Vocabulary is now well recognized as an important focus in language teaching and learning. Now in its third edition, this book provides an engaging, authoritative guide to the teaching and learning of vocabulary in another language. It contains descriptions of numerous vocabulary learning strategies, which are supported by reference to experimental research, case studies, and teaching experience. It also describes what vocabulary learners need to know to be effective language users. This new edition has been updated to incorporate the wealth of research that has come out of the past decade. It also includes a new chapter on out of-classroom learning, which explores the effect of the Internet and electronic resources on learning. This vital resource for all vocabulary researchers shows that by taking a systematic approach to vocabulary learning, teachers can make the best use of class time and help learners get the best return for their learning effort.

Despite unsubstantiated claims of best practice, the division of language-teaching professionals on the basis of their categorization as 'native-speakers' or 'non-native speakers' continues to cascade throughout the academic literature. It has become normative, under the rhetorical guise of acting to correct prejudice and/or discrimination, to see native-speakerism as having a single beneficiary - the 'native-speaker' - and a single victim - the 'non-native' speaker. However, this unidirectional perspective fails to deal with the more veiled systems through which those labeled as native-speakers and non-native speakers are both cast as casualties of this questionable bifurcation. This volume documents such complexities and aims to fill the void currently observable within mainstream academic literature in the teaching of both English, and Japanese, foreign language education. By identifying how the construct of Japanese native-speaker mirrors that of the 'native-speaker' of English, the volume presents a revealing insight into language teaching in Japan. Further, taking a problem-solving approach, this volume explores possible grounds on which language teachers could be employed if native-speakerism is rejected according to experts in the fields of intercultural communicative competence, English as a Lingua Franca and World Englishes, all of which aim to replace the 'native-speaker' model with something new.

This text makes available in a concise format the chapters comprising the research methodology section of the Handbook of Research on Teaching the English Language Arts, Second Edition. An introduction, designed to give K-12 teachers an understanding of the basic categories and functions of research in teaching, and is followed by chapters addressing teacher professionalism and the rise of multiple literacies; empirical research; longitudinal studies; case studies; ethnography; teacher research; teacher inquiry into literacy, social justice, and power; synthesis research; fictive representation; and contemporary methodological issues and future direction in research on the teaching of English. Methods of Research on Teaching the English Language Arts is well-suited for use in upper-level undergraduate and graduate-level literacy research methods courses.

Corpus-Based Approaches to ELT presents a compilation of research exploring different ways to apply corpus-based and corpus-informed approaches to English language teaching.
Starting with an overview of research in the field of corpus linguistics and language teaching, various scenarios including academic and professional settings, as well as English as International Language, are described. Corpus-Based Approaches to ELT goes on to put forward several chapters focusing on error analysis using learner corpora and comparable native speaker corpora. Some of these chapters use translations and their original sources, while others compare the production of learners from different L1 in multilingual learner corpora. Also presented are new tools for corpus processing: a query program for parallel corpora, and the provision of tools to implement pedagogical annotation. The last section discuss the challenges and opportunities that multilayered and multimodal corpora may pose to corpus linguistic investigation.
This book will be indispensible to those teaching in higher education and wishing to develop corpus-based approaches, as well as researchers in the field of English Language Teaching.

Language is of central importance in children's development and vital for their success at school and in the world beyond. Designed for the many professionals involved in encouraging language development, Early Language Development, originally published in 1990, will enable them to get to grips with the practical issues of helping children with language difficulties. John Harris provides an invaluable summary of recent research on language development and how it relates to the practical concerns of language assessment and language teaching. Readers are given a clear account of the ways in which research has expanded our understanding of just what language is and how this has led to different approaches to language assessment. Various theories of language development are summarised and discussed in terms of their implications for language teaching. Dr Harris also describes different ways of encouraging language development and explains how teachers and therapists can overcome the special problems faced by children with particular difficulties, such as visual impairment, hearing impairment, general learning difficulties, and environmental deprivation. With its emphasis on the relevance of research-based knowledge to practical concerns, the book provides a useful bridge between the world of research and practice. It will be of particular interest to teachers of young children, speech therapists, and child psychologists, as well as to students taking courses on child development, and to parents of young children.

In What Writing Does and How It Does It, editors Charles Bazerman and Paul Prior offer a sophisticated introduction to methods for understanding, studying, and analyzing texts and writing practices. This volume addresses a variety of approaches to analyzing texts, and considers the processes of writing, exploring textual practices and their contexts, and examining what texts do and how texts mean rather than what they mean. Included are traditional modes of analysis (rhetorical, literary, linguistic), as well as newer modes, such as text and talk, genre and activity analysis, and intertextual analysis. The chapters have been developed to provide answers to a specified set of questions, with each one offering: *a preview of the chapter's content and purpose; *an introduction to basic concepts, referring to key theoretical and research studies in the area; *details on the types of data and questions for which the analysis is best used; *examples from a wide-ranging group of texts, including educational materials, student writing, published literature, and online and electronic media; *one or more applied analyses, with a clear statement of procedures for analysis and illustrations of a particular sample of data; and *a brief summary, suggestions for additional readings, and a set of activities. The side-by-side comparison of methods allows the reader to see the multi-dimensionality of writing, facilitating selection of the best method for a particular research question. The volume contributors are experts from linguistics, communication studies, rhetoric, literary analysis, document design, sociolinguistics, education, ethnography, and cultural psychology, and each utilizes a specific mode of text analysis. With its broad range of methodological examples, What Writing Does and How It Does It is a unique and invaluable resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate students and for researchers in education, composition, ESL and applied linguistics, communication, L1 and L2 learning, print media, and electronic media. It will also be useful in all social sciences and humanities that place importance on texts and textual practices, such as English, writing, and rhetoric.

The study investigates interactions between 29 tandem partners from a German and a North American university, who met twice a week in a text-based online environment that allowed them to communicate with each other in real time via a computer keyboard. The analysis focuses on learners' codeswitching, negotiation of meaning, error correction, and the use of specific spellings and punctuation. The data suggest that most partners complied with the principle of reciprocity and that the non-threatening atmosphere of the MOO encouraged them to test their hypotheses about their L2. Moreover, the analysis revealed a noticeable increase in learners' awareness of the target language. All students frequently engaged in negotiation of meaning, but there was a conspicuous absence of corrective feed-back. Contents: Electronic Discourse - Computers and Language Learning - The Teacher Role - Negotiation of Meaning in Real-time Online Interactions - Error Corrections in Tandem Discourse - Codeswitching - Bilingual Conversation.

This book provides an analysis of the difficulties faced by native speakers of English in the learning of Romance languages.This book presents an analysis of the difficulties faced by native speakers of English in the learning of Romance languages and in so doing proposes a comprehensive model of the acquisition of tense-aspect marking. While L1 speakers of English may quickly learn to identify and, to some extent, use the Spanish perfective and imperfective verb endings, the L2 representation of tense-aspect distinctions among both beginning and advanced learners requires a comprehensive multidimensional analysis. Through a detailed examination of new and existing empirical data, this monograph proposes a new model for examining tense-aspect marking in second language acquisition, which reconciles competing, alternative hypotheses.This comprehensive account will be of interest to academics researching second language acquisition and applied linguistics.

In response to the changing needs and expectations of the workplace - and society in general - the teaching and learning of modern foreign languages becomes ever more important. Aspects of Teaching Secondary Modern Foreign Langauges: Perspectives on Practice has been compiled to meet the needs of those teaching and training to teach the subject.
This lively and inspiring collection of readings is divided into three sections: 'Developing teaching strategies and effective classroom management' covers all major aspects of classroom practice; 'Planning, evaluating and assessing MFL learning' is a guide to the day to day requirements and practicalities of MFL teaching; 'In search of a wider perspective' considers how MFL teaching might develop and expand, and its place outside the classroom. Fully engaged with teaching and learning MFL at a practical level, it illustrates concepts and good practice through a braod range of classroom-based examples and case studies.
Issues covered in this book include:
*maximising potential
*engaging pupils in their learning
*developing listening, reading and oral skills
*use of information communication technology
*assessment and differentiation
*broadening the content of MFL lessons
*role play in the language class
*MFL beyond the classroom
The Perspectives on Practice series brings together collections of articles by highly experienced educators on the practical aspects of teaching National Curriculum subjects. They are invaluable resources for those studying to become teachers, newly qualified teachers and more experienced practitioners, particularly those mentoring students and NQTs.

Contents:
Part 1: Controversies and Disagreements 1. Positioning MFL Teaching in Schools: Issues and Debates 2. Drop-out from Language Study at age 16+: A historical Perspective 3. Thirty Years of Change 4. If You Can't Beat Them...The Politics and Impact of the GCSE and Coursework Part 2: MFL, Schools and Society 5. Stereotypes, Prejudice and Tolerance 6. Language Teaching, Citizenship, Human Rights Education and Intercultural Education 7. The Role of Modern Languages within a Language in Education Policy 8. Change: Looking Beyond Europe Part 3: Developing Strategy Communicative Grammar Teaching 10. Towards a Reconceptualisation of the MFL Curriculum 11. Developing Learning Strategies: Strategy Use in the Teaching and Learning of Modern Foreign Languages 12. Treading a Tightrope: Supporting Boys to Achieve in Modern Foreign Languages 13. The Potential Impact of the National Literacy Strategy on Modern Foreign Language Learning 14. Learning about effective Teaching: Observations from a Teacher Educator Part 4: Research and the MFL Teacher 15. The Impact of Languages Research on Classroom Practice 16. The Invisible Child 17. Learning Styles: The Gender Effect 18. Spanish and English: Two Wyas of Writing, Two Ways of Reading

In response to the changing needs and expectations of the workplace - and society in general - the teaching and learning of modern foreign languages becomes ever more important. Teaching Modern Foreign Languages in Secondary Schools: A Reader introduces and explores the issues entailed in the teaching and learning of this subject.
The book charts developments during the past few decades of reform in MFL teaching, considering the origins of these reforms and analysing their impact on the classroom. The reader is divided into four sections: 'Controversies and disagreements' is an overview of changes to MFL teaching and learning during the last 30 years; 'MFL, schools and society' looks at the role of MFL in a wider social and educational context; 'Developing strategy' looks at how more effective MFL teaching might be achieved; 'Research and the MFL teacher' looks at the implications for classroom practice of recent research into MFL teaching and Learning.
Issues covered in the book include:
*the impact of GCSEs and coursework
*stereotypes, prejudice and tolerance
*language teaching and citizenship; human rights education; intercultural education
*communicative grammar teaching
*supporting boys to achieve in MFL
*the potential impact of the National Literacy Strategy on MFL learning
*languages research and classroom practice
*learning styles and gender
This series of Teaching in Secondary Schools Readers brings together collections of articles by highly experienced educators which introduce, explore and illuminate the issues surrounding the teaching of National Curriculum subjects. They are invaluable resources for those studying to become teachers, newly qualifies teachers and more experienced practitioners, particularly those mentoring students and NQTs.

Integrating Career Preparation into Language Courses provides foreign and second language teachers with easy and practical additions they can make to their existing curricula to help their students develop real-world professional skills and prepare to use the target language successfully in the workplace. The book is organized into six chapters, each addressing a different professional skill and opening with an explanation of how content typically included in a foreign language curriculum can be tied to this skill. Each chapter closes with class activities or lesson plans that include suggested materials and assessments that teachers can easily add to their language courses. Lear's book is an accessible and practical guide designed to be adaptable for any language, offering exciting new possibilities to help teachers and students of foreign languages bring their language skills into the workplace.

"New Perspectives on Grammar Teaching in Second Language Classrooms" brings together various approaches to the contextualized teaching of grammar and communicative skills as integrated components of second language instruction. Its purpose is to show from both theoretical and practical perspectives that grammar teaching can be made productive and useful in ESL and EFL classrooms. In this text:
*First-rate scholars approach the teaching of grammar from multiple complementary perspectives, providing an original, comprehensive treatment of the topic.
*Discourse analysis and research data are used to address such pedagogical areas as grammatical and lexical development in speaking, listening, reading, and writing.
*The communicative perspective on ESL and EFL instruction that is presented provides ways for learners to enhance their production skills, whereas the meaning-based grammar instruction can supplement and strengthen current methodology with a communicative focus.
This volume is intended as a foundational text for second language grammar pedagogy courses at the advanced undergraduate and master's levels.

This volume brings together a series of studies by different researchers on the impact of tasks in second language teaching, testing and development. It reviews a number of issues which include recent research into task-based learning: the effect of tasks on speaking, listening and oral interaction, the role of the teacher in exploiting tasks and the nature of the task based curriculum.

A discussion of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) and language learning, aimed at researchers and practitioners in the field. It deals with developments in Europe, with the majority of the chapters focusing on the results of collaborative international projects.

Contents:
How is language learning explained? Strategies and goals in the classroom context Analysing and evaluating teaching and learning Political and institutional considerations in curriculum change Planning and implementing curriculum change

The selection of commissioned and classic articles in this Reader introduce a range of theories of second language acquisition and the contested explanations of effective language learning. Sociolinguistic, ethnographic and social-psychological perspectives on TESOL teaching and learning are covered as well as the development of English language teaching methodologies. Strategies and goals for TESOL teaching are explored and in the final part of the book relective research methods for the critical analysis of TESOL practice are provided.

This introductory text for students of linguistics, language, and education provides background and up-to-date information and resources that beginning researchers need for studying language diversity and education.
Three framing chapters offer an update on the philosophy of social research, revealing how important language is for all the processes of learning in which humans engage, whether it is learning about the world through education, or learning about the nature of social life through research in the human sciences. These chapters also review the links between language, power, and social justice, and look at dynamic changes occurring in "language diversity and education" research.
Four central chapters give state-of-the-art, comprehensive coverage to the chief areas of language diversity that affect the practice of education: standard and non-standard varieties; different cultural discourse norms; bilingual and ESL education; and gendered discourse norms.
This book is intended for graduate students of applied linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, the social psychology of language, anthropological linguistics, and other related disciplines; and graduate students of education, including in-service teachers taking advanced professional development courses. Special features enhance its usefulness as a text for courses in these areas:
* A clear, jargon free writing style invites careful reading.
* All ideas are well within the range that graduate students in the language disciplines or in education can relate to their work, but theoretical ideas are kept to a necessary minimum and linked with practical examples in every case.
* Extensive references guide readers to the book's up-to-date, international, and cross-cultural bibliography.
* "Discussion Starter" questions at the end of each chapter highlight key points and stimulate informed, reflective discussion.

This book presents the background to the current shift in language education towards action-oriented/action-based teaching, and provides a theorization of the Action-oriented Approach (AoA). It discusses the concepts and theories that paved the way for the AoA and explores their relevance for the way language education is conceived and implemented in the classroom. In the process, it revisits the concept of competence and discusses the dynamic notions of mediation and plurilingualism. The authors explain the way in which the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) and its recent update, the CEFR Companion Volume, broaden the scope of language education, in particular in relation to the actional turn. The book provides scholars and practitioners with a research-informed description of the AoA, explains its implications for curriculum planning, teaching and assessment, and elaborates on its pedagogical implications.

This book demonstrates the positive impact of using film and audiovisual material in the language classroom. The chapters are evidence-based and address different levels and contexts of learning around the world. They demonstrate the benefits of using moving images and films to develop intercultural awareness and promote multilingualism, and suggest Audiovisual Translation (AVT) activities and projects to enhance language learning. The book will be a valuable continuing professional development resource for language teachers and those involved in curriculum development, as well as bringing the latest research, theory and pedagogical techniques to teacher training courses.

This text integrates the theory and practice of learner-based assessment. Written in response to two recent movements in language teaching--learner-centered teaching and a renewed interest in authenticity in language testing--it examines the relationship between the language learner and language assessment processes, and promotes approaches to assessment that involve the learner in the testing process. Particular attention is given to issues of reliability and validity. Grounded in current pedagogical applications of authentic assessment measures, this volume is intended for and eminently accessible to classroom teachers and program directors looking for ways to include their students in the evaluation process, graduate students, and professional language testers seeking authenticity in assessment and desiring to create more interactive evaluation tools.

This text integrates the theory and practice of learner-based assessment. Written in response to two recent movements in language teaching--learner-centered teaching and a renewed interest in authenticity in language testing--it examines the relationship between the language learner and language assessment processes, and promotes approaches to assessment that involve the learner in the testing process. Particular attention is given to issues of reliability and validity. Grounded in current pedagogical applications of authentic assessment measures, this volume is intended for and eminently accessible to classroom teachers and program directors looking for ways to include their students in the evaluation process, graduate students, and professional language testers seeking authenticity in assessment and desiring to create more interactive evaluation tools.

This volume examines the agency of second/foreign language teachers in diverse geographical contexts and in both K-12 and adult education. It offers new understandings and conceptualizations of second/foreign language teacher agency through a variety of types of empirical data. It also demonstrates the use of different methodologies or analytic tools to study the multidimensional, dynamic and complex nature of second/foreign language teacher agency. The chapters draw on a range of theories and approaches to language teacher agency (including ecological theory, positioning theory, complexity theory and actor-network theory) that expand our understanding of the concept, while at the same time presenting various analytic approaches such as discourse studies and narrative inquiry. The chapters also analyze the connection of agency to other relevant topics, such as teacher identity, emotions, positioning and autonomy.