The outcome of a close collaboration between mathematicians and mathematical physicists, these Lecture Notes present the foundations of A. Connes noncommutative geometry, as well as its applications in particular to the field of theoretical particle physics. The coherent and systematic approach makes this book useful for experienced researchers and postgraduate students alike.

Considering integral transformations of Volterra type, F. Riesz and B. Sz.-Nagy no ticed in 1952 that [49]: "The existence of such a variety of linear transformations, having the same spectrum concentrated at a single point, brings out the difficulties of characterization of linear transformations of general type by means of their spectra." Subsequently, spectral analysis has been developed for different classes of non selfadjoint operators [6,7,14,20,21,36,44,46,54]. It was then realized that this analysis forms a natural basis for the theory of systems interacting with the environment. The success of this theory in the single operator case inspired attempts to create a general theory in the much more complicated case of several commuting operators with finite-dimensional imaginary parts. During the past 10-15 years such a theory has been developed, yielding fruitful connections with algebraic geometry and sys tem theory. Our purpose in this book is to formulate the basic problems appearing in this theory and to present its main results. It is worth noting that, in addition to the joint spectrum, the corresponding algebraic variety and its global topological characteristics play an important role in the classification of commuting operators. For the case of a pair of operators these are: 1. The corresponding algebraic curve, and especially its genus. 2. Certain classes of divisors - or certain line bundles - on this curve.

This book contains contributions from a workshop on topology and geometry of polymers, held at the IMA in June 1996, which brought together topologists, combinatorialists, theoretical physicists and polymer scientists, with a common interest in polymer topology. Polymers can be highly self-entangled even in dilute solution. In the melt the inter- and intra-chain entanglements can dominate the rheological properties of these phenomena. Although the possibility of knotting in ring polymers has been recognized for more than thirty years it is only recently that the powerful methods of algebraic topology have been used in treating models of polymers. This book contains a series of chapters which review the current state of the field and give an up to date account of what is known and perhaps more importantly, what is still unknown. The field abounds with open problems. The book is of interest to workers in polymer statistical mechanics but will also be useful as an introduction to topological methods for polymer scientists, and will introduce mathematicians to an area of science where topological approaches are making a substantial contribution.

The book presents a comprehensive overview of various aspects of three-dimensional geometry that can be experienced on a daily basis. By covering the wide range of topics - from the psychology of spatial perception to the principles of 3D modelling and printing, from the invention of perspective by Renaissance artists to the art of Origami, from polyhedral shapes to the theory of knots, from patterns in space to the problem of optimal packing, and from the problems of cartography to the geometry of solar and lunar eclipses - this book provides deep insight into phenomena related to the geometry of space and exposes incredible nuances that can enrich our lives.The book is aimed at the general readership and provides more than 420 color illustrations that support the explanations and replace formal mathematical arguments with clear graphical representations.

This book consists of a series of introductory lectures on mirror symmetry and its surrounding topics. These lectures were provided by participants in the PIMS Superschool for Derived Categories and D-branes in July 2016. Together, they form a comprehensive introduction to the field that integrates perspectives from mathematicians and physicists alike. These proceedings provide a pleasant and broad introduction into modern research topics surrounding string theory and mirror symmetry that is approachable to readers new to the subjects. These topics include constructions of various mirror pairs, approaches to mirror symmetry, connections to homological algebra, and physical motivations. Of particular interest is the connection between GLSMs, D-branes, birational geometry, and derived categories, which is explained both from a physical and mathematical perspective. The introductory lectures provided herein highlight many features of this emerging field and give concrete connections between the physics and the math. Mathematical readers will come away with a broader perspective on this field and a bit of physical intuition, while physicists will gain an introductory overview of the developing mathematical realization of physical predictions.

This volume consists of eighteen peer-reviewed papers related to lectures on pseudo-differential operators presented at the meeting of the ISAAC Group in Pseudo-Differential Operators (IGPDO) held at Imperial College London on July 13-18, 2009. Featured in this volume are the analysis, applications and computations of pseudo-differential operators in mathematics, physics and signal analysis. This volume is a useful complement to the volumes "Advances in Pseudo-Differential Operators", "Pseudo-Differential Operators and Related Topics", "Modern Trends in Pseudo-Differential Operators", "New Developments in Pseudo-Differential Operators" and "Pseudo-Differential Operators: Complex Analysis and Partial Differential Equations" published in the same series in, respectively, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2009 and 2010.

Introduction to Differential Geometry with applications to Navier-Stokes Dynamics is an invaluable manuscript for anyone who wants to understand and use exterior calculus and differential geometry, the modern approach to calculus and geometry.

Author Troy Story makes use of over thirty years of research experience to provide a smooth transition from conventional calculus to exterior calculus and differential geometry, assuming only a knowledge of conventional calculus. Introduction to Differential Geometry with applications to Navier-Stokes Dynamics includes the topics:
Geometry Exterior calculus Homology and co-homology Applications of differential geometry and exterior calculus to: Hamiltonian mechanics, geometric optics, irreversible thermodynamics, black hole dynamics, electromagnetism, classical string fields, and Navier-Stokes dynamics.

One of the worlds foremost geometers, Alan Weinstein has made deep contributions to symplectic and differential geometry, Lie theory, mechanics, and related fields. Written in his honor, the invited papers in this volume reflect the active and vibrant research in these areas and are a tribute to Weinsteins ongoing influence. The well-recognized contributors to this text cover a broad range of topics: Induction and reduction for systems with symmetry, symplectic geometry and topology, geometric quantization, the Weinstein Conjecture, Poisson algebra and geometry, Dirac structures, deformations for Lie group actions, Kahler geometry of moduli spaces, theory and applications of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics and dynamics, symplectic and Poisson groupoids, and quantum representations.Intended for graduate students and working mathematicians in symplectic and Poisson geometry as well as mechanics, this text is a distillation of prominent research and an indication of the future trends and directions in geometry, mechanics, and mathematical physics.

It is very tempting but a little bit dangerous to compare the style of two great mathematicians or of their schools. I think that it would be better to compare papers from both schools dedicated to one area, geometry and to leave conclusions to a reader of this volume. The collaboration of these two schools is not new. One of the best mathematics journals Functional Analysis and its Applications had I.M. Gelfand as its chief editor and V.I. Arnold as vice-chief editor. Appearances in one issue of the journal presenting remarkable papers from seminars of Arnold and Gelfand always left a strong impact on all of mathematics. We hope that this volume will have a similar impact. Papers from Arnold's seminar are devoted to three important directions developed by his school: Symplectic Geometry (F. Lalonde and D. McDuff), Theory of Singularities and its applications (F. Aicardi, I. Bogaevski, M. Kazarian), Geometry of Curves and Manifolds (S. Anisov, V. Chekanov, L. Guieu, E. Mourre and V. Ovsienko, S. Gusein-Zade and S. Natanzon). A little bit outside of these areas is a very interesting paper by M. Karoubi Produit cyclique d'espaces et operations de Steenrod.

This two-part EMS volume provides a succinct summary of complex algebraic geometry, coupled with a lucid introduction to the recent work on the interactions between the classical area of the geometry of complex algebraic curves and their Jacobian varieties. An excellent companion to the older classics on the subject.

Schubert varieties provide an inductive tool for studying flag varieties. This book is mainly a detailed account of a particularly interesting instance of their occurrence: namely, in relation to classical invariant theory. More precisely, it is about the connection between the first and second fundamental theorems of classical invariant theory on the one hand and standard monomial theory for Schubert varieties in certain special flag varieties on the other.

This is an introduction to diophantine geometry at the advanced graduate level. The book contains a proof of the Mordell conjecture which will make it quite attractive to graduate students and professional mathematicians. In each part of the book, the reader will find numerous exercises.

This book deals with asymptotic solutions of linear and nonlinear equa- tions which decay as h ---+ 0 outside a neighborhood of certain points, curves and surfaces. Such solutions are almost everywhere well approximated by the functions cp(x) exp{iS(x)/h}, x E 1R3, where S(x) is complex, and ImS(x) ~ o. When the phase S(x) is real (ImS(x) = 0), the method for obtaining asymp- totics of this type is known in quantum mechanics as the WKB-method. We preserve this terminology in the case ImS(x) ~ 0 and develop the method for a wide class of problems in mathematical physics. Asymptotics of this type were constructed recently for many linear prob- lems of mathematical physics; certain specific formulas were obtained by differ- ent methods (V. M. Babich [5 -7], V. P. Lazutkin [76], A. A. Sokolov, 1. M. Ter- nov [113], J. Schwinger [107, 108], E. J. Heller [53], G. A. Hagedorn [50, 51], V. N. Bayer, V. M. Katkov [21], N. A. Chernikov [35] and others). However, a general (Hamiltonian) formalism for obtaining asymptotics of this type is clearly required; this state of affairs is expressed both in recent mathematical and physical literature. For example, the editors of the collected volume [106] write in its preface: "One can hope that in the near future a computational pro- cedure for fields with complex phase, similar to the usual one for fields with real phase, will be developed.

The core of this monograph is the development of tools to derive well-posedness results in very general geometric settings for elliptic differential operators. A new generation of Calderon-Zygmund theory is developed for variable coefficient singular integral operators, which turns out to be particularly versatile in dealing with boundary value problems for the Hodge-Laplacian on uniformly rectifiable subdomains of Riemannian manifolds via boundary layer methods. In addition to absolute and relative boundary conditions for differential forms, this monograph treats the Hodge-Laplacian equipped with classical Dirichlet, Neumann, Transmission, Poincare, and Robin boundary conditions in regular Semmes-Kenig-Toro domains. Lying at the intersection of partial differential equations, harmonic analysis, and differential geometry, this text is suitable for a wide range of PhD students, researchers, and professionals. Contents: Preface Introduction and Statement of Main Results Geometric Concepts and Tools Harmonic Layer Potentials Associated with the Hodge-de Rham Formalism on UR Domains Harmonic Layer Potentials Associated with the Levi-Civita Connection on UR Domains Dirichlet and Neumann Boundary Value Problems for the Hodge-Laplacian on Regular SKT Domains Fatou Theorems and Integral Representations for the Hodge-Laplacian on Regular SKT Domains Solvability of Boundary Problems for the Hodge-Laplacian in the Hodge-de Rham Formalism Additional Results and Applications Further Tools from Differential Geometry, Harmonic Analysis, Geometric Measure Theory, Functional Analysis, Partial Differential Equations, and Clifford Analysis Bibliography Index

The first part of this book provides an elementary and self-contained exposition of classical Galois theory and its applications to the questions of solvability of algebraic equations in explicit form. The second part describes a surprising analogy between the fundamental theorem of Galois theory and classification of coverings over a topological space. The third part contains a geometric description of finite algebraic extensions of the field of meromorphic functions on a Riemann surface and provides an introduction to topological Galois theory developed by the author. All results are presented in the same elementary and self-contained manner as classical Galois theory. Due to this feature, the book will be useful and interesting to readers with very different background in mathematics, from undergraduate students to researchers.

2 Triangle Groups: An Introduction 279 3 Elementary Shimura Curves 281 4 Examples of Shimura Curves 282 5 Congruence Zeta Functions 283 6 Diophantine Properties of Shimura Curves 284 7 Klein Quartic 285 8 Supersingular Points 289 Towers of Elkies 9 289 7. CRYPTOGRAPHY AND APPLICATIONS 291 1 Introduction 291 Discrete Logarithm Problem 2 291 Curves for Public-Key Cryptosystems 3 295 Hyperelliptic Curve Cryptosystems 4 297 CM-Method 5 299 6 Cryptographic Exponent 300 7 Constructive Descent 302 8 Gaudry and Harley Algorithm 306 9 Picard Jacobians 307 Drinfeld Module Based Public Key Cryptosystems 10 308 11 Drinfeld Modules and One Way Functions 308 12 Shimura's Map 309 13 Modular Jacobians of Genus 2 Curves 310 Modular Jacobian Surfaces 14 312 15 Modular Curves of Genus Two 313 16 Hecke Operators 314 8. REFERENCES 317 345 Index Xll Preface The history of counting points on curves over finite fields is very ex- tensive, starting with the work of Gauss in 1801 and continuing with the work of Artin, Schmidt, Hasse and Weil in their study of curves and the related zeta functions Zx(t), where m Zx(t) = exp (2: N t ) m m 2': 1 m with N = #X(F qm). If X is a curve of genus g, Weil's conjectures m state that L(t) Zx(t) = (1 - t)(l - qt) where L(t) = rr~!l (1 - O'.

"...A nice feature of the book [is] that at various points the authors provide examples, or rather counterexamples, that clearly show what can go wrong...This is a nicely-written book [that] studies algebraic differential modules in several variables." --Mathematical Reviews

Homogeneous Finsler Spaces is the first book to emphasize the relationship between Lie groups and Finsler geometry, and the first to show the validity in using Lie theory for the study of Finsler geometry problems. This book contains a series of new results obtained by the author and collaborators during the last decade. The topic of Finsler geometry has developed rapidly in recent years. One of the main reasons for its surge in development is its use in many scientific fields, such as general relativity, mathematical biology, and phycology (study of algae). This monograph introduces the most recent developments in the study of Lie groups and homogeneous Finsler spaces, leading the reader to directions for further development. The book contains many interesting results such as a Finslerian version of the Myers-Steenrod Theorem, the existence theorem for invariant non-Riemannian Finsler metrics on coset spaces, the Berwaldian characterization of globally symmetric Finsler spaces, the construction of examples of reversible non-Berwaldian Finsler spaces with vanishing S-curvature, and a classification of homogeneous Randers spaces with isotropic S-curvature and positive flag curvature. Readers with some background in Lie theory or differential geometry can quickly begin studying problems concerning Lie groups and Finsler geometry. "

This book covers combinatorial data structures and algorithms, algebraic issues in geometric computing, approximation of curves and surfaces, and computational topology. Each chapter fully details and provides a tutorial introduction to important concepts and results. The focus is on methods which are both well founded mathematically and efficient in practice. Coverage includes references to open source software and discussion of potential applications of the presented techniques.

The moduli space Mg of curves of fixed genus g - that is, the algebraic variety that parametrizes all curves of genus g - is one of the most intriguing objects of study in algebraic geometry these days. Its appeal results not only from its beautiful mathematical structure but also from recent developments in theoretical physics, in particular in conformal field theory.

Along with many small improvements, this revised edition contains van Yzeren's new proof of Pascal's theorem (1.7) and, in Chapter 2, an improved treatment of order and sense. The Sylvester-Gallai theorem, instead of being introduced as a curiosity, is now used as an essential step in the theory of harmonic separation (3.34). This makes the logi cal development self-contained: the footnotes involving the References (pp. 214-216) are for comparison with earlier treatments, and to give credit where it is due, not to fill gaps in the argument. H.S.M.C. November 1992 v Preface to the Second Edition Why should one study the real plane? To this question, put by those who advocate the complex plane, or geometry over a general field, I would reply that the real plane is an easy first step. Most of the prop erties are closely analogous, and the real field has the advantage of intuitive accessibility. Moreover, real geometry is exactly what is needed for the projective approach to non* Euclidean geometry. Instead of introducing the affine and Euclidean metrics as in Chapters 8 and 9, we could just as well take the locus of 'points at infinity' to be a conic, or replace the absolute involution by an absolute polarity.

The theory of foliations and contact forms have experienced such great de velopment recently that it is natural they have implications in the field of mechanics. They form part of the framework of what Jean Dieudonne calls "Elie Cartan's great theory ofthe Pfaffian systems," and which even nowa days is still far from being exhausted. The major reference work is. without any doubt that of Elie Cartan on Pfaffian systems with five variables. In it one discovers there the bases of an algebraic classification of these systems, their methods of reduction, and the highlighting ofthe first fundamental in variants. This work opens to us, even today, a colossal field of investigation and the mystery of a ternary form containing the differential invariants of the systems with five variables always deligthts anyone who wishes to find out about them. One of the goals of this memorandum is to present this work of Cartan - which was treated even more analytically by Goursat in its lectures on Pfaffian systems - in order to expound the classifications currently known. The theory offoliations and contact forms appear in the study ofcompletely integrable Pfaffian systems of rank one. In each of these situations there is a local model described either by Frobenius' theorem, or by Darboux' theorem. It is this type of theorem which it would be desirable to have for a non-integrable Pfaffian system which may also be of rank greater than one."

This volume contains refereed papers related to the lectures and talks given at a conference held in Siena (Italy) in June 2004. Also included are research papers that grew out of discussions among the participants and their collaborators. All the papers are research papers, but some of them also contain expository sections which aim to update the state of the art on the classical subject of special projective varieties and their applications and new trends like phylogenetic algebraic geometry. The topic of secant varieties and the classification of defective varieties is central and ubiquitous in this volume. Besides the intrinsic interest of the subject, it turns out that it is also relevant in other fields of mathematics like expressions of polynomials as sums of powers, polynomial interpolation, rank tensor computations, Bayesian networks, algebraic statistics and number theory.

Over the course of the last century, the systematic exploration of the relationship between Fourier analysis and other branches of mathematics has lead to important advances in geometry, number theory, and analysis, stimulated in part by Hurwitzs proof of the isoperimetric inequality using Fourier series. This unified, self-contained volume is dedicated to Fourier analysis, convex geometry, and related topics. Specific topics covered include: the geometric properties of convex bodies the study of Radon transforms the geometry of numbers the study of translational tilings using Fourier analysis irregularities in distributions Lattice point problems examined in the context of number theory, probability theory, and Fourier analysis restriction problems for the Fourier transform The book presents both a broad overview of Fourier analysis and convexity as well as an intricate look at applications in some specific settings; it will be useful to graduate students and researchers in harmonic analysis, convex geometry, functional analysis, number theory, computer science, and combinatorial analysis. A wide audience will benefit from the careful demonstration of how Fourier analysis is used

This book is an introduction to differential manifolds. It gives solid preliminaries for more advanced topics: Riemannian manifolds, differential topology, Lie theory. It presupposes little background: the reader is only expected to master basic differential calculus, and a little point-set topology. The book covers the main topics of differential geometry: manifolds, tangent space, vector fields, differential forms, Lie groups, and a few more sophisticated topics such as de Rham cohomology, degree theory and the Gauss-Bonnet theorem for surfaces. Its ambition is to give solid foundations. In particular, the introduction of "abstract" notions such as manifolds or differential forms is motivated via questions and examples from mathematics or theoretical physics. More than 150 exercises, some of them easy and classical, some others more sophisticated, will help the beginner as well as the more expert reader. Solutions are provided for most of them. The book should be of interest to various readers: undergraduate and graduate students for a first contact to differential manifolds, mathematicians from other fields and physicists who wish to acquire some feeling about this beautiful theory. The original French text Introduction aux varietes differentielles has been a best-seller in its category in France for many years. Jacques Lafontaine was successively assistant Professor at Paris Diderot University and Professor at the University of Montpellier, where he is presently emeritus. His main research interests are Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian geometry, including some aspects of mathematical relativity. Besides his personal research articles, he was involved in several textbooks and research monographs.