This book provides an overview of advanced prediction and verification technologies for aerodynamics and aerothermodynamics and assesses a number of critical issues in advanced hypersonic vehicle design. Focusing on state-of-the-art theories and promising technologies for engineering applications, it also presents a range of representative practical test cases. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable asset for researchers who are interested in thermodynamics, aircraft design, wind tunnel testing, fluid dynamics and aerothermodynamics research methods, introducing them to inspiring new research topics.

This book focuses on developing strategies for ultra-lean combustion of natural gas and hydrogen, and contributes to the research on extending the lean flammability limit of hydrogen and air using a hot supersonic jet. The author addresses experimental methods, data analysis techniques, and results throughout each chapter and: Explains the fundamental mechanisms behind turbulent hot jet ignition using non-dimensional analysis Explores ignition characteristics by impinging hot jet and multiple jets in relation to better controllability and lean combustion Explores how different instability modes interact with the acoustic modes of the combustion chamber. This book provides a potential answer to some of the issues that arise from lean engine operation, such as poor ignition, engine misfire, cycle-to-cycle variability, combustion instability, reduction in efficiency, and an increase in unburned hydrocarbon emissions. This thesis was submitted to and approved by Purdue University.

This book contains the outcome of the international meeting on instability, control and noise generated by massive flow separation that was organized at the Monash Center, in Prato, Italy, September 4-6, 2013.

The meeting served as the final review of the EU-FP7 Instability and Control of Massively Separated Flows Marie Curie travel grant and was supported by the European Office of Aerospace Research and Development.

Fifty leading specialists from twelve countries reviewed the progress made since the 50s of the last century and discussed modern analysis techniques, advanced experimental flow diagnostics and recent developments in active flow control techniques from the incompressible to the hypersonic regime.

Applications involving massive flow separation and associated instability and noise generation mechanisms of interest to the aeronautical, naval and automotive industries have been addressed from a theoretical, numerical or experimental point of view, making this book a unique source containing the state-of-the-art in separated flow instability and its control.

The tracer method was first introduced to measure the actual flow of fluid in a vessel, and then to develop a suitable model to represent this flow. Such models are used to follow the flow of fluid in chemical reactors and other process units, in rivers and streams, and through soils and porous structures. Also, in medicine they are used to study the flow of chemicals, harmful or not, in the blood streams of animals and man.

Tracer Technology, written by Octave Levenspiel, shows how we use tracers to follow the flow of fluids and then we develop a variety of models to represent these flows. This activity is called tracer technology.

This thesis presents an accurate and advanced numerical methodology to remedy difficulties such as direct numerical simulation of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow in computational fluid dynamics (CFD), grid generation processes in tokamak fusion facilities, and the coupling between the surface tension force and Lorentz force in the metallurgical industry. In addition, on the basis of the numerical platform it establishes, it also investigates selected interesting topics, e.g. single bubble motion under the influence of either vertical or horizontal magnetic fields. Furthermore, it confirms the relation between the bubble's path instability and wake instability, and observes the anisotropic (isotropic) effect of the vertical (horizontal) magnetic field on the vortex structures, which determines the dynamic behavior of the rising bubble. The direct numerical simulation of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows has proven difficult in the field of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) research, because it not only concerns the coupling of the equations governing the electromagnetic field and the fluid motion, but also calls for suitable numerical methods for computing the electromagnetic field. In tokamak fusion facilities, where the MHD effect is significant and the flow domain is complex, the process of grid generation requires considerable time and effort. Moreover, in the metallurgical industry, where multiphase MHD flows are usually encountered, the coupling between the surface tension force and Lorentz force adds to the difficulty of deriving direct numerical simulations.

Here, the authors present modern mathematical methods to solve problems of differential-operator inclusions and evolution variation inequalities which may occur in fields such as geophysics, aerohydrodynamics, or fluid dynamics. For the first time, they describe the detailed generalization of various approaches to the analysis of fundamentally nonlinear models and provide a toolbox of mathematical equations. These new mathematical methods can be applied to a broad spectrum of problems. Examples of these are phase changes, diffusion of electromagnetic, acoustic, vibro-, hydro- and seismoacoustic waves, or quantum mechanical effects. This is the second of two volumes dealing with the subject.

In this book basic and some more advanced thermodynamics and phase as well as stability diagrams relevant for diffusion studies are introduced. Following, Fick s laws of diffusion, atomic mechanisms, interdiffusion, intrinsic diffusion, tracer diffusion and the Kirkendall effect are discussed. Short circuit diffusion is explained in detail with an emphasis on grain boundary diffusion.Recent advances in the area of interdiffusion will be introduced. Interdiffusion in multi-component systems is also explained. Many practical examples will be given, such that researches working in this area can learn the practical evaluation of various diffusion parameters from experimental results. Large number of illustrations and experimental results are used to explain the subject. This book will be appealing for students, academicians, engineers and researchers in academic institutions, industry research and development laboratories."

This Volume 5 of the successful book package "Multiphase Flow Dynamics" is devoted to nuclear thermal hydraulics which is a substantial part of nuclear reactor safety. It provides knowledge and mathematical tools for adequate description of the process of transferring the fission heat released in materials due to nuclear reactions into its environment. It step by step introduces into the heat release inside the fuel, temperature fields in the fuels, the "simple" boiling flow in a pipe described using ideas of different complexity like equilibrium, non equilibrium, homogeneity, non homogeneity. Then the "simple" three-fluid boiling flow in a pipe is described by gradually involving the mechanisms like entrainment and deposition, dynamic fragmentation, collisions, coalescence, turbulence. All heat transfer mechanisms are introduced gradually discussing their uncertainty. Different techniques are introduced like boundary layer treatments or integral methods. Comparisons with experimental data at each step demonstrate the success of the different ideas and models. After an introduction of the design of the reactor pressure vessels for pressurized and boiling water reactors the accuracy of the modern methods is demonstrated using large number of experimental data sets for steady and transient flows in heated bundles. Starting with single pipe boiling going through boiling in the rod bundles the analysis of complete vessel including the reactor is finally demonstrated. Then a powerful method for nonlinear stability analysis of flow boiling and condensation is introduced. Models are presented and their accuracies are investigated for describing critical multiphase flow at different level of complexity. Therefore the book presents a complete coverage of the modern Nuclear Thermal Hydrodynamics. This present third edition includes various updates, extensions, improvements and corrections.

Fluid mechanical aspects of separated and vortical flow in aircraft wing aerodynamics are treated. The focus is on two wing classes: (1) large aspect-ratio wings and (2) small aspect-ratio delta-type wings. Aerodynamic design issues in general are not dealt with. Discrete numerical simulation methods play a progressively larger role in aircraft design and development. Accordingly, in the introduction to the book the different mathematical models are considered, which underlie the aerodynamic computation methods (panel methods, RANS and scale-resolving methods). Special methods are the Euler methods, which as rather inexpensive methods embrace compressibility effects and also permit to describe lifting-wing flow. The concept of the kinematically active and inactive vorticity content of shear layers gives insight into many flow phenomena, but also, with the second break of symmetry---the first one is due to the Kutta condition---an explanation of lifting-wing flow fields. The prerequisite is an extended definition of separation: "flow-off separation" at sharp trailing edges of class (1) wings and at sharp leading edges of class (2) wings. The vorticity-content concept, with a compatibility condition for flow-off separation at sharp edges, permits to understand the properties of the evolving trailing vortex layer and the resulting pair of trailing vortices of class (1) wings. The concept also shows that Euler methods at sharp delta or strake leading edges of class (2) wings can give reliable results. Three main topics are treated: 1) Basic Principles are considered first: boundary-layer flow, vortex theory, the vorticity content of shear layers, Euler solutions for lifting wings, the Kutta condition in reality and the topology of skin-friction and velocity fields. 2) Unit Problems treat isolated flow phenomena of the two wing classes. Capabilities of panel and Euler methods are investigated. One Unit Problem is the flow past the wing of the NASA Common Research Model. Other Unit Problems concern the lee-side vortex system appearing at the Vortex-Flow Experiment 1 and 2 sharp- and blunt-edged delta configurations, at a delta wing with partly round leading edges, and also at the Blunt Delta Wing at hypersonic speed. 3) Selected Flow Problems of the two wing classes. In short sections practical design problems are discussed. The treatment of flow past fuselages, although desirable, was not possible in the frame of this book.

This book deals with the mechanics of solid bodies in contact, a subject intimately connected with such topics as fracture, hardness, and elasticity. Coverage begins with an introduction to the mechanical properties of materials, general fracture mechanics, and the fracture of brittle solids. It then provides a detailed description of indentation stress fields for both elastic and elastic-plastic contact. In addition, the book discusses the formation of Hertzian cone cracks in brittle materials, subsurface damage in ductile materials, and the meaning of hardness. Coverage concludes with an overview of practical methods of indentation testing.

The volumes in this authoritative series present a multidisciplinary approach to modeling and simulation of flows in the cardiovascular and ventilatory systems, especially multiscale modeling and coupled simulations. Volume 5 is devoted to cells, tissues, and organs of the cardiovascular and ventilatory systems with an emphasis on mechanotransduction-based regulation of flow. The blood vessel wall is a living tissue that quickly reacts to loads applied on it by the flowing blood. In any segment of a blood vessel, the endothelial and smooth muscle cells can sense unusual time variations in small-magnitude wall shear stress and large-amplitude wall stretch generated by abnormal hemodynamic stresses. These cells respond with a short-time scale (from seconds to hours) to adapt the vessel caliber. Since such adaptive cell activities can be described using mathematical models, a key objective of this volume is to identify the mesoscopic agents and nanoscopic mediators required to derive adequate mathematical models. The resulting biomathematical models and corresponding simulation software can be incorporated into platforms developed in virtual physiology for improved understanding and training.

This book focuses on the finite element method in fluid flows. It is targeted at researchers, from those just starting out up to practitioners with some experience. Part I is devoted to the beginners who are already familiar with elementary calculus. Precise concepts of the finite element method remitted in the field of analysis of fluid flow are stated, starting with spring structures, which are most suitable to show the concepts of superposition/assembling. Pipeline system and potential flow sections show the linear problem. The advection-diffusion section presents the time-dependent problem; mixed interpolation is explained using creeping flows, and elementary computer programs by FORTRAN are included. Part II provides information on recent computational methods and their applications to practical problems. Theories of Streamline-Upwind/Petrov-Galerkin (SUPG) formulation, characteristic formulation, and Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation and others are presented with practical results solved by those methods.

This book is an introduction to the theory, practice, and implementation of the Lattice Boltzmann (LB) method, a powerful computational fluid dynamics method that is steadily gaining attention due to its simplicity, scalability, extensibility, and simple handling of complex geometries. The book contains chapters on the method's background, fundamental theory, advanced extensions, and implementation. To aid beginners, the most essential paragraphs in each chapter are highlighted, and the introductory chapters on various LB topics are front-loaded with special "in a nutshell" sections that condense the chapter's most important practical results. Together, these sections can be used to quickly get up and running with the method. Exercises are integrated throughout the text, and frequently asked questions about the method are dealt with in a special section at the beginning. In the book itself and through its web page, readers can find example codes showing how the LB method can be implemented efficiently on a variety of hardware platforms, including multi-core processors, clusters, and graphics processing units. Students and scientists learning and using the LB method will appreciate the wealth of clearly presented and structured information in this volume.

The book is designed for advanced graduate students as well as postdoctoral researchers across several disciplines (e.g., mathematics, physics and engineering), as it provides them with tools and techniques that are essential in performing research on the flow problems of visco-plastic fluids. The following topics are treated: analysis of classical visco-plastic fluid models mathematical modeling of flows of visco-plastic fluids computing flows of visco-plastic fluids rheology of visco-plastic fluids and visco-plastic suspensions application of visco-plastic fluids in engineering sciences complex flows of visco-plastic fluids.

This book explores the dynamics and vibration properties of gearboxes, with a focus on geared rotor systems. It discusses mechanical theories, finite-element based simulations, experimental measurements and vibration signal processing techniques. It introduces the vibration-resonance calculation method for the geared rotor system in wind turbines and load sharing of the planetary gear train, and offers a method for calculating the vibrations of geared rotor systems under either internal excitations from gear sets or external loads transferred from wind loads. It also defines and elaborates on parameter optimization for planetary gear systems based on the torsional dynamics of wind-turbine geared rotor systems. Moreover, it describes experimental measurements of vibrations on the wind-turbine gearbox performed on the test rig and on site, and analyzes the vibration signals of different testing points, showing them in both time and frequency domains. Lastly, it lists the gear coupling frequencies and fault characteristic frequencies from the vibrations of the gearbox housing. The technologies and results presented are valuable resources for use in dynamic design, vibration prediction and analysis of gearboxes and geared rotor systems in wind turbines as well as many other machines.

This book highlights by careful documentation of developments what led to tracking the growth of deterministic disturbances inside the shear layer from receptivity to fully developed turbulent flow stages. Associated theoretical and numerical developments are addressed from basic level so that an uninitiated reader can also follow the materials which lead to the solution of a long-standing problem. Solving Navier-Stokes equation by direct numerical simulation (DNS) from the first principle has been considered as one of the most challenging problems of understanding what causes transition to turbulence. Therefore, this book is a very useful addition to advanced CFD and advanced fluid mechanics courses.

The third edition of Engineering Flow and Heat Exchange is the most practical textbook available on the design of heat transfer and equipment. This book is an excellent introduction to real-world applications for advanced undergraduates and an indispensable reference for professionals. The book includes comprehensive chapters on the different types and classifications of fluids, how to analyze fluids, and where a particular fluid fits into a broader picture. This book includes various a wide variety of problems and solutions - some whimsical and others directly from industrial applications. Numerous practical examples of heat transfer Different from other introductory books on fluids Clearly written, simple to understand, written for students to absorb material quickly Discusses non-Newtonian as well as Newtonian fluids Covers the entire field concisely Solutions manual with worked examples and solutions provided

Microfluidics for Biological Applications provides researchers and scientists in the biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and life science industries with an introduction to the basics of microfluidics and also discusses how to link these technologies to various biological applications at the industrial and academic level. Readers will gain insight into a wide variety of biological applications for microfluidics. The material presented here is divided into four parts, Part I gives perspective on the history and development of microfluidic technologies, Part II presents overviews on how microfluidic systems have been used to study and manipulate specific classes of components, Part III focuses on specific biological applications of microfluidics: biodefense, diagnostics, high throughput screening, and tissue engineering and finally Part IV concludes with a discussion of emerging trends in the microfluidics field and the current challenges to the growth and continuing success of the field.

This volume offers of the EU-funded 5th Framework project, FLOMANIA (Flow Physics Modelling - An Integrated Approach). The book presents an introduction to the project, exhibits partners' methods and approaches, and provides comprehensive reports of all applications treated in the project. A complete chapter is devoted to a description of turbulence models used by the partners together with a section on lessons learned, accompanied by a comprehensive list of references.

This volume presents state-of-the-art of reviews in the field of multiphase flow. In focusses on nonlinear aspects of multiphase flow networks as well as visualization experiments. The first chapter presents nonlinear aspects or deterministic chaos issues in the systems of multi-phase reactors.The second chapter reviews two-phase flow dynamics in combination with complex network theory. The third chapter discusses evaporation mechanism in the wick of copper heat pipes. The last chapter investigates numerically the flow dynamics and heat and mass transfer in the laminar and turbulent boundary layer on the flat vertical plate."

The discontinuous finite element method (also known as the discontinuous Galerkin method) embodies the advantages of both finite element and finite difference methods. It can be used in convection-dominant applications while maintaining geometric flexibility and higher local approximations throught the use of higher-order elements. Element-by element connection propagates the effect of boundary conditions and the local formulation obviates the need for global matrix assembly. All of this adds up to a method which is not unduly memory-intensive and uniquely useful for working with computational dynamics, heat transfer and fluid flow calculations.

Discontinuous Finite Elements in Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer offers its readers a systematic and practical introduction to the discontinuous finite element method. It moves from a brief review of the fundamental laws and equations governing thermal and fluid systems, through a discussion of different approaches to the formulation of discontinuous finite element solutions for boundary and initial value problems, to their applicaton in a variety of thermal-system and fluid-related problems, including:

• heat conduction problems;
• convection-dominant problems;
• compressible and incompressible flows;
• external radiation problems;
• internal radiation and radiative transfer;
• free- and moving-boundary problems;
• micro- and nanoscale heat transfer and fluid flow;
• thermal fluid flow under the influence of applied magnetic fields.

Mesh generation and adaptivity, parellelization algorithms and a priori and a posteriori error analysis are also introduced andexplained, rounding out a comprehensive review of the subject.

Each chapter features worked examples and exercises illustrating situations ranging from simple benchmarks to practical engineering questions.

This textbook is written to form the foundations of senior undergraduate and graduate learning and also provides scientists, applied mathematicians and research engineers with a thorough treatment of basic concepts, specific techniques and methods for the use of discontinuous Galerkin methods in computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer applications.

This volume contains 27 contributions to the Forth Russian-German Advanced Research Workshop on Computational Science and High Performance Computing presented in October 2009 in Freiburg, Germany. The workshop was organized jointly by the High Performance Computing Center Stuttgart (HLRS), the Institute of Computational Technologies of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ICT SB RAS) and the Section of Applied Mathematics of the University of Freiburg (IAM Freiburg) The contributions range from computer science, mathematics and high performance computing to applications in mechanical and aerospace engineering. They show a wealth of theoretical work and simulation experience with a potential of bringing together theoretical mathematical modelling and usage of high performance computing systems presenting the state of the art of computational technologies.

This volume presents applications of the Pi-Theorem to fluid mechanics and heat and mass transfer. The Pi-theorem yields a physical motivation behind many flow processes and therefore it constitutes a valuable tool for the intelligent planning of experiments in fluids. After a short introduction to the underlying differential equations and their treatments, the author presents many novel approaches how to use the Pi-theorem to understand fluid mechanical issues. The book is a great value to the fluid mechanics community, as it cuts across many subdisciplines of experimental fluid mechanics.

This volume collects the edited and reviewed contributions presented in the 5th iTi Conference in Bertinoro covering fundamental aspects in turbulent flows. In the spirit of the iTi initiative, the volume is produced after the conference so that the authors had the possibility to incorporate comments and discussions raised during the meeting.

Turbulence presents a large number of aspects and problems, which are still unsolved and which challenge research communities in engineering and physical sciences both in basic and applied research. The book presents recent advances in theory related to new statistical approaches, effect of non-linearities and presence of symmetries. This edition presents new contributions related to the physics and control of laminar-turbulent transition in wall-bounded flows, which may have a significant impact on drag reduction applications. Turbulent boundary layers, at increasing Reynolds number, are the main subject of both computational and experimental long research programs aimed at improving our knowledge on scaling, energy distribution at different scales, structure eduction, roughness effects to name only a few. Like previous editions several numerical and experimental analysis of complex flows, mostly related to applications, are presented.

The structure of the present book is as such that contributions have been bundled according to covering topics i.e. I Theory, II Stability, III Wall bounded flows, IV, Complex flows, V Acoustic, VI Numerical methods.

The volume is dedicated to the memory of Prof. Rudolf Friedrich who prematurely died in Munster/Germany on the 16th of August 2012. In his honor the conference has started with a special session dedicated to his work.

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With applications to climate, technology, and industry, the modeling and numerical simulation of turbulent flows are rich with history and modern relevance. The complexity of the problems that arise in the study of turbulence requires tools from various scientific disciplines, including mathematics, physics, engineering and computer science.

Authored by two experts in the area with a long history of collaboration, this monograph provides a current, detailed look at several turbulence models from both the theoretical and numerical perspectives. The k-epsilon, large-eddy simulation and other models are rigorously derived and their performance is analyzed using benchmark simulations for real-world turbulent flows.

"Mathematical and Numerical Foundations of Turbulence Models and Applications" is an ideal reference for students in applied mathematics and engineering, as well as researchers in mathematical and numerical fluid dynamics. It is also a valuable resource for advanced graduate students in fluid dynamics, engineers, physical oceanographers, meteorologists and climatologists.