The subject matter of this book is the application of EMR/ESR/EPR spectroscopy for characterization of nanomaterials. Initial chapters deal with nanomaterials and their classification. Characterization of metallic nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles and rare earth impurity doped nanoparticles from the (ESR) spectrum parameters are covered in the chapters that follow. A special feature of the book is EMR/ESR/EPR spectroscopic characterization of nanoparticles which are important due to their bactericidal and anticancerous properties. Strength of continuous wave (CW) is explained with the help of suitable examples. The book focuses on applications and data interpretation avoiding extensive use of mathematics so that it also caters to the need of young scientists in the life science disciplines. The book includes a comparison with other spectroscopic characterization methods so as to give an integrated approach to the reader. It will prove useful to biomedical scientists and engineers, chemists, and materials engineers in student, researcher, and practitioner positions.

The only comprehensive reference on this popular and rapidly developing technique provides a detailed overview, ranging from fundamentals to applications, including a section on the evaluation of GC-MS analyses. As such, it covers all aspects, including the theory and principles, as well as a broad range of real-life examples taken from laboratories in environmental, food, pharmaceutical and clinical analysis. It also features a glossary of approximately 300 terms and a substance index that facilitates finding a specific application. For this new edition the work has been now extended to two volumes, reflecting the latest developments in the technique and related instrumentation, while also incorporating several new examples of applications in many fields. The first two editions were very well received, making this handbook a must-have in all analytical laboratories using GC-MS.

This book mainly focuses on reducing the high parasitic resistance in the source/drain of germanium nMOSFET. With adopting of the Implantation After Germanide (IAG) technique, P and Sb co-implantation technique and Multiple Implantation and Multiple Annealing (MIMA) technique, the electron Schottky barrier height of NiGe/Ge contact is modulated to 0.1eV, the thermal stability of NiGe is improved to 600 and the contact resistivity of metal/n-Ge contact is drastically reduced to 3.8x10 7 *cm2, respectively. Besides, a reduced source/drain parasitic resistance is demonstrated in the fabricated Ge nMOSFET. Readers will find useful information about the source/drain engineering technique for high-performance CMOS devices at future technology node.

Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy, has established itself as a premier resource for both specialists and non-specialists who are looking to become familiar with new techniques and applications pertaining to NMR spectroscopy.

The book is devoted to three types of laser-based spectroscopy of minerals, namely Laser-Induced Time-Resolved Luminescence, Laser-Induced Breakdown spectroscopy and Gated Raman Spectroscopy. This new edition presents the main new data, which have been received after the publication of the first edition ten years ago both by the authors and by other researchers. During this time, only the authors published more than 50 original papers devoted to laser-based spectroscopy of minerals. A lot of new data have been accumulated, both in fundamental and applied aspects, which are presented in new edition.

This book covers the state-of-the-art of modern MALDI (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization) and its applications. New applications and improvements in the MALDI field such as biotyping, clinical diagnosis, forensic imaging, and ESI-like ion production are covered in detail. Additional topics include MS imaging, biotyping/speciation and large-scale, high-speed MS sample profiling, new methods based on MALDI or MALDI-like sample preparations, and the advantages of ESI to MALDI MS analysis. This is an ideal book for graduate students and researchers in the field of bioanalytical sciences. This book also: * Showcases new techniques and applications in MALDI MS * Demonstrates how MALDI is preferable to ESI (electrospray ionization) * Illustrates the pros and cons associated with biomarker discovery studies in clinical proteomics and the various application areas, such as cancer proteomics

A valuable tool for individuals using correlation spectroscopy and those that want to start using this technique. Noda is known as the founder of this technique, and together with Ozaki, they are the two biggest names in the area * First book on 2D vibrational and optical spectroscopy - single source of information, pulling together literature papers and reveiws * Growing number of applications of this methodology - book now needed for people thinking of using this technique * Limitations and benefits discussed and comparisons made with 2D NMR * Discusses 20 optical and vibrational spectroscopy (IR, Raman, UV, Visible)

Molecular and Laser Spectroscopy, Advances and Applications: Volume 2 gives students and researchers an up-to-date understanding of the fast-developing area of molecular and laser spectroscopy. This book covers basic principles and advances in several conventional as well as new and upcoming areas of molecular and laser spectroscopy, such as a wide range of applications in medical science, material science, standoff detection, defence and security, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, and environmental science. It covers the latest advancements, both in terms of techniques and applications, and highlights future projections. Editors V.P. Gupta and Yukihiro Ozaki have brought together eminent scientists in different areas of spectroscopy to develop specialized topics in conventional molecular spectroscopy (Cavity ringdown, Matrix Isolation, Intense THz, Far- and Deep- UV, Optogalvanic ), linear and nonlinear laser spectroscopy (Rayleigh & Raman Scattering), Ultrafast Time-resolved spectroscopy, and medical applications of molecular spectroscopy. and advanced material found in research articles. This new volume expands upon the topics covered in the first volume for scientists to learn the latest techniques and put them to practical use in their work.

Infrared spectroscopy is generally understood to mean the science of spectra relating to infrared radiation, namely electromagnetic waves, in the wavelength region occurring intermediately between visible light and microwaves. Measurements of infrared spectra have been providing useful information, for a variety of scientific research and industrial studies, for over half a century; this is set to continue in the foreseeable future. Introduction to Experimental Infrared Spectroscopy is intended to be a handy guide for those who have no, or limited, experience in infrared spectroscopic measurements but are utilising infrared-related methods for their research or in practical applications. Written by leading researchers and experienced practitioners, this work consists of 22 chapters and presents the basic theory, methodology and practical measurement methods, including ATR, photoacoustic, IR imaging, NIR, 2D-COS, and VCD. The six Appendices will aid readers in understanding the concepts presented in the main text. Written in an easy-to-understand way this book is suitable for students, researchers and technicians working with infrared spectroscopy and related methods.

Theoretical molecular spectroscopy has been the subject of intense activity in the last decade as a result of the increasing availability of powerful computers. Computational Molecular Spectroscopy is the first book ever to provide a comprehensive treatment of modern compuational techniques for predicting/interpreting molecular spectra.
Comprised essentially of four main parts, the book is a must for research workers in high resolution molecular spectroscopy and in quantum chemistry. It is also highly useful to undergraduate and postgraduate students of physics and chemistry, who are just starting out in the field.
The four main areas covered include:

• Ab initio calculation of potential energy surfaces and other electronic properties of molecules
• Perturbation-theory-based and variational approaches to the calculation of spectroscopic data
• Theory of calculating rovibronic energies, including the Renner and Jahn-Teller effects
• Special topics of high current interest: highly excited states and local modes, semi-classical approaches, time-dependent phenomena, and the Carr-Parrinello approach.

This book, written by a pioneer in surface physics and thin film research and the inventor of Low Energy Electron Microscopy (LEEM), Spin-Polarized Low Energy Electron Microscopy (SPLEEM) and Spectroscopic Photo Emission and Low Energy Electron Microscopy (SPELEEM), covers these and other techniques for the imaging of surfaces with low energy (slow) electrons. These techniques include Photoemission Electron Microscopy (PEEM), X-ray Photoemission Electron Microscopy (XPEEM), and their combination with microdiffraction and microspectroscopy, all of which use cathode lenses and slow electrons. Of particular interest are the fundamentals and applications of LEEM, PEEM, and XPEEM because of their widespread use. Numerous illustrations will illuminate the fundamental aspects of the electron optics, the experimental setup, and particularly the application results with these instruments. Surface Microscopy with Low Energy Electrons will give the reader a unified picture of the imaging, diffraction, and spectroscopy methods that are possible using low energy electron microscopes.

This textbook covers the main tools and techniques used in bioanalysis, provides an overview of their principles, and offers several examples of their application and future trends in diagnosis. Chapters from expert contributors explore the role of bioanalysis in different areas such as biochemistry, physiology, forensics, and clinical diagnosis, including topics from sampling/sample preparation, chemometrics in bioanalysis to the latest techniques used in the field. Particular attention is given to the recent advances in the application of mass spectrometry, NMR, electrochemical methods and separation techniques in bioanalysis. Readers will also find more about the application of microchip-based devices and analytical microarrays. This textbook will appeal to graduate/advanced undergraduate students in Chemistry, Biology, Biochemistry, Pharmacy, and Chemical Engineering. It is also a useful resource for researchers and professionals working in the fields of biomedicine and veterinary sciences, with clear explanations and examples of how the different bioanalytical devices are applied for clinical diagnosis.

A unique look at some of the hottest topics in photophysics and photochemistry today

The study of molecules in excited states has exploded over the past decade, providing new insights into conformational changes in organic molecules and opening up research opportunities for scientists and professionals in chemistry, physics, biology, medicine, and materials engineering.

Using conformational analysis as a unifying concept, this important new work provides readers with a cohesive and cutting–edge overview of this fascinating and challenging field. From conformational changes accompanying photoinduced electron transfer to elementary photophysical and photochemical processes in living systems, the most representative and challenging topics are carefully gleaned from the vast literature, highlighting major conceptual problems along with the relevant experimental techniques. Authoritative, detailed contributions from both experimentalists and theoreticians include coverage of:

• Conformational changes in intramolecular excited state electron transfer
• Conformational aspects of excited state proton transfer
• The novel topic of solute–solvent friction in chemical reactions
• Mechanisms and structural aspects of exciplex formations
• Conformational aspects of organic photochemistry
• Calculations of excited state conformational properties

Sample Introduction Systems in ICPMS and ICPOES provides an in-depth analysis of sample introduction strategies, including flow injection analysis and less common techniques, such as arc/spark ablation and direct sample insertion. The book critically evaluates what has been accomplished so far, along with what can be done to extend the capabilities of the technique for analyses of any type of sample, such as aqueous, gaseous or solid. The latest progress made in fields, such as FIA, ETV, LC-ICP-MS and CE-ICP-MS is included and critically discussed. The book addresses problems related to the optimization of the system, peak dispersion and calibration and automatization.

Since Herschel discovered light in the near-infrared region as early as 1800, the NIR region of the electromagnetic spectrum, once regarded as having little potential for analytical work, has now become one of the most promising techniques for molecular spectroscopy in several analytical fields. Over the last three decades, the development of new applications of infrared spectroscopy has been associated with increased power of computers and progress in chemometrics. This book introduces and presents several novel applications of NIR spectroscopy in biology, medicine, food science, the pharmaceutical sciences, polymers and minerals, for the first time in a single book. It is written by an international panel of scientists with a vast expertise in the field of infrared spectroscopy, providing unique views and perspectives on both practical and theoretical applications. This book should serve as a reference source for undergraduate and postgraduate students, scientists and researchers in the field of infrared spectroscopy.

This is a comprehensive and authoritative treatise on all aspects of the theory, instrumentation and practical usefulness of electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) and associated techniques. This book reflects the significant changes that have taken place in this popular technique for the accurate determination of metals at ultratrace concentrations in a wide variety of sample types.
This book provides coverage of:
* The evolution of ETAAS
* Heating characteristics of graphite furnace atomizers
* Detailed descriptions of modern instrumentation
* The use of chemical modifiers
* Atomization from solids and slurries
* Other specialized techniques using electrothermal atomizers
* Extensive cross-referencing between chapters
Comprehensive coverage combined with a descriptive style make this a key resource for graduate students in analytical chemistry, researchers in analytical atomic spectrometry and analysts who routinely use ETAAS.

The top tools, tips, and techniques of the last decade —at your command.

This book compiles and updates the best articles to date from the eleven-year history of Spectroscopy magazine's successful "Molecular Spectroscopy Workbench" column. From the fundamentals of important techniques to novel time- and money-saving ideas, it draws from a broad spectrum of recent developments in the field of molecular spectroscopy, including information on:

• Near and midrange infrared techniques
• Optical rotation/circular dichroism
• UV/Vis and fluorescence
• Mass spectrometry
• Acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTFs)
• Fiber optics
• Miscellaneous techniques and new hardware.

Articles have been updated where necessary to reflect advances made since their initial publication, and are arranged into sections that cover basic spectroscopic theory, applications, troubleshooting, and product/ conference reviews.

Carefully assembled by long-term Spectroscopy columnist Emil Ciurczak, this accessible collection is an excellent practical resource for analytical chemists and others who use spectroscopy in their work.

The first hands-on guide to XRD and XRF sampling and specimen preparation

Systematic errors from poor sampling and improper specimen preparation can easily render X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) data of questionable use for analysis. But, until now, the practical information that can help to reduce these errors has never been readily available in one volume.

This book fills a vital gap in the literature, bringing together a wealth of material previously available only in workbooks, company manuals, and other inside sources. It provides detailed coverage of the major tasks involved in X-ray analysis — complete with theory, step-by-step methods, equipment suggestions, and problem-solving tips.

With a full complement of tools and techniques, this comprehensive guide helps both beginners and experienced analysts to make the best decision on sample treatment and get accurate XRD and XRF results—saving valuable time, money, and effort.

Covers X-ray techniques for analyzing biological, geological, metallic, ceramic, and other materials

• Addresses all aspects of specimen preparation, including handling unusual or very small samples, liquids and solutions, and more
• Features special chapters on specimen preparation equipment and XRF standards
• Contains useful bibliography and helpful references.

This atlas provides a detailed overview of the novel technique of ex vivo confocal microscopy for rapid imaging of excised tissues in dermatological practice. It features an extensive collection of ex vivo images acquired from normal skin structures and from a variety of neoplastic lesions (benign and malignant) and inflammatory lesions. Each chapter contains several image types of a particular disorder, including gray-scale, digital purple-pink images (DHE) and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) correlations to assist the acquisition of diagnostic skills. Guidance on how to use techniques for tissue preparation, staining, handling and image acquisition are also provided enabling the reader to develop confidence in integrating this technique into their day-to-day practices. Furthermore, this atlas also provides an update on the ongoing latest advances in the field. Cutaneous Atlas of Ex Vivo Confocal Microscopy covers how to apply these techniques into dermatological practice, especially in Mohs surgery for the evaluation of keratinocytic neoplasm and in dermatopathology for rapid evaluation of varied skin lesions. It is therefore a valuable resource for trainee, residents, practicing dermatologists and dermatopathologists who are seeking a resource to assist in developing their knowledge and skills of utilizing these methodologies.

Over the last 30 years, Dr. Nikita V. Chukanov has collected IR spectra of about 2000 mineral species, including 247 holotype samples. In this book, he presents 3309 spectra of these minerals with detailed description and analytical data for reference samples. In the course of this work, about 150 new mineral species have been discovered. After an introductory chapter, infrared spectra of minerals are given together with the descriptions of standard samples used (occurrence, appearance, associated minerals, empirical formula etc.) and some comments. Sections are organized according to different classes of compounds (silicates, phosphates, arsenates, oxides etc.).

"

"Hills is probably the best person I can think of to write this book. He has the deepest background combined with considerable experience in solving problems with food." —R. G. Bryant, University of Virginia.

Food scientists have many excellent tools at their disposal with which to study food at both the micro- and macrostructural levels. But, when it comes to analyzing dynamic structural changes in food during processing and storage, none can compare with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Still a very young approach, MRI food imaging has contributed greatly to recent advances in food science, and promises to yield much more valuable information in the years ahead. Written by a leading pioneer in the field, Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Food Science covers the latest in MRI food imaging theory and practice.

Written primarily for food scientists and engineers, the book offers a practical, unified approach to the subject. Material is organized in three main parts corresponding to the distances of scale probed by MRI studies—namely, the macroscopic, microscopic, and macromolecular. Throughout, the emphasis is on ways in which studies of food undergoing processes can be modeled using the equations of heat, mass, and momentum transport, and how those models can be used in process design optimization programs.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Food Science provides researchers with the most up-to-date, detailed coverage of:

• Traditional and cutting-edge MRI food imaging techniques and technologies, including STRAFI, gradient-echo imaging, and functional imaging
• Whole plant functional imaging, flow imaging and rheology, and other specialized MRI applications
• The roles of food microstructure and molecular relaxation mechanisms in controlling moisture and heat transport
• Techniques for modeling structural changes during food processing.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Food Science is an important working resource for all researchers engaged in the never-ending struggle to produce safer, higher-quality foods more efficiently.

Surface analysis deals with characterizing and understanding the behavior of molecules which react on the surface between two substances. The latest self--contained volume in this long established and respected series of review articles on applications and instrumental developments in spectroscopy presents a high quality treatment of the frontiers of research occurring in modern spectroscopic methods. The internationally renowned authors have taken care to make their work accessible to experts and non--experts alike.

Polarization-division interferometers have greatly increased the applications of infrared spectroscopy in recent years. This first dedicated book on the topic includes a chapter on the principles of polarization-division interferometric spectrometry followed by four chapters highlighting the range of applications of this important technique. Applications as diverse as the verification of the Big Bang theory and material characterization are discussed by leading researchers in their respective fields, so the book as a whole serves as a state of the art reference on the subject. The editor, Professor Prasad Polavarapu, has carried out important research in this area including the development of a Martin-Puplett interferometer. He has gathered together an international group of contributors of world-wide renown.

E = mc2 and the Periodic Table . . .

RELATIVISTIC EFFECTS IN CHEMISTRY

This century's most famous equation, Einstein's special theory of relativity, transformed our comprehension of the nature of time and matter. Today, making use of the theory in a relativistic analysis of heavy molecules, that is, computing the properties and nature of electrons, is the work of chemists intent on exploring the mysteries of minute particles.

The first work of its kind, Relativistic Effects in Chemistry details the computational and analytical methods used in studying the relativistic effects in chemical bonding as well as the spectroscopic properties of molecules containing very heavy atoms. The second of two independent volumes, Part B: Applications contains specific experimental and theoretical results on the electronic states of molecules containing very heavy atoms as well as their spectroscopic properties and electronic structures. The first one-volume catalog of comprehensive computational results, Part B details:

• the relativistic effects on the electronic structure of transition metal clusters, such as the Cu, Ag, and Au triad
• the electronic structure of open-shell transition metal clusters such as Rh3 and Ir3
• the electronic and spectroscopic properties of heteronuclear diatomics of main group p-block elements from Ga to Po, especially the diatomic hydrides, halides, and chalconides
• the clusters of the very heavy main group p-block elements from Ga to Po
• the relativistic effects on molecules containing lanthanide and actinide atoms, including metals inside fullerenes.

An extraordinary new examination of Periodic Table elements, Part B of Relativistic Effects in Chemistry is also evidence of the enduring influence of Einstein's revolutionary theory.

This book offers an elementary introduction to optical spectroscopy with polarized light. It is written at a level suitable for undergraduate students in chemistry and undergraduate or graduate students in related disciplines such as biochemistry, biology, chemical engineering and materials science. It emphasizes the qualitative concepts and deemphasizes mathematics, yet provides sufficient information and practical hints for experiments.
With this book in hand, anyone who can measure an ordinary infrared, ultraviolet or visible absorption or fluorescence emission spectrum can measure a polarized one as well and learn far more about the sample.