This volume presents recent progress and perspectives in multi-photon processes and spectroscopy of atoms, ions, and molecules. The subjects in the series cover the experimental and theoretical investigations in interdisciplinary research fields in natural science including chemistry, physics, bioscience and material science.

This volume covers a broad range of topics focusing on atoms, molecules, and clusters interacting in intense laser field, laser induced filamentation, and laser plasma interaction and application. The PUILS series delivers up-to-date reviews of progress in Ultrafast Intense Laser Science, a newly emerging interdisciplinary research field spanning atomic and molecular physics, molecular science, and optical science, which has been stimulated by the recent developments in ultrafast laser technologies. Each volume compiles peer-reviewed articles authored by researchers at the forefront of each their own subfields of UILS. Every chapter opens with an overview of the topics to be discussed, so that researchers unfamiliar to the subfield, as well as graduate students, can grasp the importance and attractions of the research topic at hand; these are followed by reports of cutting-edge discoveries.

This book presents the latest developments and issues in both experimental and theoretical studies of multi-photon processes and the spectroscopy of atoms, molecules and nanomaterials in Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Material Science. It is an important addition to an advanced series that contains review papers suitable for both active researchers in these areas and non-experts who wish to enter the field. Special attention is paid to the recent progress of nonlinear photon-matter interactions applied to femtosecond laser induced nonadiabatic molecular alignment, high-order harmonic generation from C60 fullerene plasma, resonant femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy and attosecond pulse generation, as well as near-field optical imaging of noble-metal nanoparticles and photoexcited ultrafast electron transfer in condensed phase.

This work is based on experiences acquired by the authors regarding often asked questions and problems during manifold education of beginners in analytical transmission electron microscopy. These experiences are summarised illustratively in this textbook. Explanations based on simple models and hints for the practical work are the focal points. This practically- oriented textbook represents a clear and comprehensible introduction for all persons who want to use a transmission electron microscope in practice but who are not specially qualified electron microscopists up to now.

Analytical Applications of Ionic Liquids reviews the current research in analytic chemistry, covering subjects as diverse as separation science, chromatography, spectroscopy and analytical electrochemistry.As scientific developments have moved into the 21st century, they have increasingly had to take into account the effects on the environment, both locally and globally. Because of this, the search for applications of ionic liquids is growing in every area of analytical chemistry. Here, material is presented by specialists, giving a critical overview of the current literature surrounding this increasingly prominent topic. Analysis is carried out on latest achievements and applications, followed by critical discussion of possible future developments.As well as stimulating further research among established analytical chemists, this book can also be used for undergraduate and graduate courses on chemistry and chemical technology.

Leading experts discuss the characteristics, advantages, limitations and future aspects of modern spectroscopic techniques for environmental analysis. Demonstrates how these methods can be applied to trace gas detection and assessment. Concentrates on the latest techniques—both laser and non-laser based—which offer advantages for air pollution and gas monitoring as opposed to more conventional methods. Numerous examples of applications illustrate the potential of the techniques backed up by cutting-edge information and representative data.

The 39th Denver Conference on Applications of X-ray Analysis was held July 31-August 4, 1995, at the Sheraton Hotel, Colorado Springs, Colorado. The year 1995 was a special year for the X-ray analysis community, since it represented the 100th anniversary ofthe discovery ofX-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. In commemoration of this event, the Plenary Session of the conference was entitled "THE ROENTGEN COMMEMORATIVE SESSION:1895-1995, "100 YEARS OF PROGRESS IN X-RA Y SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS". It is interesting to note that while we celebrate 100 years ofthe use ofX-ray techniques in general, and about 80 years ofX-ray diffraction and spectroscopy in particular, the Denver X-ray Conference has been in place for about half ofthat time period! Like the X-ray methods it represents, the Denver Conference on Applications ofX-ray Analysis has grown and matured, has survived the rigors oftime, and today, provides the worlds' best annual forum for the exchange of experiences and developments in the various fields ofX-ray analysis. Imagine, when the Denver Conference started in 1951, there were no personal computer- in fact, there were no computers, period! There was no SEM, no microprobe, there were no Si(Li) detectors, no transistors, no synchrotrons, Hugo Rietveld was a child, and many members who regularly attend Denver Meetings today, weren't even born yet! As I write this foreword, a copy of volurne 1 of Advances in X-ray Analysis lays in front of me on my desk.

The contributors to this manual are uniformly from those labora- ries routinely using microwave technology to facilitate their processing methods in the various fields of microscopy. The methods and results these authors describe are the tangible evidence that microwaves can be used routinely as the basis for improved sample processing for micr- copy applications. These applications include complete sample proce- ing protocols for light and electron microscopy, decalcification, and immunocytochemistry. The overall time savings, ease of use, and qu- ity of results serve as justification for using microwaves in the labo- tory. The question as to whether there is a "microwave effect" is alluded to, but not discussed in any great detail. When the term microwave technology is used, it is generic and intended to mean equipment designed for laboratory versus household use. Microwave Techniques and Protocols is designed for anyone with a background and experience in sample processing for immunocytoch- istry, decalcification, light microscopy, or electron microscopy, and clearly demonstrates that microwave technology has a place in today's laboratory. Richard T. Giberson, Richard S. Demaree Jr., REFERENCES Giberson, R. T. Demaree, R. S., and (1995) Microwave fixation: understa- ing the variables to achieve rapid reproducible results. Microsc Res Tech 32:246-254. Giberson, R. T., Demaree, R. S., Jr., and Nordhausen, R. W. (1997) Four-hour processing of clinical/diagnostic specimens for electron microscopy using microwave technique. J Vet Diagn Invest 9:61-67. Jr. VhD Ms vi Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Volumes in the Proven Synthetic Methods Series address the concerns many chemists have regarding irreproducibility of synthetic protocols, lack of identification and characterization data for new compounds, and inflated yields reported in chemical communications-trends that have recently become a serious problem. Exploring carbohydrate chemistry from both the academic and industrial points of view, this unique resource brings together useful information into one convenient reference. The series is unique among other synthetic literature in the carbohydrate field in that, to ensure reproducibility, an independent checker has verified the experimental parts involved by repeating the protocols or using the methods. Featuring contributions from world-renowned experts and overseen by a highly respected series editor, this latest volume compiles reliable protocols for the preparation of intermediates for carbohydrate synthesis or other uses in the glycosciences. Key Features: Explains reliable and tested protocols for the preparation of intermediates for carbohydrate synthesis Offers a unique resource in glycosciences, compiling useful information in one reference Presents protocols that are of wide use to a broad range of readers in the carbohydrate field and the life sciences, including undergraduates taking carbohydrate workshops Explores synthetic carbohydrate chemistry from both the academic and industrial points of view Guarantees the reader a good, clean, reproducible experiment

This book presents a comprehensive overview of the modern theory of spectral line broadening and shifting by pressure of atmospheric gases. It describes current semi-classical methods for calculating vibrotational line widths and shifts, including very recent modifications and new developments realised by the authors themselves. For most of the considered molecular systems, analytical formulae are also given, which enable the calculation of line broadening coefficients without the use of semi-classical methods. The results of calculations by various approaches are compared with experimental data available in the literature. Numerous appendices list theoretical expressions and parameters' values required for the writing of computer programs for calculation of line broadening and line shifting coefficients.The book is addressed to undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as to professional scientists and researchers working in the field of molecular physics, molecular spectroscopy, quantum chemistry and mathematical physics.

This monograph offers an overview of rigorous results on fermionic topological insulators from the complex classes, namely, those without symmetries or with just a chiral symmetry. Particular focus is on the stability of the topological invariants in the presence of strong disorder, on the interplay between the bulk and boundary invariants and on their dependence on magnetic fields. The first part presents motivating examples and the conjectures put forward by the physics community, together with a brief review of the experimental achievements. The second part develops an operator algebraic approach for the study of disordered topological insulators. This leads naturally to the use of analytical tools from K-theory and non-commutative geometry, such as cyclic cohomology, quantized calculus with Fredholm modules and index pairings. New results include a generalized Streda formula and a proof of the delocalized nature of surface states in topological insulators with non-trivial invariants. The concluding chapter connects the invariants to measurable quantities and thus presents a refined physical characterization of the complex topological insulators. This book is intended for advanced students in mathematical physics and researchers alike.

The current volume in the series, "Vibrational Spectra and Structure, "is a single topic volume on gas phase structural parameters. The title of the volume, "Equilibrium Structural Parameters," covers the two most common techniques for obtaining gas phase structural parameters: microwave spectroscopy and the electron diffraction technique. Since the quantum chemical method provides equilibrium geometries, the volume is an attempt to provide a connection between the experimental and theoretical parameters. The book provides a review on molecular structure determinations from spectroscopic data using scaled moments of inertia. The limited number of molecules for which equilibrium parameters have been obtained and the requirement of a large number of microwave data needed to obtain the equilibrium structural parameters is noted. Electron diffraction technique is reviewed, along with a description of how this can incorporate structural information from microwave spectroscopy, vibrational spectroscopy, or theoretical calculations to improve the determination of the structural parameters by electron diffraction studies. Also discussed are the theory and methods of microwave spectroscopy, describing in some detail ro and rs structures as well as rm structures and corrections based on "ab initio" calculations. The accuracy of the molecular geometry predictions by quantum chemical methods is considered in some detail with data presented in graphic rather than tabular form. This makes it possible to readily note the difference in the parameters predicted at the various levels of quantum mechanical calculations. The four authors have provided a coherent description of the various structural parameters obtained experimentally along with treatments needed to extract equilibrium bond distances and angles.

Long proven as an analytical tool of uncommon accuracy and utility, particle-induced X-ray emission has enjoyed a solid, if narrow, reputation in the area of chemical analysis. Capable of detecting elemental concentrations down to parts per million, PIXE is now a standard component of the analytical arsenal of the nuclear physics laboratory. Yet in wider avenues of chemical research, PIXE technology is still relatively new and untested.

An inside look at the nuts and bolts of PIXE from specialists who've refined the technique in biomedicine, atmospheric science, geology, and art and archaeology, this comprehensive introduction to PIXE reveals its conceptual foundation and unique methodology as well as its, as yet, enormous untapped potential as a primary analytical tool. Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission Spectrometry (PIXE) offers professionals and students a practical, user-based look at the many facets and current uses of PIXE for multielemental analysis while providing a stimulus for creative, insightful investigation.

Beginning with a brief history of PIXE, the book then introduces the reader to the conceptual basics central to understanding and using PIXE. It details the hardware and methodology that make up PIXE, examining its instrumentation, characteristics of x-ray spectroscopy, standardization of quantitative analysis, the accuracy of PIXE analysis, and its limits of detection. The technique of focusing proton beams to micron dimensions with the nuclear microprobe is thoroughly detailed, with practical advice on what pitfalls to avoid, and clear illustrations of its present uses in biomedicine, materials science, archaeology, and earth science.

The following chapters form a comprehensive catalog of the cutting-edge uses of PIXE in a host of fields, shedding light on the technical specifics unique to each area of research as well as the intrinsic versatility of PIXE. A discussion of biological and medical applications includes a look at sample preparation, micro- and macro-PIXE, the use of PIXE with other methods, and data evaluation. PIXE's role in the compositional analysis of atmospheric aerosols is described, including a look at PIXE's future impact on global climate research. A look at PIXE's applications in the earth sciences contrasts the analysis of bulk material with grains and crystallites and highlights PIXE's practical uses in key areas of geologic research. PIXE's role in art and archaeology includes a fascinating and detailed exposition of its important role in the analysis of gem stones, pottery, paper-like materials, and pigments and paintings.

Concluding with a detailed comparative analysis of PIXE with other current analytical methods, the book then provides a fascinating glimpse into the future prospects of PIXE. A must reference for the professional and novice in search of the basic hardware and methods behind the current state of the science, Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission Spectrometry (PIXE) is a premier guide to exploring the analytical possibilities open to this unique technology.

The authoritative handbook to exploiting the full power and versatility of PIXE-- now and in the next century

Respected for its practical accuracy and detection range of parts per million, particle-induced X-ray emission has enjoyed a secure place in the analytical arsenal of the nuclear physics laboratory. Yet, its undeniable analytical potential in other areas of science has scarcely been tapped. This unique reference, from PIXE specialists in biomedicine, atmospheric science, earth science, and art and archaeology, features a user-based look at PIXE's conceptual basics and methodology, with a view toward new and creative analytical work.

Touching on every facet of PIXE technology, from basic instrumentation, specimens, the characteristics of X-ray spectroscopy, standardization of quantitative analysis, to the accuracy of PIXE analysis and its limits of detection, the book offers an unprecedented look at the newer uses of PIXE in such areas as: Applications of macro- and micro-PIXE in medicine, zoology, and botany Analysis of atmospheric aerosols Geological and extra-terrestrial material Analysis of gem stones, pottery, glass, and alloys As an exploratory tool for pigments and paintings and "paper-like" materials

Complete with a comparative look contrasting PIXE with more conventional forms of analysis, this important reference is key to grasping the technique's practical specifics and exploiting its full analytical potential.

This volume represents 27 peer-reviewed papers presented at the ICOP 2013 symposium which will help conservators and curators recognise problems and interpret visual changes on paintings, which in turn give a more solid basis for decisions on the treatment of these paintings. The subject matter ranges from developments of paint technology, working methods of individual artists, through characterisation of paints and paint surfaces, paint degradation vs. long time stability, to observations of issues in collections, cleaning and other treatment issues as well as new conservation approaches.

Fluorescence reporter is the key element of any sensing or imaging technology. Its optimal choice and implementation is very important for increasing the sensitivity, precision, multiplexing power, and also the spectral, temporal, and spatial reso- tion in different methods of research and practical analysis. Therefore, design of ?uorescence reporters with advanced properties is one of the most important problems. In this volume, top experts in this ?eld provide advanced knowledge on the design and properties of ?uorescent dyes. Organic dyes were the ?rst ?uorescent materials used for analytical purposes, and we observe that they retain their leading positions against strong competition of new materials - conjugated polymers, semiconductor nanocrystals, and metal chelating complexes. Recently, molecular and cellular biology got a valuable tool of organic ?uorophores synt- sized by cell machinery and incorporated into green ?uorescent protein and its analogs. Demands of various ?uorescence techniques operating in spectral, anisotropy, and time domains require focused design of ?uorescence reporters well adapted to these techniques. Near-IR spectral range becomes more and more attractive for various applications, and new dyes emitting in this range are strongly requested. Two-photonic ?uorescence has become one of the major tools in bioimaging, and ?uorescence reporters well adapted to this technique are in urgent need. These problems cannot be solved without the knowledge of fundamental principles of dye design and of physical phenomena behind their ?uorescence response.

Photoelectron Spectroscopy presents an up-to-date introduction to the field by comprehensively treating the electronic structures of atoms, molecules, solids, and surfaces. Brief descriptions are given of inverse photoemission, spin-polarized photoemission and photoelectron diffraction. Experimental aspects are considered throughout the book and the results are carefully interpreted in terms of the theory. A wealth of measured data is presented in tabular form for easy use by experimentalists. This new edition has been substantially updated and extended.

EPR Spectroscopy in Catalysis, by Sabine Van Doorslaer und Damien M. Murphy Radicals in Flavoproteins, by Erik Schleicher und Stefan Weber EPR Spectroscopy in Polymer Science, by Dariush Hinderberger EPR in Protein Science, by Intrinsically Disordered Proteins, by Malte Drescher Site-Directed Spin Labeling of Membrane Proteins, by Enrica Bordignon Structure and Dynamics of Nucleic Acids, by Ivan Krsti, Burkhard Endeward, Dominik Margraf, Andriy Marko und Thomas F Prisner New Directions in Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy on Molecular Nanomagnets, by J. van Slageren"

This open access book collects the contributions of the seventh school on Magnetism and Synchrotron Radiation held in Mittelwihr, France, from 7 to 12 October 2018. It starts with an introduction to the physics of modern X-ray sources followed by a general overview of magnetism. Next, light / matter interaction in the X-ray range is covered with emphasis on different types of angular dependence of X-ray absorption spectroscopy and scattering. In the end, two domains where synchrotron radiation-based techniques led to new insights in condensed matter physics, namely spintronics and superconductivity, are discussed. The book is intended for advanced students and researchers to get acquaintance with the basic knowledge of X-ray light sources and to step into synchrotron-based techniques for magnetic studies in condensed matter physics or chemistry.

New insights into modern medicine and systems biology are enabled by innovative protocols and advanced technologies in mass spectrometry-based proteomics. This volume details new pipelines, workflows, and ways to process data that allow for new frontiers in proteomics to be pushed forward. With applications to biomarker discovery, interactions between proteins, between biological systems, dynamics of post-translational modifications among others, new protocols have been developed and iteratively refined to probe the endless complexity of the proteome in ever greater details. This volume deals with methods for data dependent and data independent mass spectrometry analyses. Valuable, first-hand information is provided from designing experiments, sample preparation and analysis, exploitation of public datasets and carrying out reproducible data pipelines, using modern computational tools such as Galaxy or Jupyter. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and cutting-edge, Mass Spectrometry of Proteins: Methods and Protocols aims to ensure successful results in the further study of this vital field.

High brightness metal vapor lasers have become the most bright and powerful in the visible spectral range among all existing laser types, resulting in numerous applications ranging from purely fundamental research to practical application in large-scale commercial problems such as isotope selection. This book presents a full series of fundamental problems on the development of physical fundamentals and mathematical models for practical realization of a high-power laser radiation on self-contained transitions in metal atoms. It is the first fundamental review on physics and the technique of high-brightness metal vapor lasers.

Two-Dimensional Optical Spectroscopy discusses the principles and applications of newly emerging two-dimensional vibrational and optical spectroscopy techniques. It provides a detailed account of basic theory required for an understanding of two-dimensional vibrational and electronic spectroscopy. It also bridges the gap between the formal development of nonlinear optical spectroscopy and the application of the theory to explain experimental results. Focusing on time-domain spectroscopy, the book presents detailed discussions on the underlying physics and interpretation methods of a variety of two-dimensional optical spectroscopic methods. It illustrates how novel diagrammatic techniques are useful in graphically describing the associated nonlinear optical transition pathways and involved population or coherence evolutions. The author also explains the basics of quantum dynamics and time-dependent perturbation theories that are required in describing nonlinear optical processes. From the development of the theory to novel applications, this book covers a gamut of topics in this field, including perturbation theory, coherent Raman scattering, pump-probe spectroscopy, photon echo spectroscopy, IR-visible four-wave mixing, and linear and nonlinear optical activity spectroscopy. It shows how to apply the recently developed tools of vibrational and electronic spectroscopy in two dimensions.

Over the last decade, scientific and engineering interests have been shifting from conventional ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) to field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS). Differential Ion Mobility Spectrometry: Nonlinear Ion Transport and Fundamentals of FAIMS explores this new analytical technology that separates and characterizes ions by the difference between their mobility in gases at high and low electric fields. It also covers the novel topics of higher-order differential IMS and IMS with alignment of dipole direction. The book relates the fundamentals of FAIMS and other nonlinear IMS methods to the physics of gas-phase ion transport. It begins with the basics of ion diffusion and mobility in gases, covering the main attributes of conventional IMS that are relevant to all IMS approaches. Building on this foundation, the author reviews diverse high-field transport phenomena that underlie differential IMS. He discusses the conceptual implementation and first-principles optimization of FAIMS as a filtering technique, emphasizing the dependence of FAIMS performance metrics on instrumental parameters and properties of ion species. He also explores ion reactions in FAIMS caused by field heating and the effects of inhomogeneous electric field in curved FAIMS gaps. Written by an accomplished scientist in the field, this state-of-the-art book supplies the foundation to understand the new technology of nonlinear IMS methods.

Comprehensive, Up-to-Date Coverage of Spectroscopy Theory and its Applications to Biological Systems Although a multitude of books have been published about spectroscopy, most of them only occasionally refer to biological systems and the specific problems of biomolecular EPR (bioEPR). Biomolecular EPR Spectroscopy provides a practical introduction to bioEPR and demonstrates how this remarkable tool allows researchers to delve into the structural, functional, and analytical analysis of paramagnetic molecules found in the biochemistry of all species on the planet. A Must-Have Reference in an Intrinsically Multidisciplinary Field This authoritative reference seamlessly covers all important bioEPR applications, including low-spin and high-spin metalloproteins, spin traps and spin lables, interaction between active sites, and redox systems. It is loaded with practical tricks as well as do's and don'ts that are based on the author's 30 years of experience in the field. The book also comes with an unprecedented set of supporting software designed with simple graphical user interfaces that allow readers to tackle problems they will likely encounter when engaged in spectral analysis. Breaking with convention, the book broaches quantum mechanics from the perspective of biological relevance, emphasizing low-symmetry systems. This is a necessary approach since paramagnets in biomolecules typically have no symmetry. Where key topics related to quantum mechanics are addressed, the book offers a rigorous treatment in a style that is quick-to-grasp for the non expert. Biomolecular EPR Spectroscopy is a practical, all-inclusive reference sure to become the industry standard.

Summarizing our present knowledge of the structures and chemistry of small organic cations in the gas phase, Assigning Structures to Ions in Mass Spectrometry presents the methods necessary for determining gas-phase ion structures. It is a comprehensive resource of background material that is essential for the interpretation and understanding of organic mass spectra. Following a historical introduction of chief discoveries, the book surveys current experimental methods for ion production and separation as well as those designed to reveal qualitative and quantitative aspects of gas-phase ions. It also examines the computational chemistry and theoretical calculations that provide complementary thermochemical, structural, and mechanistic information. Five selected case studies illustrate specific challenges associated with ion structure assignment and thermochemical problems. The last major section of the book contains the data for describing or identifying all ions containing C alone and C with H, O, N, S, P, halogens, and small organic cations. Presenting material written by leading researchers in the field, Assigning Structures to Ions in Mass Spectrometry underscores the importance of understanding the behavior of small organic ions and gas-phase ion chemistry for making new ion structure assignments