potential in this field

This thesis focuses on the development of high-order finite volume methods and discontinuous Galerkin methods, and presents possible solutions to a number of important and common problems encountered in high-order methods, such as the shock-capturing strategy and curved boundary treatment, then applies these methods to solve compressible flows.

Accurate fluid level measurement in dynamic environments can be assessed using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) approach. SVM is a supervised learning model that analyzes and recognizes patterns. It is a signal classification technique which has far greater accuracy than conventional signal averaging methods. Ultrasonic Fluid Quantity Measurement in Dynamic Vehicular Applications: A Support Vector Machine Approach describes the research and development of a fluid level measurement system for dynamic environments. The measurement system is based on a single ultrasonic sensor. A Support Vector Machines (SVM) based signal characterization and processing system has been developed to compensate for the effects of slosh and temperature variation in fluid level measurement systems used in dynamic environments including automotive applications. It has been demonstrated that a simple -SVM model with Radial Basis Function (RBF) Kernel with the inclusion of a Moving Median filter could be used to achieve the high levels of accuracy required for fluid level measurement in dynamic environments. Aimed toward graduate and postgraduate students, researchers, and engineers studying applications of artificial intelligence, readers will learn about a measurement system that is based on a single ultrasonic sensor which can achieve the high levels of accuracy required for fluid level measurement in dynamic environments.

Some words about SCART 2000. SCART stands for science and art. SCART meetings are organized in a loose time sequence by an international group of scientists, most of them fluid-dynamicists. The first meeting was held in Hong-Kong, the second one in Berlin, and the third, and latest, one in Zurich. SCART meetings include a scientific conference and a number of art events. The intention is to restart a dialogue between scientists and artists which was so productive in the past. To achieve this goal several lectures given by scientists at the conference are intended for a broader public. In the proceedings they are denoted as SCART lectures. The artists in tum address the main theme of the conference with their contributions. The lectures at SCART 2000 covered the entire field of fluiddynamics, from laminar flows in biological systems to astrophysical events, such as the explosion of a neutron star. The main exhibition by Dutch and Swiss artists showed video and related art under the title 'Walking on Air'. Experimental music was performed in two concerts.

Physically correct boundary conditions on vapor-liquid interfaces are essential in order to make an analysis of flows of a liquid including bubbles or of a gas including droplets. Suitable boundary conditions do not exist at the present time. This book is concerned with the kinetic boundary condition for both the plane and curved vapor-liquid interfaces, and the fluid dynamics boundary condition for Navier-Stokes(fluid dynamics) equations. The kinetic boundary condition is formulated on the basis of molecular dynamics simulations and the fluid dynamics boundary condition is derived by a perturbation analysis of Gaussian-BGK Boltzmann equation applicable to polyatomic gases. The fluid dynamics boundary condition is applied to actual flow problems of bubbles in a liquid and droplets in a gas.

The series is aimed specifically at publishing peer reviewed reviews and contributions presented at workshops and conferences. Each volume is associated with a particular conference, symposium or workshop. These events cover various topics within pure and applied mathematics and provide up-to-date coverage of new developments, methods and applications.

The "Turbulence and Interactions 2009" (TI2009) conference was held in Saint- Luce on the island of La Martinique, France, on May 31-June 5, 2009. The sci- tific sponsors of the conference were * DGA * Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), * ERCOFTAC : European Research Community on Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, * Institut Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, Paris, * ONERA. This second TI conference was very successful as it attracted 65 researchers from 17 countries. The magnificent venue and the beautiful weather helped the participants to discuss freely and casually, share ideas and projects, and spend very good times all together. The organisers were fortunate in obtaining the presence of the following - vited speakers: L. Fuchs (KTH, Stockholm and Lund University), J. Jimenez (Univ. Politecnica Madrid), C.-H. Moeng (NCAR), A. Scotti (University of North Carolina), L. Shen (Johns Hopkins University) and A.J. Smits (Princeton Univ- sity). The topics covered by the 62 contributed papers ranged from experimental results through theory to computations. They represent a snapshot of the state-- the-art in turbulence research. The papers of the conference went through the usual reviewing process and the result is given in this book of Proceedings. In the present volume, the reader will find the keynote lectures followed by the contributed talks given in alphabetical order of the first author.

The book reports on advanced solutions to the problem of simulating wing and nacelle stall, as presented and discussed by internationally recognized researchers at the Closing Symposium of the DFG Research Unit FOR 1066. Reliable simulations of flow separation on airfoils, wings and powered engine nacelles at high Reynolds numbers represent great challenges in defining suitable mathematical models, computing numerically accurate solutions and providing comprehensive experimental data for the validation of numerical simulations. Additional problems arise from the need to consider airframe-engine interactions and inhomogeneous onset flow conditions, as real aircraft operate in atmospheric environments with often-large distortions. The findings of fundamental and applied research into these and other related issues are reported in detail in this book, which targets all readers, academics and professionals alike, interested in the development of advanced computational fluid dynamics modeling for the simulation of complex aircraft flows with flow separation.

Airbreathing Propulsion covers the physics of combustion, fluid and thermo-dynamics, and structural mechanics of airbreathing engines, including piston, turboprop, turbojet, turbofan, and ramjet engines. End-of-chapter exercises allow the reader to practice the fundamental concepts behind airbreathing propulsion, and the included PAGIC computer code will help the reader to examine the relationships between the performance parameters of different engines. Large amounts of data have on many different piston, turbojet, and turboprop engines have been compiled for this book and are included as an appendix. This textbook is ideal for senior undergraduate and graduate students studying aeronautical engineering, aerospace engineering, and mechanical engineering.

Fluid Power with Applications, Seventh Edition presents broad coverage of fluid power technology in a readable and understandable fashion. An extensive array of industrial applications is provided to motivate and stimulate students' interest in the field. Balancing theory and applications, this book is updated to reflect current technology; it focuses on the design, analysis, operation, and maintenance of fluid power systems. It also includes an Automation Studio (TM) CD (produced by Famic Technologies Inc.) that contains simulations and animations of many of the fluid power circuits presented throughout the book as well as a variety of additional fluid power applications.

In regions as densely populated as Western Europe, prediction of the ecological implications of pollutant transport are important in order to minimise damage in the case of accidents, and to evaluate the possible influence of existing or planned sources. In most cases, such predictions depend on high-speed computation. The present textbook presents a mathematically explicit introduction in eight chapters: 1: An introduction to the basics of fluid dynamics of the atmosphere and the local events and mesoscale processes. 2: The types of PDEs describing atmospheric flows for limited area models, the problem of appropriate boundary conditions describing the topographical constraints, and well-posedness. 3: Thermodynamics of the atmosphere, dry and wet, its stability, and radiation processes, budgets and the influence of their sum. 4: Scaling and similarity laws for stable and convective turbulent atmospheric boundary layers and the influence of inhomogeneous terrain on the advection and the vertical dispersion, and the method of large eddy simulation. 5: Statistical processes in turbulent dispersion, turbulent diffusion and chemical reactions in fluxes. 6: Theoretical modelling of diffusion and dispersion of pollutant gases. 7: The influence of urban heat production on local climate. 8: Atmospheric inversion layers and lapping inversion, the stable boundary layer and nocturnal inversion.

The interest in the field of active flow control (AFC) is steadily increasing. In - cent years the number of conferences and special sessions devoted to AFC org- ized by various institutions around the world continuously rises. New advanced courses for AFC are offered by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Ast- nautics (AIAA), the European Research Community on Flow, Turbulence and Combustion (ERCOFTAC), the International Centre for Mechanical Sciences (CISM), the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics (VKI), to name just a few. New books on AFC are published by prominent colleagues of our field and even a new periodical, the 'International Journal of Flow Control', appeared. Despite these many activities in AFC it was felt that a follow-up of the highly successful 'ACTIVE FLOW CONTROL' Conference held in Berlin in 2006 was appropriate. As in 2006, 'ACTIVE FLOW CONTROL II' consisted only of invited lectures. To sti- late multidisciplinary discussions between experimental, theoretical and numerical fluid dynamics, aerodynamics, turbomachinary, mathematics, control engineering, metrology and computer science parallel sessions were excluded. Unfortunately, not all of the presented papers made it into this volume. As the preparation and printing of a book takes time and as this volume should be available at the conf- ence, the Local Organizing Committee had to set up a very ambitious time sch- ule which could not be met by all contributors.

This book provides a detailed overview of the plasma fluidized bed. It is an innovative tool and generally combines plasma process with another efficient reactor, fluidized bed, providing an excellent method for particulate processes over conventional technology. The development and designs of typical types of plasma fluidized beds, mainly thermal plasma fluidized beds and non-thermal plasma fluidized beds are discussed. The influencing factors on the performance of plasma fluidized beds are analyzed in detail. The mechanism, i.e. the discharge characteristics, hydrodynamics, heat transfer and mass transfer are analyzed to offer a further insight of plasma fluidized beds. Applications of plasma fluidized beds for different areas, including metallurgy extraction, green energy process, environmental protection and advanced materials are presented. The book is a valuable reference for scientists, engineers and graduate students in chemical engineering and relative fields.

This book offers an introduction to the geomechanical issues raised by both the extraction of actual and potential energy resources, and by the treatment of the ensuing environmental concerns. Discussions of the operations of injection of fluids into, and withdrawal from, geological formations link the chapters, each devoted to a particular technical aspect or scientific issue, or to a particular energy resource.Subjects are ordered according to their industrial applications, including enhanced oil and gas recovery, gas hydrates, enhanced geothermal systems, hydraulic fracturing, and carbon dioxide sequestration. An overview of the industrial, research and simulation aspects for each subject is provided. Fluid Injection in Deformable Geological Formations will be of interest to academic and industrial researchers in a wide variety of fields, including computational mechanics, civil engineering, geotechnical engineering and geomechanics, engineering seismology, petroleum engineering, reservoir engineering, and engineering geology.

This two-volume monograph is a comprehensive and up-to-date presentation of the theory and applications of kinetic equations. The first volume covers many-particle dynamics, Maxwell models of the Boltzmann equation (including their exact and self-similar solutions), and hydrodynamic limits beyond the Navier-Stokes level.

The Second Monte Verita Colloquium Fundamental Problematic Issues in Turbu lence was held in Monte Verita, Switzerland, on March 23-27, 1998. The main goal of the Colloquium was to bring together in the relaxed atmo sphere of Monte Verita a group of leading scientists (consisting of representatives of different generations) and to discuss informally and free of the influence of funding agencies and/or other "politics" of nonscientific nature the basic issues of turbulence. The intention was to put major emphasis on the exposition of the problematic aspects and discussion(s) - not mere reporting of results, i. e. not hav ing just one more meeting. For this purpose it was originally thought to leave all the afternoons free of formal presentations at all. However, this intention became unrealistic due to a number of reasons, and, in the first place, due to strong pres sure from various parts of the scientific community and non-scientific constraints to broaden the scope and to increase the number of participants as compared to the First Colloquium held in 1991. This resulted in a considerable reduction of time for discussions. Nevertheless, the remaining time for discussions was much larger than usually allocated at scientific conferences. On the scientific side the main idea was to bring together scientists work ing in turbulence from different fields, such as mathematics, physics, engineering and others. In this respect the Colloquium was definitely very successful and re sulted in a number of interesting interactions and contacts."

This book gathers contributions to the 20th biannual symposium of the German Aerospace Aerodynamics Association (STAB) and the German Society for Aeronautics and Astronautics (DGLR). The individual chapters reflect ongoing research conducted by the STAB members in the field of numerical and experimental fluid mechanics and aerodynamics, mainly for (but not limited to) aerospace applications, and cover both nationally and EC-funded projects. Special emphasis is given to collaborative research projects conducted by German scientists and engineers from universities, research-establishments and industries. By addressing a number of cutting-edge applications, together with the relevant physical and mathematics fundamentals, the book provides readers with a comprehensive overview of the current research work in the field. Though the book's primary emphasis is on the aerospace context, it also addresses further important applications, e.g. in ground transportation and energy.

This book provides analytical solutions to a number of classical problems in transport processes, i.e. in fluid mechanics, heat and mass transfer. Expanding computing power and more efficient numerical methods have increased the importance of computational tools. However, the interpretation of these results is often difficult and the computational results need to be tested against the analytical results, making analytical solutions a valuable commodity. Furthermore, analytical solutions for transport processes provide a much deeper understanding of the physical phenomena involved in a given process than do corresponding numerical solutions. Though this book primarily addresses the needs of researchers and practitioners, it may also be beneficial for graduate students just entering the field.

The second of the 1989 conferences in the Shell Conference Series, held from 10 to 12 December in the Netherlands and organized by Koninklijke/Shell-Laboratorium, Amsterdam, was on "Computational Fluid Dynamics for Petrochemical Process Equip ment". The objective was to generate a shared perspective on the subject with respect to its role in the design of equipment involving complex flows. The conference was attended by scientists from four Shell laboratories and experts from universities in the USA, France, Great Britain, Germany and The Netherlands. R. V. A. Oliemans, G. Ooms and T. M. M. Verheggen formed the organizing committee. Complexities in fluid flow may arise from equipment geometry and/or the fluids themselves, which can be mUlti-component, single-phase or multiphase. Pressure and temperature gradients and any reactivity of components in the flow stream can be additional factors. Four themes were addressed: turbulent reacting and non-reacting flow, dispersed multiphase flow, separated two-phase flow and fluid flow simulation tools. The capabilities and limitations of a sequence of turbulence flow models, from the relatively simple k-GBP model to direct numerical simulation and large eddy turbulence flow models, were considered for a range of petrochemical process equipment. Flow stability aspects and the potential of cellular automata for the simulation of industrial flows also received attention. The papers published in this special issue of Applied Scientific Research provide a fair representation of the Computational Fluid Dynamics topics discussed in the context of their application to petrochemical process equipment.