This book is a practical guide to help investigators choose the right experiment, carry it out properly and analyse the data to give the best reliable result. It book gives readers insights to extract what they need from the world of large scale experimental facilities like synchrotrons. Key features: * A no-nonsense introduction to the technique and applications of x-ray absorption spectroscopy * XAFS is now an everyday tool for the structural analysis of material science, biology and catalysts * Features Questions and Answers to support the student s learning through the book * Relevant to all working on synchrotron sources and applications in physics, materials, environment/geology, and biomedical materials * Four-colour representation to allow easy interpretation of images and data for the reader

In addition to capillary gas chromatography and GC-MS, carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy provides an alternative method for essential oils analysis. The excellent visual spacing of the signals enables oil samples to be analyzed without preliminary separation of their components. Also, information relating to the molecular structure of the oil constituents can be ascertained from the measured chemical shifts. This second edition clearly demonstrates the power of the technique in the characterization of essential oils, based on 60 sample oils chosen for their industrial importance together with the 188 carbon-13 NMR spectra of significant components. Supporting data are presented using capillary gas chromatography.

Key features of the Second Edition:

• 18 new essential oils are included, five oils are replaced and five oils with less or little importance are deleted
• Revision of numerous analyses taken over from the 1st edition
• Capillary gas chromatograms of 60 commercially important essential oils
• Qualitative and quantitative analytical results of those essential oils
• Carbon-13 NMR analyses of those essential oils without separation of their components
• Carbon-13 NMR spectra of 188 most important oil constituents are given (67 are new in the 2nd edition)

This collection of ¹³C NMR and GC data is aimed at essential oils and natural products chemists, NMR research groups, university departments of chemistry, pharmacy, botany, and food science, as well as those working in the essential oils, perfumes, flavours and food technology industries.

How do planetary scientists analyze and interpret data from laboratory, telescopic, and spacecraft observations of planetary surfaces? What elements, minerals, and volatiles are found on the surfaces of our Solar System's planets, moons, asteroids, and comets? This comprehensive volume answers these topical questions by providing an overview of the theory and techniques of remote compositional analysis of planetary surfaces. Bringing together eminent researchers in Solar System exploration, it describes state-of-the-art results from spectroscopic, mineralogical, and geochemical techniques used to analyze the surfaces of planets, moons, and small bodies. The book introduces the methodology and theoretical background of each technique, and presents the latest advances in space exploration, telescopic and laboratory instrumentation, and major new work in theoretical studies. This engaging volume provides a comprehensive reference on planetary surface composition and mineralogy for advanced students, researchers, and professional scientists.

The dielectric properties especially of glassy materials are nowadays explored at widely varying temperatures and pressures without any gap in the spectral range from Hz up to the Infrared, thus covering typically 20 decades or more. This extraordinary span enables to trace the scaling and the mutual interactions of relaxation processes in detail, e.g. the dynamic glass transition and secondary relaxations, but as well far infrared vibrations, like the Boson peak. Additionally the evolution of intra-molecular interactions in the course of the dynamic glass transition is also well explored by (Fourier Transform) Infrared Spectroscopy. This volume within 'Advances in Dielectrics' summarizes this knowledge and discusses it with respect to the existing and often competing theoretical concepts.

This book focuses on the main characteristics of direct solid-phase measurements in flow systems. The fundamentals and the technical status of flow-through optosensing together with the main detection techniques are described, including the discussion of advantages and limitations and practical guidelines to the successful implementation of this approach. In order to give readers insight into the features and the potential of flow through optosensors, relevant examples of strategies and types of configuration are studied.

Fourier Transform Spectrometry is of immediate use to those who use Fourier transform spectrometers in their research, or are considering their use. The authors' presentations enable readers to obtain a clear understanding of FTS, which is crucial to their studies and research.
Due to the increasing complexity and commercialization of instrumentation, achieving optimum performance in research applications and automated usage can be challenging. For example, a thorough understanding of the instrument can dramatically affect the outcome of the experiment and the generation of reliable data in applications where conditions are not ideal and resulting signals are weak. This book provides a comprehensive discussion of FTS from the ground up, covering basic concepts, instrumentation, data-processing algorithms, and techniques for computerized spectral analysis.

Recently, there has been increased interest in long wavelength infrared (LWIR) materials because of their applications in civilian and military imaging. Among many on-going research materials, dilute nitride indium antimonide (InSbN) has attracted great attention because of the unique characteristics of dilute nitride III-V compounds, which could complement the ubiquitous mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe) material in terms of performance and manufacturing. This book presents the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth and characterisation of InSb and InSbN materials, based on the research work under the Compound Semiconductor and Quantum Information group, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

Modern Vibrational Spectroscopy and Micro-Spectroscopy: Theory, Instrumentation and Biomedical Applications unites the theory and background of conventional vibrational spectroscopy with the principles of microspectroscopy. It starts with basic theory as it applies to small molecules and then expands it to include the large biomolecules which are the main topic of the book with an emphasis on practical experiments, results analysis and medical and diagnostic applications. This book is unique in that it addresses both the parent spectroscopy and the microspectroscopic aspects in one volume. Part I covers the basic theory, principles and instrumentation of classical vibrational, infrared and Raman spectroscopy. It is aimed at researchers with a background in chemistry and physics, and is presented at the level suitable for first year graduate students. The latter half of Part I is devoted to more novel subjects in vibrational spectroscopy, such as resonance and non-linear Raman effects, vibrational optical activity, time resolved spectroscopy and computational methods. Thus, Part 1 represents a short course into modern vibrational spectroscopy. Part II is devoted in its entirety to applications of vibrational spectroscopic techniques to biophysical and bio-structural research, and the more recent extension of vibrational spectroscopy to microscopic data acquisition. Vibrational microscopy (or microspectroscopy) has opened entirely new avenues toward applications in the biomedical sciences, and has created new research fields collectively referred to as Spectral Cytopathology (SCP) and Spectral Histopathology (SHP). In order to fully exploit the information contained in the micro-spectral datasets, methods of multivariate analysis need to be employed. These methods, along with representative results of both SCP and SHP are presented and discussed in detail in Part II.

This book covers both experimental and theoretical aspects of nanoscale light scattering and surface roughness. Topics include: spherical particles located on a substrate; surface and buried interface roughness; surface roughness of polymer thin films; magnetic and thermal fluctuations at planar surfaces; speckle patterns; scattering of electromagnetic waves from a metal; multiple wavelength light scattering; nanoroughness standards.

Fluorescence reporter is the key element of any sensing or imaging technology. Its optimal choice and implementation is very important for increasing the sensitivity, precision, multiplexing power, and also the spectral, temporal, and spatial reso- tion in different methods of research and practical analysis. Therefore, design of ?uorescence reporters with advanced properties is one of the most important problems. In this volume, top experts in this ?eld provide advanced knowledge on the design and properties of ?uorescent dyes. Organic dyes were the ?rst ?uorescent materials used for analytical purposes, and we observe that they retain their leading positions against strong competition of new materials - conjugated polymers, semiconductor nanocrystals, and metal chelating complexes. Recently, molecular and cellular biology got a valuable tool of organic ?uorophores synt- sized by cell machinery and incorporated into green ?uorescent protein and its analogs. Demands of various ?uorescence techniques operating in spectral, anisotropy, and time domains require focused design of ?uorescence reporters well adapted to these techniques. Near-IR spectral range becomes more and more attractive for various applications, and new dyes emitting in this range are strongly requested. Two-photonic ?uorescence has become one of the major tools in bioimaging, and ?uorescence reporters well adapted to this technique are in urgent need. These problems cannot be solved without the knowledge of fundamental principles of dye design and of physical phenomena behind their ?uorescence response.

A basic overview of mass spectrometry relevant to life and health science applications, illustrated throughout with relevant case studies This introductory text provides information and assistance to new users of mass spectrometry (MS) working in clinical or biochemical fields who are faced with implementing and designing quantitative mass spectrometric assays for a variety of classes of molecules of biological interest. It presents a detailed discussion on how to optimize measurement parameters for a candidate reference quantitative analysis, including calibration procedures, sensitivity, reproducibility, speed of assay and compliance with regulatory authorities. Quantitative Biological and Clinical Mass Spectrometry uses examples where development has not been immediately successful but where unforeseen problems have arisen and describes the strategies used to solve these. Advances in addressing the very large numbers of clinical samples that arise on routine screening programs such as those involved in inborn errors of metabolism studies are discussed. Direct mass spectrometric based analyses applicable to point of care testing (POCT) situations are also covered. The book concludes with a short section on possible novel developments, bibliography, references, and a glossary of terms. Shows how the presence of false results can be detected and understood Describes the 'parts' of modern instruments from sample introduction through ionization, mass analysis and detection, and the variety of techniques of tandem mass spectrometry Discusses the requirement for specificity in an assay method Fully illustrated throughout Highly relevant to all key areas of mass spectrometric analysis Quantitative Biological and Clinical Mass Spectrometry appeals to those newly exposed to the use of combined chromatography and mass spectrometry for analysis of biological material and to scientists experienced in automated clinical analysis using immunoassays or who are new to mass spectrometry.

Now in its third edition, this classic text covers many aspects of infrared and Raman spectroscopy that are critical to the chemist doing structural or compositional analysis. This work includes practical and theoretical approaches to spectral interpretation as well as a discussion of experimental techniques. Emphasis is given to group frequencies, which are studied in detailed discussions, extensive tables, and over 600 carefully chosen and interpreted spectral examples. Also featured is a unique treatment of group frequencies that stresses their mechanical origin. This qualitative approach to vibrational analysis helps to simplify spectral interpretation.
Additional topics include basic instrumental components and sampling techniques, quantitative analysis, Raman polarization data, infrared gas contours, and polarized IR studies, among others.
Key Features
* Focuses on group frequency correlations and how to use them in spectral interpretation
* Revised and updated by a pioneer in the field, Norman Colthup, who for thirty years has served as an expert lecturer for the Fisk Infrared Institute
* Explores new group frequency studies in aromatics, alkanes and olefins, among others
* Includes completely updated section on instrumentation

Since their inception, optical detection and spectroscopy of single molecules have steadily expanded to an amazing variety of disciplines in the natural sciences. Domains such as optical microscopy, quantum optics, nanophotonics and soft matter/ material science have all benefited from the new, "average-free" insights provided by the optical isolation of single molecules, quantum dots, metal nanoparticles, and other nanometre-sized objects. The techniques themselves have also made spectacular progress with developments in super-resolution microscopy, time-resolved measurements, absorption-based detection, combination with mechanical or electrical manipulation and recording, live-cell imaging, and metal nanoparticle-phenomena. Following the Single-Molecule Microscopy and Spectroscopy: Faraday Discussion (September 2015), this book discusses the recent advances and maps out future avenues in the field, covering topics such as quantum optics and plasmonics; probes and sensors for molecular biophysics; super-resolution and imaging of soft and biological matter; and nonlinear optics and coherence in biophysics.

Nuclear magnetic resonance has proved a uniquely versatile and powerful spectroscopic technique, with applications across chemistry, physics and medicine. The success of NMR and its constant redevelopment means that the literature is vast and wide-ranging. Each chapter in this volume is a distillation of the key recent literature in different areas covering the spectrum of NMR theory and practice, and including solution-state, solid-state and in-vivo NMR. These reports will be invaluable both for new researchers wishing to engage with literature for the first time, and for seasoned practitioners, particularly service managers, wishing to keep in touch with the ever-expanding ways in which NMR is used.

Clear, accessible coverage of modern NMR spectroscopy—for students and professionals in many fields of science

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has made quantum leaps in the last decade, becoming a staple tool in such divergent fields as chemistry, physics, materials science, biology, and medicine. That is why it is essential that scientists working in these areas be fully conversant with current NMR theory and practice.

This down-to-basics text offers a comprehensive, up-to-date treatment of the fundamentals of NMR spectroscopy. Using a straightforward approach that develops all concepts from a rudimentary level without using heavy mathematics, it gives readers the knowledge they need to solve any molecular structure problem from a complete set of NMR data. Topics are illustrated throughout with hundreds of figures and actual spectra. Chapter-end summaries and review problems with answers are included to help reinforce and test understanding of key material.

From NMR studies of biologically important molecules to magnetic resonance imaging, this book serves as an excellent all-around primer on NMR spectroscopic analysis.

Pulse electron paramagnetic resonance enjoys increasing popularity among scientists investigating structure-function relationships in life sciences and materials science, yet a systematic overview of the theory and experimental approaches is still missing. This book closes the gap and addresses both young and experienced scientists interested in this field of research.

This PhD thesis reports on investigations of several oxide-based materials using advanced infrared and Raman spectroscopy techniques and in combination with external stimuli such as high magnetic or electric field, sptial confinement in thin film heterostructures and the radiation with UV light. This leads to new results in the fields of superconductivity, electronic polarization states and nanoscale phenomena. Among these, the observation of anomalous polar moments is of great relevance for understanding the electric-field-induced metal-to-insulator transistion; and the demonstration that confocal Raman spectroscopy of backfolded acoustic photons in metal-oxide multilayers can be used as a powerful characterization tool for monitoring their interface properties and layer thickness is an important technical development for the engineering of such functional oxide heterostructures.

The definitive guide to mass spectrometry techniques in biology and biophysics

The use of mass spectrometry (MS) to study the architecture and dynamics of proteins is increasingly common within the biophysical community, and Mass Spectrometry in Structural Biology and Biophysics: Architecture, Dynamics, and Interaction of Biomolecules, Second Edition provides readers with detailed, systematic coverage of the current state of the art.

Offering an unrivalled overview of modern MS-based armamentarium that can be used to solve the most challenging problems in biophysics, structural biology, and biopharmaceuticals, the book is a practical guide to understanding the role of MS techniques in biophysical research. Designed to meet the needs of both academic and industrial researchers, it makes mass spectrometry accessible to professionals in a range of fields, including biopharmaceuticals.

This new edition has been significantly expanded and updated to include the most recent experimental methodologies and techniques, MS applications in biophysics and structural biology, methods for studying higher order structure and dynamics of proteins, an examination of other biopolymers and synthetic polymers, such as nucleic acids and oligosaccharides, and much more.

Featuring high-quality illustrations that illuminate the concepts described in the text, as well as extensive references that enable the reader to pursue further study, Mass Spectrometry in Structural Biology and Biophysics is an indispensable resource for researchers and graduate students working in biophysics, structural biology, protein chemistry, and related fields.

CD and MCD spectroscopy can provide key information about the conformations and electronic states of chromophore containing molecules. However, the theory has remained too challenging and inaccessible for many organic chemists and biochemists and only a few researchers have carried out detailed quantitative analyses of their spectral data. This is not surprising as people who excel at spectroscopic theory usually lack the skills set required to design and synthesise the molecules that would be most appropriate for describing and explaining the theory of CD and MCD spectroscopy. Most of the books that have been written on the subject have, therefore, been based on very dense sets of mathematical equations. This timely book rectifies that situation by summarizing the relationship between the different types of spectra and by describing in detail the qualitative and quantitative methods which can readily be used to analyse CD and MCD spectral data. During the last decade the authors have successfully synthesized several molecules to illustrate key points related to the theory of CD and MCD spectroscopy, resulting in this definitive book providing key practical knowledge in a readily accessible style. It is aimed primarily at organic chemists and biochemists and provides the required reading for researchers active in the field. In the introduction, the book describes the types of information that can be derived from CD and MCD spectroscopy. After a detailed explanation of the theory of electronic absorption spectroscopy, it then provides practical in depth examples of the various analytical methods that can be carried out with CD and MCD spectral data. This makes the theory of these techniques much more accessible for researchers who do not specialise in physical chemistry.

This book highlights how the properties and structure of materials are affected by dynamic high pressures generated by explosions, projectile impacts, laser compression, electric discharge or ball milling. Starting with the basics of shock-wave physics and an outline of experimental techniques, it then surveys dynamic compressibility and equations of state of various substances, phase transitions and syntheses of novel compounds under shock. It covers various industrial applications including hardening of metals and grinding (fragmentation) of solids, saturation of solids with defects for use as catalysts, production of superhard materials (synthetic diamond, BN (boron nitride)) and nanomaterials, especially nanodiamond, and discusses state-of-the-art techniques such as combining dynamic and static compression to obtain monolithic materials.

This book is the most comprehensive recent publication on MIPs, consisting of 13 chapters, primarily involving the fundamentals, the instrumentation, and the methodologies of MIP-OES. The physical and chemical characteristics of the various MIP sources and sample introduction techniques available are all discussed as well as how these characteristics affect the design of the parts of the MIP setup with inclusion of some very recent work with MIP sources. Considerable experimental and fundamental emphasis is placed on the plasma generation as well as the experimental aspects of sample introduction in MIP spectrometry. The book firstly outlines the generation and operation of MIP discharges, and presents briefly the principles of MIP-based techniques currently in use, along with their potential benefits and limitations. It then addresses the art and science of microwave plasma generation and highlights very recent advances in the field, presenting both the fundamental properties and the design details of new microwave plasma sources. Analytical characteristics and novel applications of MIP-OES for a wide variety of sample types are also reviewed. As the book documents the latest achievements in MIP spectrometry, it should stimulate their use on a wider scale in the analytical and research laboratories and will prove useful to manufacturers of analytical instruments. This book is also aimed at academics and postgraduates embarking on work in the field of MIP source spectrometry, ICP/MIP users, analysts and research groups who want to configure their own plasma spectrometry setup, and manufacturers of plasma spectrometers and MIP devices. It will also be a useful source of information for those seeking to interface various sample introduction techniques with plasmas and for all those who would like to know more about the technique.

A graduate-level text that examines the semiclassical approach to quantum mechanics Physical systems have been traditionally described in terms of either classical or quantum mechanics. But in recent years, semiclassical methods have developed rapidly, providing deep physical insight and computational tools for quantum dynamics and spectroscopy. In this book, Eric Heller introduces and develops this subject, demonstrating its power with many examples. In the first half of the book, Heller covers relevant aspects of classical mechanics, building from them the semiclassical way through the semiclassical limit of the Feynman path integral. The second half of the book applies this approach to various kinds of spectroscopy, such as molecular spectroscopy and electron imaging and quantum dynamical systems with an emphasis on tunneling. Adopting a distinctly time-dependent viewpoint, Heller argues for semiclassical theories from experimental and theoretical vantage points valuable to research in physics and chemistry. Featuring more than two hundred figures, the book provides a geometric, phase-space, and coordinate-space pathway to greater understanding. Filled with practical examples and applications, The Semiclassical Way to Dynamics and Spectroscopy is a comprehensive presentation of the tools necessary to successfully delve into this unique area of quantum mechanics. A comprehensive approach for using classical mechanics to do quantum mechanics More than two hundred figures to assist intuition Emphasis on semiclassical Green function and wave packet perspective, as well as tunneling and spectroscopy Chapters include quantum mechanics of classically chaotic systems, quantum scarring, and other modern dynamical topics

This book is devoted to the construction of space group representations, their tabulation, and illustration of their use. Representation theory of space groups has a wide range of applications in modern physics and chemistry, including studies of electron and phonon spectra, structural and magnetic phase transitions, spectroscopy, neutron scattering, and superconductivity. The book presents a clear and practical method of deducing the matrices of all irreducible representations, including double-valued, and tabulates the matrices of irreducible projective representations for all 32 crystallographic point groups. One obtains the irreducible representations of all 230 space groups by multiplying the matrices presented in these compact and convenient to use tables by easily computed factors. A number of applications to the electronic band structure calculations are illustrated through real-life examples of different crystal structures. The book's content is accessible to both graduate and advanced undergraduate students with elementary knowledge of group theory and is useful to a wide range of experimentalists and theorists in materials and solid-state physics.

The book covers in particular state-of-the-art scientific research about product quality control and related health and environmental safety topics, including human, animal and plant safety assurance issues. These conference proceedings provide contemporary information on the general theoretical, metrological and practical issues of the production and application of reference materials. Reference materials play an integral role in physical, chemical and related type of measurements, ensuring their uniformity, comparability and the validity of quantitative analysis as well as, as a result, the objectivity of decisions concerning the elimination of technical barriers in commercial and economic, scientific and technical and other spheres of cooperation. The book is intended for researchers and practitioners in the field of chemistry, metrologists, technical physics, as well as for specialists in analytical laboratories, or working for companies and organizations involved in the production, distribution and use of reference materials.

This handbook gives a complete and detailed survey of the field of semiconductor physics. It addresses every fundamental principle, the most important research topics and results, as well as conventional and emerging new areas of application. Additionally it provides all essential reference material on crystalline bulk, low-dimensional, and amorphous semiconductors, including valuable data on their optical, transport, and dynamic properties. This updated and extended second edition includes essential coverage of rapidly advancing areas in semiconductor physics, such as topological insulators, quantum optics, magnetic nanostructures and spintronic systems. Richly illustrated and authored by a duo of internationally acclaimed experts in solar energy and semiconductor physics, this handbook delivers in-depth treatment of the field, reflecting a combined experience spanning several decades as both researchers and educators. Offering a unique perspective on many issues, Semiconductor Physics is an invaluable reference for physicists, materials scientists and engineers throughout academia and industry.