This book emphasises both experimental and theoretical aspects of surface, interface and thin-film physics. As in previous editions the preparation of surfaces and thin films, their atomic and morphological structure, their vibronic and electronic properties as well as fundamentals of adsorption are treated. Because of their importance in modern information technology and nanostructure research, particular emphasis is paid to electronic surface and interface states, semiconductor space charge layers and heterostructures. A special chapter of the book is devoted to collective phenomena at interfaces and in thin films such as superconductivity and magnetism. The latter topic includes the meanwhile important issues giant magnetoresistance and spin-transfer torque mechanism, both effects being of high interest in information technology. In this new edition, for the first time, the effect of spin-orbit coupling on surface states is treated. In this context the class of the recently detected topological insulators, materials of significant importance for spin electronics, are discussed. Particular emphasis, hereby, is laid on the new type of topologically protected surface states with well-defined spin orientation. Furthermore, some important well established experimental techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and reflection anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS), which were missing so far in earlier editions, were added in this new 6th edition of the book.

This NATO-ASIinstallment is designed to provide an advanced overview for doctoral and post-doctoral candidates of the state-of-the-art technologies for bio-detection. The main objective of the work aims at providingreaders with the latest developments necessary to successfully understand the CBRN Agents and their associated biotechnologies.

The core methods focused on aremass spectrometry (including chromatographic and electrophoretic separation) and comparisons to spectroscopic, immunological and molecular analysis of chemical, biological and nuclear agents."

This book is an introduction to the fundamentals of emerging non-volatile memories and provides an overview of future trends in the field. Readers will find coverage of seven important memory technologies, including Ferroelectric Random Access Memory (FeRAM), Ferromagnetic RAM (FMRAM), Multiferroic RAM (MFRAM), Phase-Change Memories (PCM), Oxide-based Resistive RAM (RRAM), Probe Storage, and Polymer Memories. Chapters are structured to reflect diffusions and clashes between different topics. Emerging Non-Volatile Memories is an ideal book for graduate students, faculty, and professionals working in the area of non-volatile memory. This book also: Covers key memory technologies, including Ferroelectric Random Access Memory (FeRAM), Ferromagnetic RAM (FMRAM), and Multiferroic RAM (MFRAM), among others. Provides an overview of non-volatile memory fundamentals. Broadens readers' understanding of future trends in non-volatile memories.

This volume represents 27 peer-reviewed papers presented at the ICOP 2013 symposium which will help conservators and curators recognise problems and interpret visual changes on paintings, which in turn give a more solid basis for decisions on the treatment of these paintings. The subject matter ranges from developments of paint technology, working methods of individual artists, through characterisation of paints and paint surfaces, paint degradation vs. long time stability, to observations of issues in collections, cleaning and other treatment issues as well as new conservation approaches.

This NATO-ASIinstallment is designed to provide an advanced overview for doctoral and post-doctoral candidates of the state-of-the-art technologies for bio-detection. The main objective of the work aims at providingreaders with the latest developments necessary to successfully understand the CBRN Agents and their associated biotechnologies.

The core methods focused on aremass spectrometry (including chromatographic and electrophoretic separation) and comparisons to spectroscopic, immunological and molecular analysis of chemical, biological and nuclear agents."

"Solid-State Theory - An Introduction" is a textbook for graduate students of physics and material sciences. Whilst covering the traditional topics of older textbooks, it also takes up new developments in theoretical concepts and materials that are connected with such breakthroughs as the quantum-Hall effects, the high-Tc superconductors, and the low-dimensional systems realized in solids. Thus besides providing the fundamental concepts to describe the physics of the electrons and ions comprising the solid, including their interactions, the book casts a bridge to the experimental facts and gives the reader an excellent insight into current research fields. A compilation of problems makes the book especially valuable to both students and teachers.

To anyone who is interested in surface chemical analysis of materials on the nanometer scale, this book is prepared to give appropriate information. Based on typical application examples in materials science, a concise approach to all aspects of quantitative analysis of surfaces and thin films with AES and XPS is provided. Starting from basic principles which are step by step developed into practically useful equations, extensive guidance is given to graduate students as well as to experienced researchers. Key chapters are those on quantitative surface analysis and on quantitative depth profiling, including recent developments in topics such as surface excitation parameter and backscattering correction factor. Basic relations are derived for emission and excitation angle dependencies in the analysis of bulk material and of fractional nano-layer structures, and for both smooth and rough surfaces. It is shown how to optimize the analytical strategy, signal-to-noise ratio, certainty and detection limit. Worked examples for quantification of alloys and of layer structures in practical cases (e.g. contamination, evaporation, segregation and oxidation) are used to critically review different approaches to quantification with respect to average matrix correction factors and matrix relative sensitivity factors. State-of-the-art issues in quantitative, destructive and non-destructive depth profiling are discussed with emphasis on sputter depth profiling and on angle resolved XPS and AES. Taking into account preferential sputtering and electron backscattering corrections, an introduction to the mixing-roughness-information depth (MRI) model and its extensions is presented.

This handbook presents electronic structure data and tabulations of Slater-Koster parameters for the whole periodic table. This second edition presents data sets for all elements up to Z = 112, Copernicium, whereas the first edition contained only 53 elements.

In this new edition, results are given for the equation of state of the elements together with the parameters of a Birch fit, so that the reader can regenerate the results and derive additional information, such as Pressure-Volume relations and variation of Bulk Modulus with Pressure. For each element, in addition to the equation of state, the energy bands, densities of states and a set of tight-binding parameters is provided.

For a majority of elements, the tight-binding parameters are presented for both a two- and three-center approximation. For the hcp structure, new three-center tight-binding results are given. Other new material in this edition include: energy bands and densities of states of all rare-earth metals, a discussion of the McMillan-Gaspari-Gyorffy theories and a tabulation of the electron-ion interaction matrix elements. The evaluation of the Stoner criterion for ferromagnetism is examined and results are tabulated. This edition also contains two new appendices discussing the effects of spin-orbit interaction and a modified version of Harrison's tight-binding theory for metals which puts the theory on a quantitative basis.

This thesis describes a new approach for cell analysis by the rapid developing microfluidic technology. The nominee has made great contributions to develop a new analysis platform which combined microfluidic devices with mass spectrometry to determine the trace compounds secreted by cells. Based on this analysis platform, she studied the specific cell secreting behaviors under controlled microenvironment, of which the secretion compounds were qualified and semi-quantified by mass spectrometry. A novel cell sorting device integrated homogenous porous PDMS membrane was invented to classify cells from real samples based on the size difference. The nominee further studied the signal transmission between different cells, and the signal chemicals were qualitative and quantitative monitored by the analysis platform. This indicates the potential significant application of the new cell analysis platform in medicine screening and early diagnosis.

This book explains concepts of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffractometry (XRD) that are important for the characterization of materials. The fourth edition adds important new techniques of TEM such as electron tomography, nanobeam diffraction, and geometric phase analysis. A new chapter on neutron scattering completes the trio of x-ray, electron and neutron diffraction. All chapters were updated and revised for clarity. The book explains the fundamentals of how waves and wavefunctions interact with atoms in solids, and the similarities and differences of using x-rays, electrons, or neutrons for diffraction measurements. Diffraction effects of crystalline order, defects, and disorder in materials are explained in detail. Both practical and theoretical issues are covered. The book can be used in an introductory-level or advanced-level course, since sections are identified by difficulty. Each chapter includes a set of problems to illustrate principles, and the extensive Appendix includes laboratory exercises.

This book provides a multidisciplinary overview to the application of high order derivative spectrophotometry and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy in biology and ecology. The characteristics of the principle methods as well as the generation of reliable spectra are discussed in general terms allowing the reader to gain an idea of these methods' potentials. Furthermore the authors give an extended overview to the spectroscopic and spectro-photometric analysis of specific biological materials. This volume is a well condensed description of an analytical method and a clear review to its application in biology and related fields and an essential tool for researchers who are new in the field of spectroscopic methods and their applications in the life sciences.

This book presents the state-of-the-art of Terahertz spectroscopy. It is a modern source for a beginners and researcher interested in THz spectroscopy. The basics and physical background of THz spectroscopy and technology are explained, and important applications are described. The book presents the highlights of scientific research in the field of THz science and provides an excellent overview of the field and future directions of research. Over the last decade the field of terahertz spectroscopy has developed into one of the most rapidly growing fields of spectroscopy with large impact across a wide range of scientific disciplines. Due to substantial advances in femtosecond laser technology, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) has established itself as the dominant spectroscopic technique for experimental scientists interested in measurements in this frequency range. In solids and liquids terahertz radiation is at resonance with both phonon modes and hydrogen bonding modes which makes it an ideal tool to study the interaction between molecules in a unique way, thus opening a wealth of opportunities for research in physics, chemistry, biology, materials science and pharmaceuticals. This book provides an easy access to scientists, engineers and students alike who want to understand the theory and applications of modern terahertz spectroscopy.

Mass Spectroscopy Imaging (MSI) has emerged as an enabling technique to provide insight into the molecular entities within cells, tissues and whole-body samples and to understand inherent complexities within biological metabolomes. In "Mass ""Spectrometry"" Imaging of Small Molecules"" Methods and Protocols," experts in the MSI field present techniques for 2D and 3D visualization and quantification of a wide array of small molecular species present in biologically relevant samples. Chapters provide detailed operational instructions from sample preparation to method selection, from comparative quantification to structural identification and from data collection to visualization of small molecule mapping in complex samples. Written in the successful "Methods in Molecular Biology" series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.

Authoritative and easily accessible, "Mass ""Spectrometry"" Imaging of Small Molecules"" Methods and Protocols" aims to bring the rapidly maturing methods of metabolic imaging to life science researchers and to minimize technical intimidation in adapting new technological platforms in biological research.

In this book, Yoshimura provides a review of the UHV related development during the last decades. His very broad experience in the design enables him to present us this detailed reference. After a general description how to design UHV systems, he covers all important issue in detail, like pumps, outgasing, Gauges, and Electrodes for high voltages. Thus, this book serves as reference for everybody using UVH in scientific equipment.

Proceedings of the Eleventh Latin American Conference on the Applications of the Moessbauer Effect, La Plata, Argentina, 9-14 November 2008. The broad scope of the Applications of the Moessbauer Effect to interdisciplinary subjects makes this volume an outstanding source of information to researchers and graduate students, who will find the unique results of Moessbauer spectroscopy a valuable aid and complement to their research in conjunction with other techniques. In this volume, applications to mineralogy, catalysis, soil science, amorphous materials, nanoparticles, magnetic materials, nanotechnology, metallurgy, corrosion, and magnetism, have been put together in original works produced by invited speakers and different research teams across the continent.

Proceedings of the 9th Latin American Conference on the Applications of the Moessbauer Effect, LACAME 2004, held in Mexico City, Mexico, 19-24 September 2004. This volume demonstrates the way in which researchers, on a wide range of topics, many interdisciplinary, find the applications of the Moessbauer Effect an outstanding method whose results, sometimes unique, complements and improves the information obtained by other techniques to deepen the understanding of the matter under research. This volume comprises research papers, reviews, and short communications recording original investigations on applications to diverse areas like archaeology, metallurgy, soil science, geology, industrial applications, new instrumentation, corrosion, and chemical applications. The papers present the latest scientific work of various regional investigators and of the invited speakers from abroad that have brought their perspectives to the meeting.

Progress continues in the theoretical treatment of surfaces and processes on surfaces based on first-principles methods, i.e. without invoking any empirical parameters. In this book, the theoretical concepts and computational tools necessary and relevant for a microscopic approach to the theoretical description of surface science is presented, together with a detailed discussion of surface phenomena. This makes the book suitable for both graduate students and for experimentalists seeking an overview of the theoretical concepts in surface science. This second enlarged edition has been carefully revised and updated, a new chapter on surface magnetism is included, and novel developments in theoretical surface science are addressed.

Abstract This chapter lays the foundation for the work presented in latter chapters. The potential of 60 GHz frequency bands for high data rate wireless transfer is discussed and promising applications are enlisted. Furthermore, the challenges related to 60 GHz IC design are presented and the chapter concludes with an outline of the book. Keywords Wireless communication 60 GHz Millimeter wave integrated circuit design Phase-locked loop CMOS Communication technology has revolutionized our way of living over the last century. Since Marconi's transatlantic wireless experiment in 1901, there has been tremendous growth in wireless communication evolving from spark-gap telegraphy to today's mobile phones equipped with Internet access and multimedia capabilities. The omnipresence of wireless communication can be observed in widespread use of cellular telephony, short-range communication through wireless local area networks and personal area networks, wireless sensors and many others. The frequency spectrum from 1 to 6 GHz accommodates the vast majority of current wireless standards and applications. Coupled with the availability of low cost radio frequency (RF) components and mature integrated circuit (IC) techn- ogies, rapid expansion and implementation of these systems is witnessed. The downside of this expansion is the resulting scarcity of available bandwidth and allowable transmit powers. In addition, stringent limitations on spectrum and energy emissions have been enforced by regulatory bodies to avoid interference between different wireless systems.

Describes the instruments and initial results of the Fast Imaging Solar Spectrograph (FISS) at the Big Bear Solar Observatory. This collection of papers describes the instrument and initial results obtained from the Fast Imaging Solar Spectrograph (FISS), one of the post-focus instruments of the 1.6 meter New Solar Telescope at the Big Bear Solar Observatory. The FISS primarily aims at investigating structures and dynamics of chromospheric features. This instrument is a dual-band Echelle spectrograph optimized for the simultaneous recording of the H I 656.3 nm band and the Ca II 854.2 nm band. The imaging is done with the fast raster scan realized by the linear motion of a two-mirror scanner, and its quality is determined by the performance of the adaptive optics of the telescope. These papers illustrate the capability of the early FISS observations in the study of chromospheric features. Since the imaging quality has been improved a lot with the advance of the adaptive optics, one can obtain much better data with the current FISS observations. This volume is aimed at graduate students and researchers working in the field of solar physics and space sciences. Originally published in Solar Physics, Vol. 288, Issue 1, 2013, and Vol. 289, Issue 11, 2014.

The third volume of this book addresses central aspects of spin-dynamic phenomena on a tutorial level. This volume concentrates on new experimental techniques such as ferromagnetic-resonance-force microscopy and two-photon photoemission. There is a chapter devoted to the hot subject of spin-transfer torque. The comprehensive presentation makes this a timely and valuable resource for every researcher working in the field of magnetism.

Digital photography, MP3, digital video, etc. make extensive use of NAND-based Flash cards as storage media. To realize how much NAND Flash memories pervade every aspect of our life, just imagine how our recent habits would change if the NAND memories suddenly disappeared. To take a picture it would be necessary to find a film (as well as a traditional camera...), disks or even magnetic tapes would be used to record a video or to listen a song, and a cellular phone would return to be a simple mean of communication rather than a multimedia console. The development of NAND Flash memories will not be set down on the mere evolution of personal entertainment systems since a new killer application can trigger a further success: the replacement of Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) with Solid State Drives (SSDs). SSD is made up by a microcontroller and several NANDs. As NAND is the technology driver for IC circuits, Flash designers and technologists have to deal with a lot of challenges. Therefore, SSD (system) developers must understand Flash technology in order to exploit its benefits and countermeasure its weaknesses. Inside NAND Flash Memories is a comprehensive guide of the NAND world: from circuits design (analog and digital) to Flash reliability (including radiation effects), from testing issues to high-performance (DDR) interface, from error correction codes to NAND applications like Flash cards and SSDs.

Preface to Second Edition Several new topics have been added, some small errors have been corrected and some new references have been added in this edition. New topics include aberration corrected instruments, scanning confocal mode of operations, Bloch wave eigenvalue methods and parallel computing techniques. The ?rst edition - cluded a CD with computer programs, which is not included in this edition. - stead the associated programs will be available on an associated web site (currently people.ccmr.cornell.edu/~kirkland,but may move as time goes on). I wish to thank Mick Thomas for preparing the specimen used to record the image in Fig.5.26 and to thank Stephen P. Meisburger for suggesting an interesting biological specimen to use in Fig.7.24. Again, I apologize in advance for leaving out some undoubtedlyoutstanding r- erences. I also apologize for the as yet undiscovered errors that remain in the text. Earl J. Kirkland, December 2009 Preface to First Edition Image simulation has become a common tool in HREM (High Resolution El- tron Microscopy) in recent years. However, the literature on the subject is scattered among many different journals and conference proceedings that have occurred in the last two or three decades. It is dif?cult for beginners to get started in this ?eld.

Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer (1836-1920) was one of the pioneers of astronomical spectroscopy and became one of the most influential astronomers of his time. His main interest was sun spectroscopy, which led him to discover helium independently of Pierre Janssen, a scientist who posited its existence in the same year. In addition to his work in astronomy, Lockyer was one of the founders of Nature and was the editor of the journal for its first fifty years. This is the second edition of Lockyer's guide to spectroscopy, first published in 1878. It begins with the basics of spectroscopy such as the physics of waves and the method of observing spectra. Later chapters describe the history of the method and some of Lockyer's own experiments and findings. This book is a fascinating part of the history of astronomy, giving insights into the development of a method vital to the field.

arranged. Among them the following types are met: nanotubes, nanop- ticles, nanopowders, nano?bers, nanowires, nanocomposites, etc. * At the microscale - Microcomposites, such as metal matrix composites (MMCs), ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), alloys or superalloys, s- tered powders, ceramic materials, magnetorheological ?uids (MRFs), etc. * At the macroscale - Macrocomposites, such as functionally graded ma- rials (FGMs), thin layers or ?lms, thermal or oxidation or wear resistant coatings, multilayered structures, long ?ber composites, etc. At each level of analysis a response of the material to any physical excitation may be observed, measured and analyzed. In the sense of innovation of a material, the changes or new ideas can be introduced on the same scale of control (say, atomic or nano) in order to achieve fundamentally new behavior on the other scale of observation (say, micro or macro). For instance, by replacing some similar atoms in the metal crystal str- ture (e. g. Ti-Ti or Al-Al), by unlike atoms in the crystal (e. g. Ti-Al), wi- out the lattice symmetry of the original material changing, new improved properties and characteristics may be observed in intermetallics at the - cro or macroscale (higher speci?c strength, better creep resistance at elevated temperatures, better corrosion resistance, to mention only some properties observed at the macroscale). Similarly, changing material characteristics at the nanoscale, enables creation of completely new material functionality at micro or macroscales (e. g.

The continuous evolution and development of experimental techniques is at the basis of any fundamental achievement in modern physics. Strongly correlated systems (SCS), more than any other, need to be investigated through the greatest variety of experimental techniques in order to unveil and crosscheck the numerous and puzzling anomalous behaviors characterizing them. The study of SCS fostered the improvement of many old experimental techniques, but also the advent of many new ones just invented in order to analyze the complex behaviors of these systems. Many novel materials, with functional properties emerging from macroscopic quantum behaviors at the frontier of modern research in physics, chemistry and materials science, belong to this class of systems. The volume presents a representative collection of the modern experimental techniques specifically tailored for the analysis of strongly correlated systems. Any technique is presented in great detail by its own inventor or by one of the world-wide recognized main contributors. The exposition has a clear pedagogical cut and fully reports on the most relevant case study where the specific technique showed to be very successful in describing and enlightening the puzzling physics of a particular strongly correlated system. The book is intended for advanced graduate students and post-docs in the field as textbook and/or main reference, but also for any other researcher in the field who appreciates consulting a single, but comprehensive, source or wishes to get acquainted, in a as painless as possible way, with the working details of a specific technique.