Written in an accessible and informal style, this textbook is designed to give graduate students an understanding of integrable systems via the study of Riemann surfaces, loop groups, and twistors. The book has its origins in a series of lecture courses given by the authors, all internationally known mathematicians and renowned expositors. The introduction by Nigel Hitchin addresses the meaning of integrability: how do we recognize an integrable system? His own contribution then develops connections with algebraic geometry, and includes an introduction to Riemann surfaces, sheaves, and line bundles.

This is a monograph that details the use of Siegel's method and the classical results of homotopy groups of spheres and Lie groups to determine some Gottlieb groups of projective spaces or to give the lower bounds of their orders. Making use of the properties of Whitehead products, the authors also determine some Whitehead center groups of projective spaces that are relevant and new within this monograph.

Transformation Geometry: An Introduction to Symmetry offers a modern approach to Euclidean Geometry. This study of the automorphism groups of the plane and space gives the classical concrete examples that serve as a meaningful preparation for the standard undergraduate course in abstract algebra. The detailed development of the isometries of the plane is based on only the most elementary geometry and is appropriate for graduate courses for secondary teachers.

This book presents algorithmic tools for algebraic geometry and experimental applications of them. It also introduces a software system in which the tools have been implemented and with which the experiments can be carried out. Macaulay 2 is a computer algebra system devoted to supporting research in algebraic geometry, commutative algebra, and their applications. The reader of this book will encounter Macaulay 2 in the context of concrete applications and practical computations in algebraic geometry. The expositions of the algorithmic tools presented here are designed to serve as a useful guide for those wishing to bring such tools to bear on their own problems. These expositions will be valuable to both the users of other programs similar to Macaulay 2 (for example, Singular and CoCoA) and those who are not interested in explicit machine computations at all. The first part of the book is primarily concerned with introducing Macaulay2, whereas the second part emphasizes the mathematics.

This superb text describes a novel and powerful method for allowing design engineers to firstly model a linear problem in heat conduction, then build a solution in an explicit form and finally obtain a numerical solution. It constitutes a modelling and calculation tool based on a very efficient and systemic methodological approach.
Solving the heat equations through integral transforms does not constitute a new subject. However, finding a solution generally constitutes only one part of the problem. In design problems, an initial thermal design has to be tested through the calculation of the temperature or flux field, followed by an analysis of this field in terms of constraints. A modified design is then proposed, followed by a new thermal field calculation, and so on until the right design is found. The thermal quadrupole method allows this often painful iterative procedure to be removed by allowing only one calculation.
The chapters in this book increase in complexity from a rapid presentation of the method for one dimensional transient problems in chapter one, to non uniform boundary conditions or inhomogeneous media in chapter six. In addition, a wide range of corrected problems of contemporary interest are presented mainly in chapters three and six with their numerical implementation in MATLAB (r) language. This book covers the whole scope of linear problems and presents a wide range of concrete issues of contemporary interest such as harmonic excitations of buildings, transfer in composite media, thermal contact resistance and moving material heat transfer. Extensions of this method to coupled transfers in a semi-transparent medium and to mass transfer in porous media are considered respectively in chapters seven and eight. Chapter nine is devoted to practical numerical methods that can be used to inverse the Laplace transform.
Written from an engineering perspective, with applications to real engineering problems, this book will be of significant interest not only to researchers, lecturers and graduate students in mechanical engineering (thermodynamics) and process engineers needing to model a heat transfer problem to obtain optimized operating conditions, but also to researchers interested in the simulation or design of experiments where heat transfer play a significant role.

In the three decades since the introduction of the Kobayashi distance, the subject of hyperbolic complex spaces and holomorphic mappings has grown to be a big industry. This book gives a comprehensive and systematic account on the Carathéodory and Kobayashi distances, hyperbolic complex spaces and holomorphic mappings with geometric methods. A very complete list of references should be useful for prospective researchers in this area.

This unique monograph building bridges among a number of different areas of mathematics such as algebra, topology, and category theory. The author uses various tools to develop new applications of classical concepts. Detailed proofs are given for all major theorems, about half of which are completely new. Sheaves of Algebras over Boolean Spaces will take readers on a journey through sheaf theory, an important part of universal algebra. This excellent reference text is suitable for graduate students, researchers, and those who wish to learn about sheaves of algebras.

Author S.A. Stepanov thoroughly investigates the current state of the theory of Diophantine equations and its related methods. Discussions focus on arithmetic, algebraic-geometric, and logical aspects of the problem. Designed for students as well as researchers, the book includes over 250 excercises accompanied by hints, instructions, and references. Written in a clear manner, this text does not require readers to have special knowledge of modern methods of algebraic geometry.

Integral geometry deals with the problem of determining functions by their integrals over given families of sets. These integrals de?ne the corresponding integraltransformandoneofthemainquestionsinintegralgeometryaskswhen this transform is injective. On the other hand, when we work with complex measures or forms, operators appear whose kernels are non-trivial but which describe important classes of functions. Most of the questions arising here relate, in one way or another, to the convolution equations. Some of the well known publications in this ?eld include the works by J. Radon, F. John, J. Delsarte, L. Zalcman, C. A. Berenstein, M. L. Agranovsky and recent monographs by L. H] ormander and S. Helgason. Until recently research in this area was carried out mostly using the technique of the Fourier transform and corresponding methods of complex analysis. In recent years the present author has worked out an essentially di?erent methodology based on the description of various function spaces in terms of - pansions in special functions, which has enabled him to establish best possible results in several well known problems."

This book presents, in a clear and structured way, the set function \mathcal{T} and how it evolved since its inception by Professor F. Burton Jones in the 1940s. It starts with a very solid introductory chapter, with all the prerequisite material for navigating through the rest of the book. It then gradually advances towards the main properties, Decomposition theorems, \mathcal{T}-closed sets, continuity and images, to modern applications. The set function \mathcal{T} has been used by many mathematicians as a tool to prove results about the semigroup structure of the continua, and about the existence of a metric continuum that cannot be mapped onto its cone or to characterize spheres. Nowadays, it has been used by topologists worldwide to investigate open problems in continuum theory. This book can be of interest to both advanced undergraduate and graduate students, and to experienced researchers as well. Its well-defined structure make this book suitable not only for self-study but also as support material to seminars on the subject. Its many open problems can potentially encourage mathematicians to contribute with further advancements in the field.

Noncommutative differential geometry is a new approach to classical geometry. It was originally used by Fields Medalist A. Connes in the theory of foliations, where it led to striking extensions of Atiyah-Singer index theory. It also may be applicable to hitherto unsolved geometric phenomena and physical experiments.
However, noncommutative differential geometry was not well understood even among mathematicians. Therefore, an international symposium on commutative differential geometry and its applications to physics was held in Japan, in July 1999. Topics covered included: deformation problems, Poisson groupoids, operad theory, quantization problems, and D-branes. The meeting was attended by both mathematicians and physicists, which resulted in interesting discussions. This volume contains the refereed proceedings of this symposium.
Providing a state of the art overview of research in these topics, this book is suitable as a source book for a seminar in noncommutative geometry and physics.

This volume consists of papers inspired by the special session on pseudo-differential operators at the 10th ISAAC Congress held at the University of Macau, August 3-8, 2015 and the mini-symposium on pseudo-differential operators in industries and technologies at the 8th ICIAM held at the National Convention Center in Beijing, August 10-14, 2015. The twelve papers included present cutting-edge trends in pseudo-differential operators and applications from the perspectives of Lie groups (Chapters 1-2), geometry (Chapters 3-5) and applications (Chapters 6-12). Many contributions cover applications in probability, differential equations and time-frequency analysis. A focus on the synergies of pseudo-differential operators with applications, especially real-life applications, enhances understanding of the analysis and the usefulness of these operators.

This book explores fundamental aspects of geometric network optimisation with applications to a variety of real world problems. It presents, for the first time in the literature, a cohesive mathematical framework within which the properties of such optimal interconnection networks can be understood across a wide range of metrics and cost functions. The book makes use of this mathematical theory to develop efficient algorithms for constructing such networks, with an emphasis on exact solutions. Marcus Brazil and Martin Zachariasen focus principally on the geometric structure of optimal interconnection networks, also known as Steiner trees, in the plane. They show readers how an understanding of this structure can lead to practical exact algorithms for constructing such trees. The book also details numerous breakthroughs in this area over the past 20 years, features clearly written proofs, and is supported by 135 colour and 15 black and white figures. It will help graduate students, working mathematicians, engineers and computer scientists to understand the principles required for designing interconnection networks in the plane that are as cost efficient as possible.

Edited in collaboration with the Grassmann Research Group, this book contains many important articles delivered at the ICM 2014 Satellite Conference and the 18th International Workshop on Real and Complex Submanifolds, which was held at the National Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Daejeon, Republic of Korea, August 10-12, 2014. The book covers various aspects of differential geometry focused on submanifolds, symmetric spaces, Riemannian and Lorentzian manifolds, and Kahler and Grassmann manifolds.

The representation theory of Lie groups plays a central role in both clas sical and recent developments in many parts of mathematics and physics. In August, 1995, the Fifth Workshop on Representation Theory of Lie Groups and its Applications took place at the Universidad Nacional de Cordoba in Argentina. Organized by Joseph Wolf, Nolan Wallach, Roberto Miatello, Juan Tirao, and Jorge Vargas, the workshop offered expository courses on current research, and individual lectures on more specialized topics. The present vol ume reflects the dual character of the workshop. Many of the articles will be accessible to graduate students and others entering the field. Here is a rough outline of the mathematical content. (The editors beg the indulgence of the readers for any lapses in this preface in the high standards of historical and mathematical accuracy that were imposed on the authors of the articles. ) Connections between flag varieties and representation theory for real re ductive groups have been studied for almost fifty years, from the work of Gelfand and Naimark on principal series representations to that of Beilinson and Bernstein on localization. The article of Wolf provides a detailed introduc tion to the analytic side of these developments. He describes the construction of standard tempered representations in terms of square-integrable partially harmonic forms (on certain real group orbits on a flag variety), and outlines the ingredients in the Plancherel formula. Finally, he describes recent work on the complex geometry of real group orbits on partial flag varieties."

The literature on natural bundles and natural operators in differential geometry, was until now, scattered in the mathematical journal literature. This book is the first monograph on the subject, collecting this material in a unified presentation. The book begins with an introduction to differential geometry stressing naturality and functionality, and the general theory of connections on arbitrary fibered manifolds. The functional approach to classical natural bundles is extended to a large class of geometrically interesting categories. Several methods of finding all natural operators are given and these are identified for many concrete geometric problems. After reduction each problem to a finite order setting, the remaining discussion is based on properties of jet spaces, and the basic structures from the theory of jets are therefore described here too in a self-contained manner. The relations of these geometric problems to corresponding questions in mathematical physics are brought out in several places in the book, and it closes with a very comprehensive bibliography of over 300 items. This book is a timely addition to literature filling the gap that existed here and will be a standard reference on natural operators for the next few years.

The methods used to digitize and reconstruct complex 3-D objects have evolved in recent years due to increasing attention from industry and research. 3-D models have applications in various domains, including reverse engineering, collaborative design, inspection, entertainment, virtual museums, medicine, geology and home shopping. 3-D Surface Geometry and Reconstruction: Developing Concepts and Applications provides developers and scholars with an extensive collection of research articles in the expanding field of 3-D reconstruction. This reference book investigates the concepts, methodologies, applications and recent developments in the field of 3-D reconstruction, making it a useful resource for students, researchers, academics, professionals and industry practitioners.

This text examines the emerging field of fractals and its applications in earth sciences. Topics covered include: concepts of fractal and multifractal chaos; the application of fractals in geophysics, geology, climate studies, and earthquake seismology.

Group cohomology has a rich history that goes back a century or more. Its origins are rooted in investigations of group theory and num ber theory, and it grew into an integral component of algebraic topology. In the last thirty years, group cohomology has developed a powerful con nection with finite group representations. Unlike the early applications which were primarily concerned with cohomology in low degrees, the in teractions with representation theory involve cohomology rings and the geometry of spectra over these rings. It is this connection to represen tation theory that we take as our primary motivation for this book. The book consists of two separate pieces. Chronologically, the first part was the computer calculations of the mod-2 cohomology rings of the groups whose orders divide 64. The ideas and the programs for the calculations were developed over the last 10 years. Several new features were added over the course of that time. We had originally planned to include only a brief introduction to the calculations. However, we were persuaded to produce a more substantial text that would include in greater detail the concepts that are the subject of the calculations and are the source of some of the motivating conjectures for the com putations. We have gathered together many of the results and ideas that are the focus of the calculations from throughout the mathematical literature."

This book is a basic reference in the modern theory of holomorphic foliations, presenting the interplay between various aspects of the theory and utilizing methods from algebraic and complex geometry along with techniques from complex dynamics and several complex variables. The result is a solid introduction to the theory of foliations, covering basic concepts through modern results on the structure of foliations on complex projective spaces.

This self-contained monograph explores a new theory centered around boolean representations of simplicial complexes leading to a new class of complexes featuring matroids as central to the theory. The book illustrates these new tools to study the classical theory of matroids as well as their important geometric connections. Moreover, many geometric and topological features of the theory of matroids find their counterparts in this extended context. Graduate students and researchers working in the areas of combinatorics, geometry, topology, algebra and lattice theory will find this monograph appealing due to the wide range of new problems raised by the theory. Combinatorialists will find this extension of the theory of matroids useful as it opens new lines of research within and beyond matroids. The geometric features and geometric/topological applications will appeal to geometers. Topologists who desire to perform algebraic topology computations will appreciate the algorithmic potential of boolean representable complexes.

"Presents the proceedings of the recently held Third International Conference on Commutative Ring Theory in Fez, Morocco. Details the latest developments in commutative algebra and related areas-featuring 26 original research articles and six survey articles on fundamental topics of current interest. Examines wide-ranging developments in commutative algebra, together with connections to algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry."