Designed for ESL and ELT pedagogy courses around the world, this text describes English grammar from a World Englishes perspective. It is distinguished by its focus on the social setting for English as a global language, the latest thinking about grammatical theory, and new theories of how first and second languages are learned and taught. The fundamental premise is that teaching and learning grammar cannot be isolated from the local, regional, and global sociocultural contexts in which the teaching and learning take place. Part I presents different attitudes toward English as a global language and some challenges that learners of English share no matter where they are in the world. Part II is about the features of English that educated speakers consider the most likely and probable in Academic English. Part III describes the flexible and fluid features of English that might be susceptible to change or modification over time. Each chapter includes engaging Study, Discussion, and Essay Questions and Activities.

The Arts and Emergent Bilingual Youth offers a critical sociopolitical perspective on working with emerging bilingual youth at the intersection of the arts and language learning. Utilizing research from both arts and language education to explore the ways they work in tandem to contribute to emergent bilingual students' language and academic development, the book analyzes model arts projects to raise questions about "best practices" for and with marginalized bilingual young people, in terms of relevance to their languages, cultures, and communities as they envision better worlds. A central assumption is that the arts can be especially valuable for contributing to English learning by enabling learners to experience ideas, patterns, and relationship (form) in ways that lead to new knowledge (content). Each chapter features vignettes showcasing current projects with ELL populations both in and out of school and visual art pieces and poems, to prompt reflection on key issues and relevant concepts and theories in the arts and language learning. Taking a stance about language and culture in English learners' lives, this book shows the intimate connections among art, narrative, and resistance for addressing topics of social injustice.

Making linguistics accessible and relevant to all teachers, this text looks at language issues in the classroom through an applied sociocultural perspective focused on how language functions in society and in schools-how it is used, for what purposes, and how teachers can understand their students' language practices. While touching on the key structural aspects of language (phonetics, phonology, morphology, and syntax), it does not simply give an overview, but rather provides a way to study and talk about language. Each chapter includes practical steps and suggests tools for applying different kinds of linguistic knowledge in classrooms. The activities and exercises are adaptable to elementary or high school settings. Many examples focus on the intersection of math, science, and language. Teacher case studies show how real teachers have used these concepts to inform teaching practices. Given the increasing use of multimedia resources in today's schools, multiple mediums are integrated to engage educators in learning about language. The Companion Website provides a multitude of relevant resources that illustrate the diversity of language functions and debates about language in society.

Cities, Capitalism and Civilization looks at the character and distinctiveness of Western Civilization. R.J. Holton sets out to challenge the belief that cities and urban social classes have formed the main component of the advance of civilization, and the principle dynamic of Western capitalism. This book was first published in 1986.

Drawing on the latest developments in bilingual and multilingual research, The Multilingual Turn offers a critique of, and alternative to, still-dominant monolingual theories, pedagogies and practices in SLA, TESOL, and bilingual education. Critics of the 'monolingual bias' argue that notions such as the idealized native speaker, and related concepts of interlanguage, language competence, and fossilization, have framed these fields inextricably in relation to monolingual speaker norms. In contrast, these critics advocate an approach that emphasizes the multiple competencies of bi/multilingual learners as the basis for successful language teaching and learning. This volume takes a big step forward in re-situating the issue of multilingualism more centrally in applied linguistics and, in so doing, making more permeable its key sub-disciplinary boundaries - particularly, those between SLA, TESOL, and bilingual education. It addresses this issue head on, bringing together key international scholars in SLA, TESOL, and bilingual education to explore from cutting-edge interdisciplinary perspectives what a more critical multilingual perspective might mean for theory, pedagogy, and practice in each of these fields.

In this seminal volume leading language and literacy scholars clearly articulate and explicate major social perspectives and approaches in the fields of language and literacy studies. Each approach draws on distinct bodies of literature and traditions and uses distinct identifiers, labels, and constellations of concepts; each has been taken up across diverse global contexts and is used as rationale and guide for the design of research and of educational policies and practices. Authors discuss the genesis and historical trajectory of the approach with which they are associated; offer their unique perspectives, rationales, and engagements; and investigate implications for understanding language and literacy use in and out of schools. The premise of the book is that understanding concepts, perspectives, and approaches requires knowing the context in which they were created, the rationale or purpose in creating them, and how they have been taken up and applied in communities of practice. Accessible yet theoretically rich, this volume is indispensible for researchers, students, and professionals across the fields of language and literacy studies.

The recent increase in immigration patterns in the United States has meant an increase in the number of children entering American schools whose first language is not English. Some reports indicate that as many as one in four students come from families where the language spoken in the home is not English. English Language Learners: The Power of Culturally Relevant Pedagogies provides teachers access to information that will help them understand the English language learner, develop effective strategies to teach English language learners, create effective learning environments, and use assessments to meet the needs of English language learners as well as garner community resources to support English language learners.

The term translingual highlights the reality that people always shuttle across languages, communicate in hybrid languages and, thus, enjoy multilingual competence. In the context of migration, transnational economic and cultural relations, digital communication, and globalism, increasing contact is taking place between languages and communities. In these contact zones new genres of writing and new textual conventions are emerging that go beyond traditional dichotomies that treat languages as separated from each other, and texts and writers as determined by one language or the other. Pushing forward a translingual orientation to writing-one that is in tune with the new literacies and communicative practices flowing into writing classrooms and demanding new pedagogies and policies- this volume is structured around five concerns: refining the theoretical premises, learning from community practices, debating the role of code meshed products, identifying new research directions, and developing sound pedagogical applications. These themes are explored by leading scholars from L1 and L2 composition, rhetoric and applied linguistics, education theory and classroom practice, and diverse ethnic rhetorics. Timely and much needed, Literacy as Translingual Practice is essential reading for students, researchers, and practitioners across these fields.

This thoroughly revised and updated edition of Teaching Language Arts to English Language Learners provides readers with the comprehensive understanding of both the challenges that face ELLs and ways in which educators might address them in the language arts classroom. The authors offer proven techniques that teachers can readily use to teach reading, writing, grammar, and vocabulary as well as speaking, listening, and viewing skills. A complete section is also devoted to ways teachers can integrate all five strands of the language arts curriculum into a comprehensive unit of study with meaningful accommodations for ELLs. An annotated list of web and print resources completes the volume, making this a valuable reference for language arts teachers to meet the challenges of including all learners in effective instruction. New features to this edition include: An updated and streamlined Part 1, which provides an essential overview of ELL theory in a language arts specific context. Additional practical examples of language arts exercises, all of which are closely aligned with the Common Core State Standards. New pedagogical elements in Part 3, including tips on harnessing new technologies, discussion questions and reflection points. Updates to the web and print resources in Part 4

This thoroughly revised and updated edition of Teaching Language Arts to English Language Learners provides readers with the comprehensive understanding of both the challenges that face ELLs and ways in which educators might address them in the language arts classroom. The authors offer proven techniques that teachers can readily use to teach reading, writing, grammar, and vocabulary as well as speaking, listening, and viewing skills. A complete section is also devoted to ways teachers can integrate all five strands of the language arts curriculum into a comprehensive unit of study with meaningful accommodations for ELLs. An annotated list of web and print resources completes the volume, making this a valuable reference for language arts teachers to meet the challenges of including all learners in effective instruction. New features to this edition include: An updated and streamlined Part 1, which provides an essential overview of ELL theory in a language arts specific context. Additional practical examples of language arts exercises, all of which are closely aligned with the Common Core State Standards. New pedagogical elements in Part 3, including tips on harnessing new technologies, discussion questions and reflection points. Updates to the web and print resources in Part 4

This book proposes a path-breaking study of the economics of multilingualism at work, proposing a systematic approach to the identification and measurement of the ways in which language skills and economic performance are related. Using the instruments of economic investigation, but also explicitly relating the analysis to the approaches to multilingualism at work developed in the language sciences, this interdisciplinary book proposes a systematic, step-by-step exploration of the issue. Starting from a general identification of the linkages between multilingualism and processes of value creation, it reviews the contributions of linguistics and economics before developing a new economic model of production in which language is taken into account. Testing of the model using data from two countries provides quantitative estimations of the influence of multilingualism on economic processes, showing that foreign language skills can make a considerable contribution to a country's GDP. These findings have significant implications for language policy and suggest strategies helping language planners to harness market forces for increased effectiveness.

This book was first published in 1954.

Esta amplia introduccion al bilinguismo en espanol abarca los contextos sociales, politicos y culturales del espanol en EEUU, Espana y Hispanoamerica. Escrito para estudiantes no nativos de espanol, es el primer libro de texto de estas caracteristicas para los estudiantes de linguistica hispanica. * Este libro de texto en espanol presenta los temas fundamentales en el estudio del bilinguismo a estudiantes y profesionales * Explora comunidades bilingues en Estados Unidos, Hispanoamerica y Espana * Crea conciencia critica sobre la complejidad del bilinguismo como un fenomeno sociopolitico y cultural * Se organiza en tres secciones principales centradas en la sociedad y el individuo: el bilinguismo y la sociedad; el bilinguismo y el individuo; y la politica y la educacion * Incluye mapas, recuadros de resumen del capitulo, vocabulario y conceptos clave y preguntas de comprension, asi como preguntas para reflexionar, investigar y comentar al final de cada capitulo This wide-ranging introduction to Spanish bilingualism covers the social, political, and cultural contexts of Spanish in the US, Spain, and Hispanoamerica. Written for non-native Spanish learners, it offers the first textbook of its kind for students of Hispanic linguistics. * This Spanish-language textbook introduces students and professionals to the fundamental issues in the study of bilingualism * Explores bilingual communities in the United States, Hispanoamerica, and Spain * Raises critical awareness of the complexity of bilingualism as a sociopolitical and cultural phenomenon * Organized in three main sections which focus on both society and the individual: bilingualism and society; bilingualism and the individual; and politics and education * Includes maps, chapter summary boxes, key terms and concepts, and comprehension questions, as well as questions for reflection, research and discussion at the end of each chapter

Today's mathematics classrooms increasingly include students for whom English is a second language. Teaching Mathematics to English Language Learners provides readers a comprehensive understanding of both the challenges that face English language learners (ELLs) and ways in which educators might address them in the secondary mathematics classroom. Framed by a research perspective, Teaching Mathematics to English Language Learners presents practical instructional strategies for engaging learners that can be incorporated as a regular part of instruction. The authors offer context-specific strategies for everything from facilitating classroom discussions with all students, to reading and interpreting math textbooks, to tackling word problems. A fully annotated list of math web and print resources completes the volume, making this a valuable reference to help mathematics teachers meet the challenges of including all learners in effective instruction. Features and updates to this new edition include: An updated and streamlined Part 1 provides an essential overview of ELL theory in a mathematics specific context. Additional practical examples of mathematics problems and exercises make turning theory into practice easy when teaching ELLs New pedagogical elements in Part 3 include tips on harnessing new technologies, discussion questions and reflection points. New coverage of the Common Core State Standards, as well as updates to the web and print resources in Part 4.

This book examines the benefits of an Australian in-country study (ICS) in China programme and explores ways to maximise the short-term ICS experience in a multilingual space. The book employs an ecological perspective which has seldom been used to examine the study abroad context. It emphasises the importance of the space itself as an arena of interaction, belonging and power, where conduct and modes of communication are often regulated by political authorities and societal expectations. Specifically, the book focuses on the following: * the extent to which the ICS facilitated interaction in different settings * the way in which interaction during ICS contributed to language learning * the degree in which the interaction during ICS contributed to culture learning and * the role of identity in the learning process in the ICS. The main argument of the book is that while the ICS promoted multilingual learning space for in-class and out-of-class interactions, which further facilitated language and culture learning to a great extent, Australian students' identities and self-concepts also played a core mediating role throughout individual learning trajectories.

This book examines the social cost of linguistic exceptionalism for the education of speakers of nondominant/subordinated languages in Africa and the African diaspora. The contributors take the languages of Africa, the Caribbean, and the US as cases in point to illustrate the effects of exceptionalist beliefs that these languages are inadequate for instructional purposes. They describe contravening movements toward various forms of linguistic diversity both inside and outside of school settings across these regions. Different theoretical lenses and a range of empirical data are brought to bear on investigating the role of these languages in educational policies and practices. Collectively, the chapters in this volume make the case for a comprehensive language awareness to remedy the myths of linguistic exceptionalism and to advance the affirmative dimensions of linguistic diversity.

This book supports writing educators on college campuses to work towards linguistic equity and social justice for multilingual students. It demonstrates how recent advances in theories on language, literacy, and race can be translated into pedagogical and administrative practice in a variety of contexts within US higher educational institutions. The chapters are split across three thematic sections: translingual and anti-discriminatory pedagogy and practices; professional development and administrative work; and advocacy in the writing center. The book offers practice-based examples which aim to counter linguistic racism and promote language pluralism in and out of classrooms, including: teacher training, creating pedagogical spaces for multilingual students to negotiate language standards, and enacting anti-racist and translingual pedagogies across disciplines and in writing centers.

Whether the winds of globalisation, localisation and regionalisation of the last decades have led to more linguistic diversity or not, is a matter of on-going dispute - one reason being the changeable language-ideological ways in which language practice is categorised and essentialised into countable linguistic units. In contrast, it is less controversial that they have led to an increased visibility and diversity - in short, to a growing number (and a wider range) of meaning-ascribing discourses surrounding multilingualism. The papers included in this book aim to draw attention to the fact that such discourses do not invariably reflect on, or give rise to, realities of societal integration and emancipation. In practice, they often follow, and are followed by, the mechanisms and effects of exclusion at different levels of society. Multilingualism and Exclusion: Policy, Practice and Prospects resulted from the First International MIDP Symposium, "Multilingualism and Exclusion" - hosted jointly by the University of the Free , the University of Antwerp and the University of Ghent - which was held in Bloemfontein from 24 to 26 April 2006. The symposium comprised part of the MIDP colloquia series sponsored by the Province of Antwerp, and brought together several scholars from Africa, America and Europe, as well as from South Africa. The selected papers included in this, the sixth volume in the Van Schaik series, "Studies in Language Policy in South Africa", critically reflect on themes such as multilingualism as an obvious, simple and superior option in all cases; the individual language user's experience; the management of multilingualism, etc. The diversity of the contributions to this volume underscores the fact that exclusion in language, like any other type of exclusion, is based on difference. Not surprisingly, various "tools" have been mobilised to effectuate such exclusion, forced monolingualism being an obvious one. Far more intriguing, however, is one of the findings made in this book - namely, that inclusion through multilingualism does not offer a simple and straightforward way to proceed. With Multilingualism and Exclusion: Policy, Practice and Prospects , the editors hope to evoke further discussion on the themes covered in this volume, as well as the opinions expressed by its contributors. The book is particularly directed at readers interested in the intricate relations between language and society; but it can also be used effectively as an important reference work in courses in language policy and language planning with a South African or African focus.

This book investigates, from a sociocultural, linguistic, and pedagogical perspective, the conceptual and pragmatic frameworks that characterize secondary language learning in a Northeast Asian context. Hadzantonis contextualizes these salient domains through an engagement with social and cultural themes such as the familial, political, as well as cultural commodities and socioeducational structures. In this way, the text employs tools such as transnational theory and performativity and develops a model that contributes to the resolution of one of the greatest economic issues of the time, that of ineffective secondary language learning.

The central theme of this book is the ambiguities and tensions teachers face as they attempt to position themselves in ways that legitimize them as language teachers, and as English speakers. Focusing on three EFL teachers and their schools in the southern Mexican state of Oaxaca, it documents how ordinary practices of language educators are shaped by their social context, and examines the roles, identities, and ideologies that teachers create in order to navigate and negotiate their specific context. It is unique in bringing together several current theoretical and methodological developments in TESOL and applied linguistics: the performance of language ideologies and identities, critical TESOL pedagogy and research, and ethnographic methods in research on language learning and teaching. Balancing and blending descriptive reporting of the teachers and their contexts with a theoretical discussion which connects their local concerns and practices to broader issues in TESOL in international contexts, it allows readers to appreciate the subtle complexities that give rise to the "tensions and ambiguities" in EFL teachers' professional lives.

More and more, ESL/EFL teachers are required by their employers to obtain a Mastera (TM)s in TESOL. Thousands of ESL/EFL teachers are acquiring professional skills and knowledge through online and distance education instructional models. Filling a growing need and making an important contribution, this book is a forerunner in addressing some of the issues and problems for online distance learning and instructional delivery in TESOL and applied linguistics departments in universities around the world. Carefully addressing the complexity of the field, this volume includes primary research (quantitative and qualitative designs) and case studies of programs where a variety of online distance models are used. The book is structured in a logical sequence with readable and accessible content representing the collected expertise of leading language teacher educators. Each chapter brings the reader a better understanding and ability to apply knowledge about online distance TESOL education.

This volume revisits, problematizes, and expands the meaning of quality in the context of adult basic education. Covering a wide range of relevant topics, it includes contributors from the realms of both policy and practice and encompasses both the major instructional areas - reading, writing, and mathematics - as well as larger issues of literacy, learning, and adulthood. Each chapter focuses on what improving quality in the field might look like through the particular lens of the author's work. As a whole, the broad scope of topics and ideas addressed will raise the level of discussion, knowledge, and practice regarding quality in adult basic education. In this book, the term adult basic education refers to the broad range of services for adults who wish to improve their literacy and language skills, including beginning and intermediate writing, writing and numeracy, preGED, GED/Adult Secondary Education, and ESL instruction that takes place in a range of contexts including schools, community-based programs, and workplace development programs. The volume is organized around three themes: Accountability, Standards, and the Use of Documentation and Research Program Structures and Instruction Rethinking Our Assumptions and Concepts Coming at a time of increasing pressure to standardize, to be accountable, and to improve outcomes, and when calls for evidence-based practice are fueling stakeholders' interest in the relationship between research and practice at all levels of the system, Toward Defining and Improving Quality in Adult Basic Education is particularly timely for scholars, graduate students, and professionals in the field of adult basic education.

The book introduces a framework for examining the validity of tests that aim to assess second-language (L2) proficiency development over time and/or in relation to L2 instruction. It also reports the findings of a longitudinal study that aimed to examine the sensitivity to change of a test of L2 proficiency development. Specifically, the study examined changes over time in Progress scores and the linguistic characteristics of essays written in response to Progress by learners who took the test before, during and after a period of L2 instruction in different countries. The book furthers our understanding of the nature of L2 proficiency as it develops over time and in relation to L2 instruction and provides a framework that can be used in future endeavours to design and validate tests of L2 proficiency development. The book is intended for graduate students, test developers, and researchers doing research in applied linguistics and L2 assessment.

In this book H.D. Adamson reviews scholarship in sociolinguistics and second language acquisition, comparing theories of variation in first and second-language speech, with special attention to the psychological underpinnings of variation theory. Interlanguage is what second language learners speak. It contains syntactic, morphological and phonological patterns that are not those of either the first or the second language, and which can be analyzed using the principles and techniques of variation theory. Interlanguage Variation in Theoretical and Pedagogical Perspective

• relates the emerging field of variation in second language learners speech (interlanguage) to the established field of variation in native speakers speech
• relates the theory of linguistic variation with psycholinguistic models of language processing
• relates sociolinguistic variation theory to the theory of Cognitive Grammar
• suggests teaching applications that follow from the theoretical discussion

At the forefront of scholarship in the fields of interlanguage and variation theory scholarship, this book is directed to graduate students and researchers in applied English linguistics and second language acquisition, especially those with a background in sociolinguistics.

Currently, linguistic minority students students who speak a language other than English at home represent 21% of the entire K-12 student population and 11% of the college student population. Bringing together emerging scholarship on the growing number of college-bound linguistic minority students in the K-12 pipeline, this ground-breaking volume showcases new research on these students preparation for, access to, and persistence in college.

Other than studies of their linguistic challenges and writing and academic literacy skills in college, little is known about the broader issues of linguistic minority students access to and success in college. Examining a variety of factors and circumstances that influence the process and outcome, the scope of this book goes beyond students language proficiency and its impact on college education, to look at issues such as student race/ethnicity, gender, SES, and parental education and expectations. It also addresses structural factors in schooling including tracking, segregation of English learners from English-fluent peers, availability and support of institutional personnel, and collegiate student identity and campus climate.

Presenting state-of-the-art knowledge and mapping out a future research agenda in an extremely important and yet understudied area of inquiry, this book advances knowledge in ways that will have a real impact on policy regarding linguistic minority immigrant students higher education opportunities.