Marcus Giaquinto tells the story of one of the great intellectual adventures of the modern era -- the attempt to find firm foundations for mathematics. From the late nineteenth century to the present day, this project has stimulated some of the most original and influential work in logic and philosophy.

A survey of recent developments both in the classical and modern fields of the theory. Contents include: The complex analytic structure of the space of closed Riemann surfaces; Complex analysis on noncompact Riemann domains; Proof of the Teichmuller-Ahlfors theorem; The conformal mapping of Riemann surfaces; On certain coefficients of univalent functions; Compact analytic surfaces; On differentiable mappings; Deformations of complex analytic manifolds. Originally published in 1960. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

This distinctive anthology includes many of the most important recent contributions to the philosophy of mathematics. The featured papers are organized thematically, rather than chronologically, to provide the best overview of philosophical issues connected with mathematics and the development of mathematical knowledge. Coverage ranges from general topics in mathematical explanation and the concept of number, to specialized investigations of the ontology of mathematical entities and the nature of mathematical truth, models and methods of mathematical proof, intuitionistic mathematics, and philosophical foundations of set theory.

This volume explores the central problems and exposes intriguing new directions in the philosophy of mathematics, making it an essential teaching resource, reference work, and research guide.

The book complements "Philosophy of Logic: An Anthology" and "A Companion to Philosophical Logic, "also edited by Dale Jacquette (Blackwell 2001).

Presenter l'analyse de base en suivant grosso modo l'ordre suivant laquelle elle a ete decouverte, voici le fil conducteur de cet ouvrage. Complete par un grand nombre de dessins, d'exemples et de contre-exemples, cet ouvrage est redige avec un veritable souci de pedagogie. Il est truffe de remarques historiques et de commentaires explicitant la motivation profonde des developpements exposes.

In this book, Balaguer demonstrates that there are no good arguments for or against mathematical platonism. He does this by establishing that both platonism and anti-platonism are defensible views. Introducing a form of platonism ("full-blooded platonism") that solves all problems traditionally associated with the view, he proceeds to defend anti-platonism (in particular, mathematical fictionalism) against various attacks, most notably the Quine-Putnam indispensability attack. He concludes by arguing that it is not simply that we do not currently have any good argument for or against platonism, but that we could never have such an argument and, indeed, that there is no fact of the matter as to whether platonism is correct.

The initial volume of a comprehensive edition of Gödel's works, this book makes available for the first time in a single source all his publications from 1929 to 1936. The volume begins with an informative overview of Gödel's life and work and features facing English translations for all German originals, extensive explanatory and historical notes, and a complete biography. Volume 2 will contain the remainder of Gödel's published work, and subsequent volumes will include unpublished manuscripts, lectures, correspondence and extracts from the notebooks.

While we are commonly told that the distinctive method of mathematics is rigorous proof, and that the special topic of mathematics is abstract structure, there has been no agreement among mathematicians, logicians, or philosophers as to just what either of these assertions means. John P. Burgess clarifies the nature of mathematical rigor and of mathematical structure, and above all of the relation between the two, taking into account some of the latest developments in mathematics, including the rise of experimental mathematics on the one hand and computerized formal proofs on the other hand. The main theses of Rigor and Structure are that the features of mathematical practice that a large group of philosophers of mathematics, the structuralists, have attributed to the peculiar nature of mathematical objects are better explained in a different way, as artefacts of the manner in which the ancient ideal of rigor is realized in modern mathematics. Notably, the mathematician must be very careful in deriving new results from the previous literature, but may remain largely indifferent to just how the results in the previous literature were obtained from first principles. Indeed, the working mathematician may remain largely indifferent to just what the first principles are supposed to be, and whether they are set-theoretic or category-theoretic or something else. Along the way to these conclusions, a great many historical developments in mathematics, philosophy, and logic are surveyed. Yet very little in the way of background knowledge on the part of the reader is presupposed.

"Geschichte der Analysis" ist von einem internationalen Expertenteam geschrieben und stellt die gegenwartig umfassendste Darstellung der Herausbildung und Entwicklung dieser mathematischen Kerndisziplin dar. Der tiefgreifende begriffliche Wandel, den die Analysis im Laufe der Zeit durchgemacht hat, wird ebenso dargestellt, wie auch der Einfluss, den vor allem physikalische Probleme gehabt haben. Biographische und philosophische Hintergrunde werden ausgeleuchtet und ihre Relevanz fur die Theorieentwicklung gezeigt. Neben der eigentlichen Geschichte der Analysis bis ungefahr 1900 enthalt das Buch Spezialkapitel uber die Entwicklung der analytischen Mechanik im 18. Jahrhundert, Randwertprobleme der mathematischen Physik im 19. Jahrhundert, die Theorie der komplexen Funktionen, die Grundlagenkrise sowie historische Uberblicke uber die Variationsrechnung, Differentialgleichungen und Funktionalanalysis."

L'opera, pubblicata, anche per questa edizione, come Supplemento alla rivista LETTERA MATEMATICA, e frutto del convegno 'Matematica e Cultura' organizzato a Venezia nel Marzo 1998. Il convegno, giunto nel Marzo 1998 alla sua seconda edizione, si propone come un ponte tra i diversi aspetti del sapere umano. Pur avendo come punto di riferimento la matematica, si rivolge a tutti coloro che hanno curiosita e interessi culturali anche e soprattutto al di fuori della matematica. Nel volume si parla pertanto di musica, cinema, di arte, di filosofia, di letteratura, di internet e mass-media.

This publication includes an unabridged and annotated translation of two works by Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728-1777) written in the 1760s: Vorlaufige Kenntnisse fur die, so die Quadratur und Rectification des Circuls suchen and Memoire sur quelques proprietes remarquables des quantites transcendentes circulaires et logarithmiques. The translations are accompanied by a contextualised study of each of these works and provide an overview of Lambert's contributions, showing both the background and the influence of his work. In addition, by adopting a biographical approach, it allows readers to better get to know the scientist himself. Lambert was a highly relevant scientist and polymath in his time, admired by the likes of Kant, who despite having made a wide variety of contributions to different branches of knowledge, later faded into an undeserved secondary place with respect to other scientists of the eighteenth century. In mathematics, in particular, he is famous for his research on non-Euclidean geometries, although he is likely best known for having been the first who proved the irrationality of pi. In his Memoire, he conducted one of the first studies on hyperbolic functions, offered a surprisingly rigorous proof of the irrationality of pi, established for the first time the modern distinction between algebraic and transcendental numbers, and based on such distinction, he conjectured the transcendence of pi and therefore the impossibility of squaring the circle.

Matrices offer some of the most powerful techniques in modem mathematics. In the social sciences they provide fresh insights into an astonishing variety of topics. Dominance matrices can show how power struggles in offices or committees develop; Markov chains predict how fast news or gossip will spread in a village; permutation matrices illuminate kinship structures in tribal societies. All these invaluable techniques and many more are explained clearly and simply in this wide-ranging book.

Originally published in 1986.

The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

A guide to the practical art of plausible reasoning, this book has relevance in every field of intellectual activity. Professor Polya, a world-famous mathematician from Stanford University, uses mathematics to show how hunches and guesses play an important part in even the most rigorously deductive science. He explains how solutions to problems can be guessed at; good guessing is often more important than rigorous deduction in finding correct solutions. Vol. II, on Patterns of Plausible Inference, attempts to develop a logic of plausibility. What makes some evidence stronger and some weaker? How does one seek evidence that will make a suspected truth more probable? These questions involve philosophy and psychology as well as mathematics.

People who learn to solve problems ‘on the job’ often have to do it differently from people who learn in theory. Practical knowledge and theoretical knowledge is different in some ways but similar in other ways - or else one would end up with wrong solutions to the problems. Mathematics is also like this. People who learn to calculate, for example, because they are involved in commerce frequently have a more practical way of doing mathematics than the way we are taught at school. This book is about the differences between what we call practical knowledge of mathematics - that is street mathematics - and mathematics learned in school, which is not learned in practice. The authors look at the differences between these two ways of solving mathematical problems and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. They also discuss ways of trying to put theory and practice together in mathematics teaching.

How to Free Your Inner Mathematician: Notes on Mathematics and Life offers readers guidance in managing the fear, freedom, frustration, and joy that often accompany calls to think mathematically. With practical insight and years of award-winning mathematics teaching experience, D'Agostino offers more than 300 hand-drawn sketches alongside accessible descriptions of fractals, symmetry, fuzzy logic, knot theory, Penrose patterns, infinity, the Twin Prime Conjecture, Arrow's Impossibility Theorem, Fermat's Last Theorem, and other intriguing mathematical topics. Readers are encouraged to embrace change, proceed at their own pace, mix up their routines, resist comparison, have faith, fail more often, look for beauty, exercise their imaginations, and define success for themselves. Mathematics students and enthusiasts will learn advice for fostering courage on their journey regardless of age or mathematical background. How to Free Your Inner Mathematician delivers not only engaging mathematical content but provides reassurance that mathematical success has more to do with curiosity and drive than innate aptitude.

Die Schwierigkeit Mathematik zu lernen und zu lehren ist jedem bekannt, der einmal mit diesem Fach in Beruhrung gekommen ist. Begriffe wie "reelle oder komplexe Zahlen, Pi" sind zwar jedem gelaufig, aber nur wenige wissen, was sich wirklich dahinter verbirgt. Die Autoren dieses Bandes geben jedem, der mehr wissen will als nur die Hulle der Begriffe, eine meisterhafte Einfuhrung in die Magie der Mathematik und schlagen einzigartige Brucken fur Studenten.

Die Rezensenten der ersten beiden Auflagen uberschlugen sich."

In diesem Band soll eine zusammenfassende Darstellung der ausseren Ent- wicklung der Mathematik an den deutschen Universitaten gegeben wer- den. Dazu gehoert insbesondere eine moeglichst vollstandige und verlassliche Aufstellung des Personalbestandes der mathematischen Lehrstuhle und In- stitute. Eine solche Zusammenfassung hat bisher nicht existiert, was die mathematik-historische Forschung in mancher Hinsicht erschwert hat. Der Schwerpunkt der Darstellung liegt auf der institutionellen Seite; der Band enthalt zwar viele biographische Daten, aber keine eigentlichen Biogra- phien. Vor und bei der Erstellung dieses Buches waren eine Reihe grundsatzli- cher Fragen und zahlreiche Detailprobleme zu klaren. Als erstes musste der behandelte Zeitraum festgelegt werden. Hier schien die Periode von 1800 bis 1945 eine naheliegende Wahl zu sein. Vor den Universitatsreformen zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts war die Mathematik an den Universitaten ganz unbedeutend; praktisch alle Professoren aus jener Zeit sind heute ver- gessen. Tatsachlich gilt dies auch noch fur die ersten Jahrzehnte des 19. Jahrhunderts, und ohne wesentlichen Verlust hatte man auch etwa 1830 beginnen koennen. Der gewahlte Zeitraum hat jedoch den Vorteil, dass der grosse Aufschwung der Universitaten allgemein und der Mathematik spe- ziell in der ersten Halfte des letzten Jahrhunderts deutlicher wird. Das Jahr 1945 stellt andererseits eine so einschneidende Zasur dar, dass es na- hezu zwingend war, die Darstellung hier abzuschliessen. Der enorme Ausbau des Universitatssystems ab den spaten funfziger Jahren musste einer weite- ren Publikation vorbehalten bleiben.

Mit den hier abgedruckten klassischen biographischen Texten der Autoren Dirichlet, Kummer, Hensel, Frobenius und Hilbert werden dem Leser Einblicke in Leben und Werk herausragender Wissenschaftler erAffnet. AuAerdem erhAlt er authentische Informationen A1/4ber den Wissenschaftsbereich des 19. Jahrhunderts. Fotos und bisher unverAffentlichte Archivalien komplettieren diesen von H. Reichardt, dem langjAhrigen Direktor an den Mathematischen Instituten der Humboldt-UniversitAt Berlin sowie der Akademie der Wissenschaften, herausgegebenen Band.

The ability to reason and think in a logical manner forms the basis of learning for most mathematics, computer science, philosophy and logic students. Based on the author's teaching notes at the University of Maryland and aimed at a broad audience, this text covers the fundamental topics in classical logic in an extremely clear, thorough and accurate style that is accessible to all the above. Covering propositional logic, first-order logic, and second-order logic, as well as proof theory, computability theory, and model theory, the text also contains numerous carefully graded exercises and is ideal for a first or refresher course.

A lively and engaging look at logic puzzles and their role in mathematics, philosophy, and recreation Logic puzzles were first introduced to the public by Lewis Carroll in the late nineteenth century and have been popular ever since. Games like Sudoku and Mastermind are fun and engrossing recreational activities, but they also share deep foundations in mathematical logic and are worthy of serious intellectual inquiry. Games for Your Mind explores the history and future of logic puzzles while enabling you to test your skill against a variety of puzzles yourself. In this informative and entertaining book, Jason Rosenhouse begins by introducing readers to logic and logic puzzles and goes on to reveal the rich history of these puzzles. He shows how Carroll's puzzles presented Aristotelian logic as a game for children, yet also informed his scholarly work on logic. He reveals how another pioneer of logic puzzles, Raymond Smullyan, drew on classic puzzles about liars and truthtellers to illustrate Kurt Goedel's theorems and illuminate profound questions in mathematical logic. Rosenhouse then presents a new vision for the future of logic puzzles based on nonclassical logic, which is used today in computer science and automated reasoning to manipulate large and sometimes contradictory sets of data. Featuring a wealth of sample puzzles ranging from simple to extremely challenging, this lively and engaging book brings together many of the most ingenious puzzles ever devised, including the "Hardest Logic Puzzle Ever," metapuzzles, paradoxes, and the logic puzzles in detective stories.

What did it mean to be reasonable in the Age of Reason? Classical probabilists from Jakob Bernouli through Pierre Simon Laplace intended their theory as an answer to this question--as "nothing more at bottom than good sense reduced to a calculus," in Laplace's words. In terms that can be easily grasped by nonmathematicians, Lorraine Daston demonstrates how this view profoundly shaped the internal development of probability theory and defined its applications.

The publication of Rasiowa and Sikorski's The Mathematics of Metamathematics (1970), Rasiowa's An Algebraic Approach to Non-Classical Logics (1974), and Wojcicki's Theory of Logical Calculi (1988) created a niche in the field of mathematical and philosophical logic. This in-depth study of the concept of a consequence relation, culminating in the concept of a Lindenbaum-Tarski algebra, fills this niche. Citkin and Muravitsky consider the problem of obtaining confirmation that a statement is a consequence of a set of statements as prerequisites, on the one hand, and the problem of demonstrating that such confirmation does not exist in the structure under consideration, on the other hand. For the second part of this problem, the concept of the Lindenbaum-Tarski algebra plays a key role, which becomes even more important when the considered consequence relation is placed in the context of decidability. This role is traced in the book for various formal objective languages. The work also includes helpful exercises to aid the reader's assimilation of the book's material. Intended for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in mathematics and philosophy, this book can be used to teach special courses in logic with an emphasis on algebraic methods, for self-study, and also as a reference work.

Die wissenschaftlichen Leistungen Richard Dedekinds (1831-1916), an dessen 150. Geburtstag dieser Gedenkband erinnern solI, sind jedem Mathematiker bekannt: Seine Begriindung der algebraischen Zahlen- theorie, die verbunden war mit der Ausarbeitung fundamentaler alge- braischer Begriffe, der Dedekindsche Schnitt, der die erste exakte Kon- sttuktion der reellen Zahlen und die Grundlegung der Analysis ermog- lichte, oder seine mit H. Weber entworfene Theorie der algebraischen Funktionenkorper gehoren zu den wichtigsten Fortschritten in der Mathematik des vorigen Jahrhunderts. 1m Zuge zunehmenden Interesses an geschichtlichen Entwicklungen und historischer Betrachtungsweise hat dariiber hinaus Dedekind in den letzten J ahren auch in besonderem Mage die Aufmerksamkeit der Mathematikhistoriker auf sich gezogen. Eine ganze Reihe von Arbeiten, die sich ausschlieglich oder wesentlich mit ihm und seinem Werk beschaftigen, sind in letzter Zeit erschienen. Dennoch ist unser Bild sowohl des Mathematikers als auch des Menschen Richard Dedekind bis heute unvollstandig und liickenhaft geblieben. Dies gilt vor allem rur den jungen Dedekind, der von 1854 bis 1871 fast nur kleinere Ge1egenheitsarbeiten publizierte, obwohl sich in diesen J ahren schon seine Hauptarbeitsgebiete und auch seine Auffassungen von der Mathematik und wie sie zu betreiben sei herausbildeten und festigten. Auch der bisher bekanntgewordene und publizierte Brief- wechsel stammt ganz iiberwiegend aus spaterer Zeit.

On the General Science of Mathematics is the third of four surviving works out of ten by Iamblichus (c. 245 CE-early 320s) on the Pythagoreans. He thought the Pythagoreans had treated mathematics as essential for drawing the human soul upwards to higher realms described by Plato, and downwards to understand the physical cosmos, the products of arts and crafts and the order required for an ethical life. His Pythagorean treatises use edited quotation to re-tell the history of philosophy, presenting Plato and Aristotle as passing on the ideas invented by Pythagoras and his early followers. Although his quotations tend to come instead from Plato and later Pythagoreanising Platonists, this re-interpretation had a huge impact on the Neoplatonist commentators in Athens. Iamblichus' cleverness, if not to the same extent his re-interpretation, was appreciated by the commentators in Alexandria.

Jesuit engagement with natural philosophy during the late 16th and early 17th centuries transformed the status of the mathematical disciplines and propelled members of the Order into key areas of controversy in relation to Aristotelianism. Through close investigation of the activities of the Jesuit 'school' of mathematics founded by Christoph Clavius, The Scientific Counter-Revolution examines the Jesuit connections to the rise of experimental natural philosophy and the emergence of the early scientific societies. Arguing for a re-evaluation of the role of Jesuits in shaping early modern science, this book traces the evolution of the Collegio Romano as a hub of knowledge. Starting with an examination of Clavius's Counter-Reformation agenda for mathematics, Michael John Gorman traces the development of a collective Jesuit approach to experimentation and observation under Christopher Grienberger and analyses the Jesuit role in the Galileo Affair and the vacuum debate. Ending with a discussion of the transformation of the Collegio Romano under Athanasius Kircher into a place of curiosity and wonder and the centre of a global information gathering network, this book reveals how the Counter-Reformation goals of the Jesuits contributed to the shaping of modern experimental science.