When does a young girl's behaviour become a disease? In sixteenth-century Europe, the disease of virgins, or green sickness, was seen as a common disorder affecting young unmarried girls. Its symptoms included weakness, dietary disturbance, lack of menstruation and most significantly, a change in skin colour. Understanding of the condition turned puberty and virginity into medical problems, and proposed to cure them by bloodletting, diet, exercise, and marriage. Helen King examines the origins and history of the disease, from its roots in the classical tradition to its extraordinary survival into the 1920s, despite changes in how the mechanisms of puberty and menstruation were understood, and enormous shifts in medical theories and technologies. From menstrual disturbance to eating disorders, from liver disease to blood disorder, the disease of virgins has been adjusted throughout its history to fit medical fashions. However, little changed in the underlying ideas about the female body, and the need to regulate the sexuality of young women. This compelling study poses a number of questions about the nature of disease itself and the relationship between illness, body image and what

Insulin resistance, defined as a reduced biological action of insulin, has emerged as a major factor in the development and progression of a number of common non-communicable diseases in man. The role of insulin resistance in the aetiology of type 2 diabetes is particularly well-established. However, insulin resistance has also come to be regarded as a key component of a broader syndrome of common metabolic defects that conspire to increase the risk of atherosclerotic coronary heart disease. The ramifications of insulin resistance now embrace many different medical specialties.

The objective of this book is to summarize the current state of knowledge about insulin resistance. Section 1 (Pathophysiology of Insulin Resistance) considers the development of current concepts of insulin resistance. This is followed by a critical review of techniques for the assessment of insulin action in humans. The section concludes with an outline of current hypotheses concerning the molecular defects responsible for insulin resistance. Section 2 (Insulin Resistance in Clinical Medicine) broadens the discussion to include physiological and pathological conditions with which insulin resistance is associated; the effects of drug treatment on insulin sensitivity are also considered. Section 3 (Management of Insulin Resistance and Associated Conditions) focuses on the avoidance and treatment of insulin resistance in its clinical manifestations. A discussion of the potential benefits of non-pharmacological measures prefaces a review of the range of drugs used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and related disorders. References are confined to key articles at the end of each section.

Improved nutrition allied to increased levels of physical exercise are of crucial importance in the battle to stem the increasing incidence and prevalence of insulin resistance; however, translation of such advice into action has proved difficult in practice. Thus, other approaches have been explored. Recent years have witnessed considerable progress in the pharmacological management of insulin resistance. In particular, the thiazolidinediones (and other insulin-sensitizing drugs) appear to provide a more specific assault on insulin-resistance. Clinical experience with these agents remains relatively limited and serious hepatotoxicity has clouded the first agent in this class - troglitazone. With its introduction into the USA in 1995 and driven by the publication of the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study, metformin has enjoyed a renaissance. This well-established agent is finding application for new clinical indications. In parallel, the development of anti-obesity drugs continues apace.

The molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying some forms of insulin resistance are being revealed.
Original intellectual concepts such as the fetal origins hypothesis are challenging traditional views about the aetiology of insulin resistance and its clinical sequelae. These exciting scientific advances notwithstanding, the evolving global epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes represents an enormous public health challenge. Now more than ever, research must focus on identifying solutions that are applicable on the level of entire populations. By definition, these must also be practical and cost-effective.

Seizures are frightening events. They frighten the patients who experience them; they frighten those who witness them; they also frighten many physicians who have to deal with them. Most individuals with seizures present to family physicians or to emergency room physicians. However, despite the fact that seizures are among the most common neurological conditions, most general practitioners, family practice specialists, and intemists do not see large numbers of patients with seizures. Given the apoplectic appearance of generalized tonic clonic convulsions, it is not difficult to understand why they arouse such emotional responses in those that experience them, those that witness them, and those whose care is sought for them. Seizures are symptoms of something wrong with the brain. Many different kinds of perturbations in brain anatomy, chemistry, or physiology can produce seizures. For many individuals, seizures occur in the context of an acute illness and will not recur once that illness is treated. These individuals do not have epilepsy. They have transient disturbances in brain function attributable to systemic medical conditions. It is important to recognize these issues, because, first, the seizure may be the initial, or even only, manifestation of the underlying medical problem and this needs to be recognized.

In "Chronic Physical Disorders," the most prominent figures in the field of behavioral medicine argue why a biopsychosocial perspective is crucial to reducing the tremendous personal and societal burden of chronic disease. In Part I of this state of the art text, a broad set of theoretical and applied issues are discussed with respect to the role that research can play in the management of chronic physical disorders. Part II focuses on specific chronic disorders, including chapters on coronary heart disease, cancer, diabetes, chronic pain, HIV and AIDS, end-stage renal disease, asthma, and arthritis. Included in each of these chapters is a basic review of biomedical aspects of each disorder followed by a review of the primary behavioral, psychological, and socioenvironmental issues that are most relevant to a given disorder.

Restorative justice has developed rapidly from being a barely known term to occupying a central role in debates on the future of criminal justice. But as it has become part of the mainstream of debate, so new tensions and issues have emerged. One of the most crucial issues is to find an appropriate combination of restorative justice, based essentially on informal deliberation, and the law. The purpose of this book is to analyse the several dimensions to this issue. It explores the social and ethical foundations of restorative justice, seeks to position it in relation to both rehabilitation and punishment, and examines the possibility of developing and incorporating restorative justice as the mainstream response to crime in terms of the principles of constitutional democracy. Amongst the questions it addresses are the following: How are informal processes to be juxtaposed with formal procedures? What is the appropriate relationship between voluntarism and coercion? How can the procedures and practices of restorative justice be combined with legal standards, safeguards and precepts? How can one balance restorative responses with legally sanctioned punishment? In this book a distinguished team of contributors consider this crucial set of relationships between restorative justice and the law, building upon papers and discussions at the fifth international restorative justice conference in Leuven, Belgium, in September 2001. restorative justice has grown rapidly throughout the worldthis book addresses the central issue of relationship of restorative justice to existing law and legal systemschapters from world leading authorities

This book summarizes recent advances in understanding the mechanism underlying the selective cell death of dopamine neurons in Parkinson's disease. MPTP, endogenous neurotoxins, L-DOPA, and metal were proved to induce apoptosis and necrosis in neurons. The relationship of these causal factors to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease was discussed to give us overviews on the role of neurotoxins in this degenerative disorder. This title further presents the intracellular signal transduction, and the related enzymes and other factors involved in dopaminergic neuronal death. Recent results on intracellular mechanism of neuroprotection are presented, suggesting that neuroprotection as a causal therapy of neurodegenerative disorders may become practical in near future. This book shows new neuroprotective agents, such as propargylamine derivatives and neurotrophins, and the intracellular mechanism to prevent the activation of apoptotic cascade in neurons. The authors of this book are active researchers participating in these subjects and the readers will find the knowledge and techniques for the study on neurotoxicity and neuroprotection, and the strategy for future research on these important subjects in clinical and basic neurology and neurosciences.

The book is dedicated to Professor Toshiharu Nagatsu, a pioneer in the search for pathogenic factors in Parkinson's disease. The book is reprinted from the journal 'Neurotoxicology and Teratology', Volume 24/5.

Contents:
Part 1. Specific Lesions 1. Alcoholic Fatty Liver Andrew J. Bathgate and Kenneth J. Simpson 2. Alcoholic Hepatitus H. Denk, K. Zatloukal and C. StumptnerIN 3. Fibrosis in Alcoholic Cirrhosis Samuel W. French Part 2. Direct and Indirect Consequences of Alcohol Metabolism 4. Genetics of Ethanol Metabolism and Alcoholic Liver Disease Paul Y. Kwo and David W. Crabb 5. Acetaldehyde Adducts: Role in Ethanol-Induced Liver Disease John Koskinas Part 3. Mechanisms of Damage 6. Free Radicals and Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury Emanuele Albano 7. Ethanol and the Hepatic Microcirculation Robert S. McCuskey 8. Cytokines and Alcohol Liver Disease F. Javier Laso, J. Ignacio Madruga Alberto Orfao 9. Adhesion Molecules and Chemokines in Alcoholic Liver Disease Neil C. Fisher and David H. Adams 10. Role of Endotoxin and Kupffer Cells as Triggers of Hypoxia-Reoxygenation in Alcoholic Liver Injury R.G. Thurman, B.U. Bradford, K.T. Knecht, Y. Iimuro, G.E. Arteel, M. Yin, H.D. Connor, C. Rivera, J.A. Raleigh, M.V. Frankenberg, Y. Adachi, D.T. Forman, D. Brenner, M. Kadiiska and R.P. Mason 11. Ethanol and Protein Turnover Elena Volpi 12. Insulin-Like Growth Factors: Clinical and Experimental Anthony J. Donaghy 13. Cellular Mechanisms of Liver Regeneration and the Effect of Alcohol Martin Phillips, Elika Kashef and Robin Hughes 14. Alcohol and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stephen D. Ryder 15. Animal Models of Ethanol-Induced Liver Disease Harri A. Järveläinen and Kai O. Lindros Part 4. Epidemiology and Diagnosis 16. Epidemiology and Comparative Incidence of Alcohol-Induced Liver Disease John B. Saunders and Benedict M. Devereaux 17. Serum Diagnosis of Alcoholic Liver Disease and Markers of Ethanol Intake Onni Niemelä Part 5. Extrahepatic Effects 18. Extrahepatic Effects of Alcohol: An Overview Helen L. Reeves and Christopher P. Day 19. Endocrine System Christian Gluud 20. Cardiomyopathy and Skeletal Muscle Myopathy Alvaro Urbano-Márquez, Joaquim Fernández-Solà and Ramon Estruch 21. Cerebral Consequences of Alcoholic Liver Disease Roger F. Butterworth Part 6. Management 22. General Management of Alcoholic Liver Disease Martin Phillips and John O'Grady 23. The Role of the Psychiatrist in the Treatment of Alcoholic Liver Disease José Martínez-Raga and E. Jane Marshall 24. Pharmacological Treatment for Alcoholic Hepatitis and Cirrhosis: Present Practice and Future Strategies Philippe Mathurin and Thierry Poynard 25. Nutritional Support in Alcoholic Liver Disease: Practical Management and Future Strategies Angela Madden 26. Alcohol and Viral Hepatitis: Interactions and Management Albert Parés and Joan Caballería 27. Liver Transplantation in Alcoholic Liver Disease Stephen P. Pereira and Roger Williams

This informative manual draws on expert research to highlight the feeding and swallowing difficulties that can occur with dementia. It is also a practical guide that offers potential strategies to manage these problems. Professionals are encouraged to focus on the needs of the individual by providing practical questions that should be asked when making an assessment. This is achieved through a step-by-step process, which allows a worker to observe, document and manage feeding and swallowing difficulties. Forms, schedules and checklists that can be photocopied are provided to aid in implementation. This is a detailed, practical resource which offers support and direction for speech and language therapists, and others with an interest in swallowing problems, working with people with dementia. It includes case studies to illustrate theory in practice, as well as a wide ranging bibliography.

The information in Healthy Solutions can help readers maintain and enhance their own health. Readers will come to understand how natural medicine views health, disease, and healing. Also, how to interpret the body's reaction to illness, and become familiar with self-care remedies for more than 50 health conditions. Explains how to use homopathic tissue salts for treating symptoms, and how to master the therapeutic uses of herbs, spices, and foods.

Stresses molecular and biochemical studies of opportunistic and frank fungal pathogens
This book gives a comprehensive overview of human pathogenic fungi that offers a current and concise survey of virulence factors, host responses and recognition, treatment and diagnosis of infections, invasive enzymes, intracellular survival, morphogenesis, adaptation, and properties of major fungal pathogens that contribute to disease.
Focuses on human fungal infections, including candidiasis, pneumocystosis, aspergillosis, and cryptococcosis.
With over 3700 references to accommodate continuing study, Fungal Pathogenesis
covers natural and acquired immunity, vaccine development, and immune reconstitution
outlines rapid identification of major mycoses utilizing antigen capture and molecular assays
details signaling and phenotypic switching
discusses the value of genomics in validation
highlights state-of-the-art molecular methodologies to study disease-causing organisms
describes available and potential antifungal drug targets and drug development
considers predicting the consequences of drug resistance on patient management
presents topical observations on strain typing and variation
and more
Containing research into the virulence, immunity, diagnosis, and therapy of most common fungal infections, Fungal Pathogenesis is an unparalleled reference for microbiologists, virologists, pathologists and phytopathologists, infectious disease specialists, molecular and cell biologists, biochemists, immunologists, medical mycologists, biotechnologists, and geneticists, and an exceptional text for upper-level undergraduate, graduate, and medical school students in these disciplines.

Traumatic injuries of the spinal cord continue to be the most common cause of permanent paralysis in young adults in the United States. New information has emerged on the response of spinal neurons to injury of either the spinal cord or peripheral nerves demonstrating that dendrites of injured motoneurons take on characteristics of axons. These and other new developments have helped to promote an exciting new era in the study of spinal cord neurobiology.

Motor Neurobiology of the Spinal Cord provides a description of the recent conceptual and technical advances in the field. It provides a description of the new experimental tools available for investigating the neuronal properties that allow populations of spinal cord neurons to control muscles responsible for limb movements and posture. It covers topics ranging from genetics to kinematics and examines cells, tissues, or whole animals in species ranging from fish to humans that are normal, injured, or diseased.

By integrating data derived from many new approaches, you'll learn about how spinal cord circuits operate under a variety conditions and about new and exciting inroads being made in motor neurobiology of the spinal cord. Motor Neurobiology of the Spinal Cord elucidates concepts and principles relevant to function and structure throughout the nervous system and presents information about changes induced by injury and disease.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is one of the most enigmatic medical disorders of our time, striking adults most often in their most productive years. With the controversial debate over cause and treatment of the illness in mind, the authors seek to unravel many of the questions surrounding the disorder and its features and characteristics.
Integrating an overview of the latest research with patients' personal experiences, they look at CFS in relation to:
* clinical features
* personal and economic implications
* biological and psychosocial factors
* experiencing symptoms
* coping with the illness.
This book will provide hope for people with chronic fatigue syndrome and will assist health professionals in working with people with CFS to improve their quality of life.

It is becoming increasingly apparent that certain diseases occur at higher frequencies in different ethnic groups (e.g. Afro-Caribbeans and sickle-cell anaemia). The causes for such differences are only just being investigated and the factors involved are clearly both genetic and non-genetic. The biological complexity lies in the interaction of genetic variation and lifestyle differences. Cultural differences range from diet to traditional remedies, from religious beliefs to marriage patterns and much more.
This multidisciplinary volume discusses these factors, with contributions from geneticists, medics, anthropologists, epidemiologists and social scientists. Anyone considering variation in health experience due to ethnic factors would be enriched by reading the different perspectives presented in this volume.

Authoritative clinicians present up-to-date, concise, and practical advice on the diagnosis and treatment of the most common sleep disorders encountered in general practice. They not only review such problems as obstructive sleep apnea, insomnia, circadian rhythm disorders, and narcolepsy, but they also discuss such important topics as pediatric sleep disorders, the pharmacology of sleep medicines, diagnostic testing and technology, and the use of bright light therapy in sleep disorders and depression. Throughout, the emphasis is on obtaining an appropriate patient history and carefully analyzing the available diagnostic and treatment strategies to determine appropriate therapeutic regimens.

Learn to handle the problems that Parkinson's patients face Through Parkinson's Disease and Quality of Life, you will discover common problem areas seen in patients with Parkinson's disease. This book explores problems that interfere with functional independence of patients and gives examples of occupational therapy intervention and treatment techniques. Parkinson's Disease and Quality of Life boldly deals with many seldom talked about real-life issues facing people with Parkinson's disease, including continued sexual intimacy and urinary incontinence. Although these issues may not be curable, this book provides you with effective treatments through data and case studies. Parkinson's Disease and Quality of Life offers caregivers a step-by-step plan to get organized. It includes a plan to put together a workbook of all relevant information, as well as tips on how to safeguard every room for a Parkinson's disease patient. This book helps remind you that the families of the patient must not be forgotten and that they can get the help they need through support groups, community resources, and from professional staffing such as nurses and aides. Parkinson's Disease and Quality of Life will assist you in helping your patients by: using music therapy to help calm patients realizing the legal impact of Parkinson's disease by discussing living wills, health care proxies, durable power of attorney, and revocable and irrevocable trusts with your clients discovering that cognitive changes, dementia, and depression can complicate the treatment of the disease and be more disabling than the loss of motor function exploring the nursing home as a viable options for clients as well as their families Parkinson's Disease and Quality of Life also brings to light the important subject of knowing the patients insurance policies and working out contingency plans, like living wills, before they are needed. This book gives you much-needed information on accessing benefits for Parkinson's patients, including medicare, social security, Veteran's benefits, and much more. Parkinson's Disease and Quality of Life is full of methods and ideas to improve the lives of the Parkinson's patient as well as their families.

This book is a how-to manual for practicing physicians and health care providers, nurse educators, nutritionists, and physicians in training in the management of persons with diabetes mellitus. Experts with strong clinical and teaching backgrounds provide up-to-date recom-mendations and rationale of the most effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to diabetes mellitus and its multiorgan micro- and macrovascular complications for patients of all ages. Gives five practical guidelines for nutrition therapy that supplies realistic recommendations! With contributions from nearly 60 clinicians who reveal a constellation of disorders with different signs, symptoms, clinical characteristics, and therapies, Medical Management of Diabetes Mellitus -reviews the autoimmune process and genetics of type 1 and type 2 diabetes -offers an overview of the medications that impair glucose metabolism causing hypo- or hyperglycemia -covers pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and diagnosis with specialized laboratory tests -surveys therapeutic modalities, their mechanisms of action, and rationale for use -focuses on outcomes and how they are tracked -stresses early detection and therapy of end-organ complications -discusses the effect of intensive diabetes management on reducing retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy -considers incorporating psychiatric techniques into the treatment of diabetes -compares and contrasts diabetes in children, adults, and the elderly -and more! Containing over 850 references, tables, drawings, and photographs, Medical Management of Diabetes Mellitus is a cross-disciplinary reference perfect for family practice physicians, internists, pediatricians, endocrinologists, pharmacologists, nutritionists, physiologists, dietitians, obesity specialists, psychiatrists, and medical school students in these disciplines.

Investigates how our ideas of health and disease are linked to moral and immoral notions of sex. Beginning in the 1830s Frank Mort relates historical narratives to the sexual choices and possibilities facing us now.

Dangerous Sexualities investigates how our ideas of health and disease are linked to moral and immoral notions of sex. Beginning in the 1830s, Frank Mort relates his social historical narratives to the sexual choices and possibilities facing us now.
The long-awaited second edition of this work takes on board modern scholarship in particular applying the methods and techniques of cultural history and the increasingly important formations of race and ethnicity in this field. Consequently issues of eugenics, race hygiene and social imperialism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are covered. With a new and extended bibliography, introduction and illustrations, this second edition brings this classic into the nineties.

If the word "cure" intrigues you, this book will also. High doses of vitamins have been known to cure serious illnesses for nearly 80 years.

Claus Jungeblut, M.D., prevented and treated polio in the mid-1930s, using a vitamin. Chest specialist Frederick Klenner, M.D., was curing multiple sclerosis and polio back in the 1940s, also using vitamins. William Kaufman, M.D., cured arthritis, also in the 1940s. In the 1950s, Drs. Wilfrid and Evan Shute were curing various forms of cardiovascular disease with a vitamin. At the same time, psychiatrist Abram Hoffer was using niacin to cure schizophrenia, psychosis, and depression. In the 1960s, Robert Cathcart, M.D., cured influenza, pneumonia, and hepatitis. In the 1970s, Hugh D. Riordan, M.D., was obtaining cures of cancer with intravenous vitamin C. Dr. Harold Foster and colleagues arrested and reversed full-blown AIDS with nutrient therapy, and in just the last few years, Atsuo Yanagasawa, M.D., Ph.D., has shown that vitamin therapy can prevent and reverse sickness caused by exposure to nuclear radiation. Since 1968, much of this research has been published in the Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine. This book brings forward important material selected from over forty-five years of JOM directly to the reader.

The Orthomolecular Treatment of Chronic Disease is a very large book, but it is also a very practical book. If you want to know which illnesses best respond to nutrition therapy, and how and why that therapy works, this is the book for you. Part One presents the principles of orthomolecular medicine and the science behind them. Part Two is devoted to orthomolecular pioneers, presenting an introduction to maverick doctors and nutrition scientists in a reader-friendly way that brings the subject to life. Part Three brings together extraordinary clinical and experimental evidence from expert researchers and clinicians.

The Orthomolecular Treatment of Chronic Disease shows exactly how innovative physicians have gotten outstanding results with high-dose nutrient therapy. Their work is here for you to see and decide for yourself.

Raising a child with a neuromuscular disorder can be a overwhelming experience for even the strongest parent or grandparent. Dr. Charlotte Thompson, a leading authority in pediatric neuromuscular disorders, draws on her 38 years of experience treating children with muscular dystrophy, spinal atrophy, congenital and mitochondrial myopathies, Charchot-Marie-Tooth, and all the childhood neuromuscular disorders. Her book provides not only medical facts but much practical advice on how to cope with the many challenges of day-to-day parenting a child with neuromuscular disease. Dr. Thompson discusses how to cope with the initial diagnosis of a neuromuscular disorder and then suggests ways to get beyond the shock, numbness, and anger that may occur. She describes each of the principal diseases giving the history, signs and symptoms, the usual course, outcome, genetics, and any possible treatments. Subsequent chapters offer advice on when to ask for a second opinion about the diagnosis, how to navigate the medical maze and work with a child's medical team. Tips on finding the most appropriate school placement and developing an individual education program (IEP) are invaluable. Dr. Thompson stresses the importance of taking one day at a time and insists that parents must care for themselves. She offers suggestions for developing family closeness and even how to make time for fun. Wise advice from parents of children with neuromuscular disease is inserted in boxes throughout the chapters. A large appendix gives resources state by state and country by country. There is no training that prepares you to be the parent of a child with a disability, but Raising a Child with a Neuromuscular Disorder should be a great help to parents, grandparents, and anyone who cares for a child or young person.

Poor adherence or compliance to treatment has major medical, psychological and economic consequences. This monographs provides comprehensive coverage of issues and research in the area of adherence and treatment in medical conditions. It covers all aspects within this field and includes chapters on the role of doctor-patient communications; memory; adherence in specific groups, such as children and the elderly; adherence to different treatments, such as diet and exercise; and reviews of adherence in specific conditions, such as diabetes and asthma.

This work presents an examination of Crohn's disease (CD), from an historical evaluation of the field to future developments of aetiopathogenesis, diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic management. It reviews possible aetiologic agents, the various ways in which CD progresses, novel diagnostic techniques and standard and innovative therapies. The application of recent advances in basic research to clinical management of the disease is emphasized.

This practical manual explains a comprehensive, alternative system of diagnosis and treatment of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Medications and commonly available physical therapies often give only temporary relief. The success of the intramuscular stimulation method described here has led to a new model for chronic pain. The manual, and the techniques described in it, will be invaluable to those seeking a more effective physical modality for the management of chronic musculoskeletal pain.a practical clinical manual showing a clear and coherent approach to the treatment of pain written by Dr Gunn who is an acknowledged expert in this area excellent illustrations guide the practitioner through the techniques described

This collection of essays examines obesity not as an objective medical or psychological problem, but as a subjective social and cultural phenomenon. The contributors take a cross-cultural perspective, examining both the negative casting of obesity in developed countries and the traditional view of obesity as a positive characteristic in subsistence societies which is threatened by the dominance of Western culture.

Emphasizing the clinical problems surrounding urogenital tract dysfunction, this up-to-date reference details the basic science, differential diagnosis, and treatment of a wide range of neurourological conditions.
Covering recent advances in the neurobiology of the pelvic organs, the Handbook of Neuro-Urology
reviews the neural control processes that govern pelvic organs
discusses the pathogenic mechanisms behind neurological and smooth muscle disorders that produce bladder dysfunction
describes the management of impaired bladder, bowel, and sexual function after brain damage and spinal cord injury
examines various conditions that affect the autonomic nervous system and specifically result in bladder and sexual dysfunction
investigates lower urinary tract function in the elderly
suggests practical measures to manage urinary incontinence such as the use of pads, underpants, and appliances
and more!