Fabrication technologies for nanostructured devices have been developed recently, and the electrical and optical properties of such nanostructures are a subject of advanced research.This book describes the different approaches to spectroscopic microscopy, i.e., Electron Beam Probe Spectroscopy, Spectroscopic Photoelectron Microscopy, and Scanning Probe Spectroscopy. It will be useful as a compact source of reference for the experienced reseracher, taking into account at the same time the needs of postgraduate students and nonspecialist researchers by using a tutorial approach throughout.

This book highlights the latest advances in bioMEMS for biosensing applications. It comprehensively reviews different detection methods, including colorimetric, fluorescence, luminescence, bioluminescence, chemiluminescence, biochemiluminescence, and electrochemiluminescence, and presents various bioMEMS for each, together with recent examples. The book also offers an overview of the history of BioMEMS and the design and manufacture of the first bioMEMS-based devices.

When bombarded with X-rays, solid materials produce distinct scattering patterns similar to fingerprints. X-ray powder diffraction is a technique used to fingerprint solid samples, which are then identified and cataloged for future use—much the way the FBI keeps fingerprints on file. The current database of some 70,000 material prints has been put to a broad range of uses, from the analysis of moon rocks to testing drugs for purity.

Introduction to X-ray Powder Diffractometry fully updates the achievements in the field over the past fifteen years and provides a much-needed explanation of the state-of-the-art techniques involved in characterizing materials. It covers the latest instruments and methods, with an emphasis on the fundamentals of the diffractometer, its components, alignment, calibration, and automation.

The first three chapters outline diffraction theory in clear language, accessible to both students and professionals in chemistry, physics, geology, and materials science. The book's middle chapters describe the instrumentation and procedures used in X-ray diffraction, including X-ray sources, X-ray detection, and production of monochromatic radiation. The chapter devoted to instrument design and calibration is followed by an examination of specimen preparation methods, data collection, and reduction. The final two chapters provide in-depth discussions of qualitative and quantitative analysis.

While the material is presented in an orderly progression, beginning with basic concepts and moving on to more complex material, each chapter stands on its own and can be studied independently or used as a professional reference. More than 230 illustrations and tables demonstrate techniques and clarify complex material.

Self-contained, timely, and user-friendly, Introduction to X-ray Powder Diffractometry is an enormously useful text and professional reference for analytical chemists, physicists, geologists and materials scientists, and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in materials science and analytical chemistry.

X-ray powder diffraction—a technique that has matured significantly in recent years—is used to identify solid samples and determine their composition by analyzing the so-called "fingerprints" they generate when X-rayed. This unique volume fulfills two major roles: it is the first textbook devoted solely to X-ray powder diffractometry, and the first up-to-date treatment of the subject in 20 years.

This timely, authoritative volume features:

• Clear, concise descriptions of both theory and practice—including fundamentals of diffraction theory and all aspects of the diffractometer
• A treatment that reflects current trends toward automation, covering the newest instrumentation and automation techniques
• Coverage of all the most common applications, with special emphasis on qualitative and quantitative analysis
• An accessible presentation appropriate for both students and professionals
• More than 230 tables and illustrations

Introduction to X-ray Powder Diffractometry, a collaboration between two internationally known and respected experts in the field, provides invaluable guidance to anyone using X-ray powder diffractometers and diffractometry in materials science, ceramics, the pharmaceutical industry, and elsewhere.

This book focuses on the modern development of techniques for analysis of the hierarchical structure of polymers from both the experimental and theoretical points of view. Starting with molecular and crystal symmetry, the author explains fundamental and professional methods, such as wide- and small-angle X-ray scattering, neutron diffraction, electron diffraction, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, NMR, and synchrotron radiation. In addition, the author explains another indispensable method, computer simulation, which includes energy calculation, lattice dynamics, molecular dynamics, and quantum chemistry. These various methods are described in a systematic way so that the reader can utilize them for the purpose of 3D structure analysis of polymers. Not only such analytical knowledge but also the preparation techniques of samples necessary for these measurements and the methods of analyzing the experimental data collected in this way are given in a concrete manner. Examples are offered to help master the principles of how to clarify the static structures and dynamic structural changes in the phase transitions of various kinds of crystalline polymers that are revealed by these novel methods. The examples are quite useful for readers who want to apply these techniques in finding practical solutions to concrete problems that are encountered in their own research. The principal audience for this book is made up of young professional researchers including those working in industry, but it can also be used as an excellent reference for graduate-level students. This book is the first volume of a two-volume set with Structural Science of Crystalline Polymers: A Microscopically Viewed Structure-Property Relationship being the second volume by the same author.

This book highlights the use of LEDs in biomedical photoacoustic imaging. In chapters written by key opinion leaders in the field, it covers a broad range of topics, including fundamentals, principles, instrumentation, image reconstruction and data/image processing methods, preclinical and clinical applications of LED-based photoacoustic imaging. Apart from preclinical imaging studies and early clinical pilot studies using LED-based photoacoustics, the book includes a chapter exploring the opportunities and challenges of clinical translation from an industry perspective. Given its scope, the book will appeal to scientists and engineers in academia and industry, as well as medical experts interested in the clinical applications of photoacoustic imaging.

This book provides insight into the underlying basic theories and concepts in X-ray, light, and neutron scattering. The three scattering principles are systematically presented, together with a unified description based on elastic scattering of electromagnetic waves and the Schroedinger wave from matter. These explanations are presented with an introduction of their common Born approximation using a consistent set of symbols and terminology and with step-by-step derivations of equations. This book emphasizes the combined applications of these three scattering methods, wherever and whenever possible, as a very powerful methodology for characterization of internal structures of soft matters in the length scale ranging from subnanometers to a few 10 micron meters. These applications include explorations for evolution of hierarchically self-organized internal structures of a variety of soft matters, including cells, under diverse environmental conditions. This book will not only be an excellent resource for graduate students and academic researchers who analyze structures of soft matters and polymers, but it will also be useful for researchers in industries.

SESSION 1- DESIGN ASPECTS - 1.1 Single Focusing Magnetic Deflection Mass Spectrometers - 1.2 The Design of Double Focusing Magnetic Deflection Instruments - 1.3 A New Cycloidal Mass Spectrometer - 1.4 A Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer - 1.5 Recent Developments in the Quadrupole Mass Filter - SESSION 2 - PHYSICAL AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC APPLICATIONS - 2.1 A Fast-scan Mass Spectrometer for Residual Gas Analysis and the Examination of Effluents from Gas Chromatography Columns - 2.2 Flavour Research with a Low Cost Fast-scan Mass Spectrometer - 2.3 A Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer Linkup Recent Developments - 2.4 A Small 1800 Deflection Partial Pressure-Total Pressure Gauge for Vacuum System Diagnosis - 2.5 A Cycloidal Mass Spectrometer Applied to the Measurement of the Speed of Sputter Ion Pumps - 2.6 The Sorption of Gases by Thin Films - SESSION 3 - CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS I - 3.1 The Use of a Quadrupole Mass Filter in the Study of a Reacting Surface - 3.2 Mass-spectrometric Investigation of the Formation of Di-imide by the Catalytic Decomposition of Hydrazine at Low Pressures on Platinum - 3.3 Rearrangement Processes in the Fragmentation of Organic Ions - 3.4 A Novel Ion in the Mass Spectra of Arylureas and Related Compounds - 3.5 Mass Spectra of Some Substituted Cyclotetrazenoboranes - 3.6 The Decomposition of 9,1O-Diphenylanthracene Under Electron Impact - SESSION 4 - CHEMICAL APPLICATIONS II - 4.1 Use of Multiplet Peaks in the Examination of High Molecular Weight Petroleum Fractions - 4.2 Inorganic Analysis of Spark Source Mass Spectrometry - 4.3 An Examination of Metal Chelates by Mass Spectrometry - 4.4 Data Handling and Instrumentation in the A.W.R.E. Mass Spectrometers - SYMPOSIUM IMPRESSIONS - INDEX

This thesis describes the results of angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy experiments on delafossite oxide metals, and theoretical work explaining these observations. The study was motivated by the extraordinarily high conductivity of the non-magnetic delafossites PdCoO2 and PtCoO2, the measurement of whose electronic structure is reported and discussed. Two unexpected effects were observed in the course of the investigation; each is described and analysed in detail. Firstly, a previously unrecognised type of spectroscopic signal, allowing the non-magnetic probe of photoemission to become sensitive to spin-spin correlations, was observed in the antiferromagnetic PdCrO2. Its origin was identified as the Kondo-like coupling of itinerant and Mott insulating electrons. Furthermore, surface states exhibiting an unusually large Rashba-like spin-splitting were observed on the transition metal terminated surfaces of delafossites. The large inversion symmetry breaking energy scale, a consequence of the unusual structure of the surface layer, is identified as the origin of the effect.

The book reviews photosynthetic water oxidation and proton-coupled electron transfer in photosystem, focusing on the molecular vibrations of amino acid residues and water molecules. Photosynthetic water oxidation performed by plants and cyanobacteria is essential for the sustenance of life on Earth, not only as an electron source for synthesizing sugars from CO2, but also as an O2 source in the atmosphere. Water oxidation takes place at the Mn4CaO5 cluster in photosystem II, where a series of electron transfer reactions coupled with proton transfer occur using light energy. The author addresses the unresolved mechanisms of photosynthetic water oxidation and relevant proton-coupled electron transfer reactions using a combined approach of experimental and computational methods such as Fourier transform infrared difference spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. The results show that protonation and hydrogen-bond structures of water molecules and amino acid residues in the protein play important roles in regulation of the electron and proton transfer reactions. These findings and the methodology make a significant contribution to our understanding the molecular mechanism of photosynthetic water oxidation.

This book is a collection of selected papers presented at the symposium titled "In situ Spectroscopy in Monomer and Polymer Synthesis," held at the April, 2001 ACS National Meeting in San Diego, California, USA. The co-organizers of this symposium were Timothy Long, Judit E. Puskas, Robson F. Storey, and J. Andrews. In situ spectroscopic monitoring is gaining popularity both in academia and industry. FfIR monitoring is used most frequently, but UV-visible, raman, and NMR spectroscopy are also important. This book concentrates mostly on FfIR monitoring, both in the near and mid-infrared ranges. The first chapter is a short general overview of FfIR spectroscopy, followed by the symposium contribu tions. We thought that this would be especially useful for student readers. We hope that the book will present a state-of-the-art overview of research related to in situ spectroscopic monitoring. -Judit E. Puskas ix Acknowledgments This book would not have been possible without the dedicated effort of the chapter contributors and the symposium committee: Professor Judit E. Puskas Professor Timothy Long Professor Robson F. Storey Professor J. Andrews The symposium was financially supported by: ACS-Petroleum Research Fund REMSPEC Co. Wyatt Technology Co."

This book discusses fundamentally new biomedical imaging methods, such as holography, holographic and resonant interferometry, and speckle optics. It focuses on the development of holographic interference microscopy and its use in the study of phase objects such as nerve and muscle fibers subjected to the influence of laser radiation, magnetic fields, and hyperbaric conditions. The book shows how the myelin sheath and even the axon itself exhibit waveguide properties, enabling a fresh new look at the mechanisms of information transmission in the human body. The book presents theoretically and experimentally tested holographic and speckle-optical methods and devices used for investigating complex, diffusely scattering surfaces such as skin and muscle tissue. Additionally, it gives broad discussion of the authors' own original fundamental and applied research dedicated to helping physicians introduce new contact-less methods of diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems into medical practice. The book is aimed at a broad spectrum of scientific specialists in the fields of speckle optics, holography, laser physics, morphology and cytochemistry, as well as medical professionals such as physiologists, neuropathologists, neurosurgeons, cardiologists and dentists.

Gas phase molecular spectroscopy is a powerful tool for obtaining information on the geometry and internal structure of isolated molecules and their interactions with others. It enables the understanding and description, through measurements and modeling, of the influence of pressure on light absorption, emission, and scattering by gas molecules, which must be taken into account for the correct analysis and prediction of the resulting spectra. Collisional Effects on Molecular Spectra: Laboratory Experiments and Models, Consequences for Applications, Second Edition provides an updated review of current experimental techniques, theoretical knowledge, and practical applications. After an introduction to collisional effects on molecular spectra, the book moves on by taking a threefold approach: it highlights key models, reviews available data, and discusses the consequences for applications. These include areas such as heat transfer, remote sensing, optical sounding, metrology, probing of gas media, and climate predictions. This second edition also contains, with respect to the first one, significant amounts of new information, including 23 figures, 8 tables, and around 700 references. Drawing on the extensive experience of its expert authors, Collisional Effects on Molecular Spectra: Laboratory Experiments and Models, Consequences for Applications, Second Edition, is a valuable guide for all those involved with sourcing, researching, interpreting, or applying gas phase molecular spectroscopy techniques across a range of fields.

This book provides extensive and novel insights into transport phenomena in MnSi, paving the way for applying the topology and chirality of spin textures to the development of spintronics devices. In particular, it describes in detail the key measurements, e.g. magnetoresistance and nonlinear electronic transport, and multiple material-fabrication techniques based on molecular beam epitaxy, ion-beam microfabrication and micromagnetic simulation. The book also reviews key aspects of B20-type MnSi chiral magnets, which host magnetic skyrmions, nanoscale objects formed by helical spatial spin structures. Readers are then introduced to cutting-edge findings on the material. Furthermore, by reviewing the author's successful experiments, the book provides readers with a valuable update on the latest achievements in the measurement and fabrication of magnetic materials in spintronics.

This book highlights emerging trends in terahertz engineering and system technologies, mainly, devices, advanced materials, and various applications in THz technology. It includes advanced topics such as terahertz biomedical imaging, pattern recognition and tomographic reconstruction for THz biomedical imaging by use of machine learning and artificial intelligence, THz imaging radars for autonomous vehicle applications, THZ imaging system for security and surveillance. It also discusses theoretical, experimental, established and validated empirical work on these topics and the intended audience is both academic and professional.

This book presents the latest advances and future trends in electron and phonon spectrometrics, focusing on combined techniques using electron emissions, electron diffraction, and phonon absorption and reflection spectrometrics from a substance under various perturbations to obtain new information on bond-electron-phonon dynamics. Discussing the principles of the bond order-length-strength (BOLS) correlation, nonbonding electron polarization (NEP), local bond average (LBA), and multi-field lattice oscillation dynamics for systems under perturbation, the book covers topics like differential photoelectron/phonon spectrometrics (DPS), which distils transition of the length, energy, stiffness and the fraction of bonds upon chemical or physical conditioning; and the derived performance of electrons in various bands in terms of quantum entrapment and polarization. This book appeals to researchers, scientists and engineers in the fields of chemistry, physics, surface and interface science, and materials science and engineering who are interested in electron and phonon spectrometrics.

The series Topics in Current Chemistry Collections presents critical reviews from the journal Topics in Current Chemistry organized in topical volumes. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.

This thesis presents two significant results in the field of precision measurements in low-energy nuclear physics. Firstly, it presents a precise half-life determination of 11C, leading to the most precise ft-value for a beta decay transition between mirror nuclides, an important advance in the testing of the electroweak sector of the Standard Model. Secondly, it describes a high-precision mass measurement of 56Cu, a critical nucleus for determining the path of the astrophysical rapid-proton capture process, performed by the author using the LEBIT Penning trap at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory. This new measurement resolves discrepancies in previously-reported calculated mass excesses. In addition, the thesis also presents the construction and testing of a radio-frequency quadrupole cooler and buncher that will be part of the future N = 126 factory at Argonne National Laboratory aimed at producing nuclei of interest for the astrophysical rapid-neutron capture process for the first time.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in the field of spin dynamics and magnetic damping. It discusses the various ways to tune damping, specifically, dynamic and static control in a ferromagnetic layer/heavy metal layer. In addition, it addresses all optical detection techniques for the investigation of modulation of damping, for example, the time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect technique.

This book presents the most important advances in the class of topological materials and discusses the topological characterization, modeling and metrology of materials. Further, it addresses currently emerging characterization techniques such as optical and acoustic, vibrational spectroscopy (Brillouin, infrared, Raman), electronic, magnetic, fluorescence correlation imaging, laser lithography, small angle X-ray and neutron scattering and other techniques, including site-selective nanoprobes. The book analyzes the topological aspects to identify and quantify these effects in terms of topology metrics. The topological materials are ubiquitous and range from (i) de novo nanoscale allotropes of carbons in various forms such as nanotubes, nanorings, nanohorns, nanowalls, peapods, graphene, etc. to (ii) metallo-organic frameworks, (iii) helical gold nanotubes, (iv) Moebius conjugated polymers, (v) block co-polymers, (vi) supramolecular assemblies, to (vii) a variety of biological and soft-matter systems, e.g. foams and cellular materials, vesicles of different shapes and genera, biomimetic membranes, and filaments, (viii) topological insulators and topological superconductors, (ix) a variety of Dirac materials including Dirac and Weyl semimetals, as well as (x) knots and network structures. Topological databases and algorithms to model such materials have been also established in this book. In order to understand and properly characterize these important emergent materials, it is necessary to go far beyond the traditional paradigm of microscopic structure-property-function relationships to a paradigm that explicitly incorporates topological aspects from the outset to characterize and/or predict the physical properties and currently untapped functionalities of these advanced materials. Simulation and modeling tools including quantum chemistry, molecular dynamics, 3D visualization and tomography are also indispensable. These concepts have found applications in condensed matter physics, materials science and engineering, physical chemistry and biophysics, and the various topics covered in the book have potential applications in connection with novel synthesis techniques, sensing and catalysis. As such, the book offers a unique resource for graduate students and researchers alike.

Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy, Volume 99, provides an in-depth accounting of progress in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and its many applications. Specific chapters in this new release include Recent Developments in the accurate measurement of NMR Transverse Relaxation Times, NMR Studies of the Binding and Dynamics of Ionic Liquids with Proteins, Recent Developments in 1HNMR Relaxometry, Solid State 19F NMR Studies of Oriented Peptides, and Applications of Nuclides other than 1H and 13C in Solid State NMR Studies of Pharmaceuticals.

Sample Introduction Systems in ICPMS and ICPOES provides an in-depth analysis of sample introduction strategies, including flow injection analysis and less common techniques, such as arc/spark ablation and direct sample insertion. The book critically evaluates what has been accomplished so far, along with what can be done to extend the capabilities of the technique for analyses of any type of sample, such as aqueous, gaseous or solid. The latest progress made in fields, such as FIA, ETV, LC-ICP-MS and CE-ICP-MS is included and critically discussed. The book addresses problems related to the optimization of the system, peak dispersion and calibration and automatization.

Quantitative elucidation of structural, energetic and dynamic aspects of macromolecular interactions is indispensable for understanding the functional activities of biomolecules and their interactions. The optical spectroscopic methods are not confined to small molecules or macromolecules but permit the studies of even the largest biological systems in their full splendor, including the living cell. In, Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis: Methods and Protocols, expert researchers in the field detail many of the methods which are now commonly used to study properties of individual macromolecules, their complexes, organelles, and cells, using optical spectroscopic techniques. These include methods and approaches for experimental and theoretical analyses of fluorescence properties of the examined systems, single molecule approaches, electronic absorption, and electro-optical analyses of macromolecular interactions, structures, and dynamics. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology(tm) series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis : Methods and Protocols seeks to aid scientists in the further study of optical spectroscopic methods.

Molecular and Laser Spectroscopy, Advances and Applications: Volume 2 gives students and researchers an up-to-date understanding of the fast-developing area of molecular and laser spectroscopy. This book covers basic principles and advances in several conventional as well as new and upcoming areas of molecular and laser spectroscopy, such as a wide range of applications in medical science, material science, standoff detection, defence and security, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, and environmental science. It covers the latest advancements, both in terms of techniques and applications, and highlights future projections. Editors V.P. Gupta and Yukihiro Ozaki have brought together eminent scientists in different areas of spectroscopy to develop specialized topics in conventional molecular spectroscopy (Cavity ringdown, Matrix Isolation, Intense THz, Far- and Deep- UV, Optogalvanic ), linear and nonlinear laser spectroscopy (Rayleigh & Raman Scattering), Ultrafast Time-resolved spectroscopy, and medical applications of molecular spectroscopy. and advanced material found in research articles. This new volume expands upon the topics covered in the first volume for scientists to learn the latest techniques and put them to practical use in their work.

Hyperspectral Imaging, Volume 32, presents a comprehensive exploration of the different analytical methodologies applied on hyperspectral imaging and a state-of-the-art analysis of applications in different scientific and industrial areas. This book presents, for the first time, a comprehensive collection of the main multivariate algorithms used for hyperspectral image analysis in different fields of application. The benefits, drawbacks and suitability of each are fully discussed, along with examples of their application. Users will find state-of-the art information on the machinery for hyperspectral image acquisition, along with a critical assessment of the usage of hyperspectral imaging in diverse scientific fields.