Provides extensive and thoroughly exhaustive coverage of precision laser spectroscopy Presents chapters written by recognized experts in their individual fields Topics covered include cold atoms, cold molecules, methods and techniques for production of cold molecules, optical frequency standards based on trapped single ions, etc Applicable for researchers and graduate students of optical physics and precision laser spectroscopy

This volume is the cumulative subject index for volumes 1-32 of Experimental Methods in Physical Sciences.

Originally published in 1665, Micrographia is the most famous and influential work of English scholar ROBERT HOOKE (1635-1703), a notable member of the Royal Society and the scientist for whom Hooke's Law of elasticity is named. Here, Hooke describes his observations of various household and biological specimens, such as the eye of a fly and the structure of plants, and became the first person to use the term cell in biology, as the cells in plants reminded him of monk's living quarters. In addition to his studies using a microscope, Hooke also discusses the heavenly bodies as visible through a telescope. Students of science and the history of science will find Hooke's early forays into biology and optics a good primer for further learning.

This thirty-third volume of the Experimental Methods in the Physical Sciences series provides a subject and author cumulative index for all previous volumes for easy reference.

Organic synthesis is a vibrant and rapidly evolving field; we can now cyclize amines directly onto alkenes. Like the first two books in this series, Organic Synthesis: State of the Art 2003-2005 and Organic Synthesis: State of the Art 2005-2007, this reference leads readers quickly to the most important recent developments. Two years of Taber's popular weekly online column, "Organic Chemistry Highlights", as featured on the organic-chemistry.org website, are consolidated here, with cumulative indices of all three volumes in this series. Important topics that are covered range from powerful new methods for C-C bond construction to asymmetric organocatalysis and direct C-H functionalization. This go-to reference focuses on the most important recent developments in organic synthesis, and includes a succinct analysis of the significance and applicability of each new synthetic method. It details and analyzes more than twenty complex total syntheses, including the Sammakia synthesis of the Macrolide RK-397, the Ley synthesis of Rapamycin, and the Kobayashi synthesis of (-)-Norzoanthamine.

The damage that can occur in certain fibrous raw materials or in textiles during their production and storage of textiles is expertly described in this book by Karl Mahall. In particular, he explains methods for finding concealed textile defects by using microscopic analysis.Besides minor improvements and corrections, the new edition contains a new chapter "Poultry Feathers as Filling Material for Bedding and Textiles - Analysis of Faults." The reason for its inclusion is that natural feathers and down are not only used as a filling material for bedding but also for garments, such as anoraks, coats and sleeping bags.This book is especially useful as a manual for both chemical and textile engineers and quality engineers. It is also a useful reference for others in the textile industry in general.

This book illustrates the practical workings of environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) from history and instrument design through to solving practical problems. Aspects of instrument design, performance, and operating procedures are covered, together with common problems and pitfalls of the technique. Not only will a properly operated instrument and a carefully set up experiment provide new insight into your specimen, but the ability to observe the specimen in its natural habitat will be essential to meeting specific design criteria for the development of the next generation of materials. Over the past five decades, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) under environmental conditions relevant to a particular sample has been of increasing interest. Symposia dealing with the topic are now among the best attended at international microscopy conferences. Since typical operating modes for the ETEM require the sample be subjected to a harsh environment consisting of corrosive gases and high temperatures, the challenges of adapting and operating the instrument for observation under dynamic operating conditions are numerous. However, careful consideration of the interaction of the electrons with the gases and sample, as well as the gases with the microscope components, can lead to highly rewarding results. In Controlled Atmosphere Transmission Electron Microscopy, leading experts help you to perform successful experiments using the ETEM, and to interpret and understand the results.

Unifies the complex welter of techniques used for chemical separations by clearly formulating the concepts that are common to them. The mass transport phenomena underlying all separation processes are developed in a simple physical-mathematical form. The limitations and optimum performance of alternative separation techniques and the factors enhancing and limiting separation power can thus be described and explored. Generously illustrated and contains numerous exercises. Long awaited in the scientific community, it breaks new ground in understanding separation processes.

A zebrafish, the hull of a miniature ship, a mathematical equation and a food chain - what do these things have in common? They are examples of models used by scientists to isolate and study particular aspects of the world around us. This book begins by introducing the concept of a scientific model from an intuitive perspective, drawing parallels to mental models and artistic representations. It then recounts the history of modelling from the 16th century up until the present day. The iterative process of model building is described and discussed in the context of complex models with high predictive accuracy versus simpler models that provide more of a conceptual understanding. To illustrate the diversity of opinions within the scientific community, we also present the results of an interview study, in which ten scientists from different disciplines describe their views on modelling and how models feature in their work. Lastly, it includes a number of worked examples that span different modelling approaches and techniques. It provides a comprehensive introduction to scientific models and shows how models are constructed and used in modern science. It also addresses the approach to, and the culture surrounding modelling in different scientific disciplines. It serves as an inspiration for model building and also facilitates interdisciplinary collaborations by showing how models are used in different scientific fields. The book is aimed primarily at students in the sciences and engineering, as well as students at teacher training colleges but will also appeal to interested readers wanting to get an overview of scientific modelling in general and different modelling approaches in particular.

Since its inception, patch-clamp has continued to be widely considered the gold standard method to record ion channel activity. "Patch-Clamp Methods and Protocols, Second Edition," provides a comprehensive collection of new techniques for the development of automated, high-throughput screening systems for pharmacological evaluation, the use of various patch-clamp configurations together with novel molecular biological and imaging methodologies and enhanced stimulation protocols and perfusion systems. Divided into sections on pharmacology, physiology and biophysics, the chapters cover methods to generate more physiologically relevant conditions for drug application and screening technologies, recently developed applications such as optogenetic stimulation, advances in whole-cell recordings in freely-moving animals and novel technologies to create custom microelectrodes designed for reducing the access resistance and improving the rate of molecular diffusion. Patch-clamp is an indispensable technique for conducting pharmacological, physiological and biophysical research aimed at understanding crucial aspects of cellular and network function. Written in the successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible protocols and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.

Authoritative and easily accessible, "Patch-Clamp Methods and Protocols, Second Edition" will provide a useful technical and methodological guide to diverse audiences of electrophysiologists, from students to experienced investigators.

This book presents the latest developments in noncontact atomic force microscopy. It deals with the following outstanding functions and applications that have been obtained with atomic resolution after the publication of volume 2: (1) Pauli repulsive force imaging of molecular structure, (2) Applications of force spectroscopy and force mapping with atomic resolution, (3) Applications of tuning forks, (4) Applications of atomic/molecular manipulation, (5) Applications of magnetic exchange force microscopy, (6) Applications of atomic and molecular imaging in liquids, (7) Applications of combined AFM/STM with atomic resolution, and (8) New technologies in dynamic force microscopy. These results and technologies are now expanding the capacity of the NC-AFM with imaging functions on an atomic scale toward making them characterization and manipulation tools of individual atoms/molecules and nanostructures, with outstanding capability at the level of molecular, atomic, and subatomic resolution. Since the publication of vol. 2 of the book Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy in 2009 the noncontact atomic force microscope, which can image even insulators with atomic resolution, has achieved remarkable progress. The NC-AFM is now becoming crucial for nanoscience and nanotechnology.

The electric dipole moment (EDM) challenge measures a non-zero proton EDM value and this book suggests how the challenge can be met. Any measurably large proton EDM would violate the standard model. The method to be employed uses an intense beam of 'frozen spin' protons circulating for hour-long times in a storage ring 'trap'. The smallness of EDMs allows them to test existing theories, but also makes them hard to measure. Such EDM experiments are inexpensive, at least compared to building accelerators of ever-greater energy.

This thesis describes novel approaches and implementation of high-resolution microscopy in the extreme ultraviolet light regime. Using coherent ultrafast laser-generated short wavelength radiation for illuminating samples allows imaging beyond the resolution of visible-light microscopes. Michael Zurch gives a comprehensive overview of the fundamentals and techniques involved, starting from the laser-based frequency conversion scheme and its technical implementation as well as general considerations of diffraction-based imaging at nanoscopic spatial resolution. Experiments on digital in-line holography and coherent diffraction imaging of artificial and biologic specimens are demonstrated and discussed in this book. In the field of biologic imaging, a novel award-winning cell classification scheme and its first experimental application for identifying breast cancer cells are introduced. Finally, this book presents a newly developed technique of generating structured illumination by means of so-called optical vortex beams in the extreme ultraviolet regime and proposes its general usability for super-resolution imaging.

Combined with the other two volumes, this text is a comprehensive treatment of the key experimental methods of atomic, molecular, and optical physics, as well as an excellent experimental handbook for the field. Thewide availability of tunable lasers in the past several years has revolutionized the field and lead to the introduction of many new experimental methods that are covered in these volumes. Traditional methods are also included to ensure that the volumes will be a complete reference source for the field.

Chemistry is an experimental subject, and what can be more stimulating than carrying out a laboratory experiment where the results are memorable either by their visual nature or by their tying together of theory. This collection of 100 chemistry experiments has been developed with the help and support of teachers throughout the UK. Each student worksheet is accompanied by a teachers' notes sheet which gives details for teachers and technicians on apparatus and chemicals, timing, context, teaching tips, background theory and answers to any questions on the student worksheets. The student worksheets are also available on the web, and can be downloaded or adapted as necessary by teachers. Classic Chemistry Experiments is designed as a teaching aid to help communicate the excitement and wonder of chemistry to students, and is ideal for both experienced chemistry teachers and to scientists from other disciplines who are teaching chemistry. Additional resources can be downloaded from: http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/resource/res00001938/classic-chemistry-experiments-book#!cmpid=CMP00000454

This volume presents current advanced technologies and methods used in super-resolution microscopy. The chapters in this book cover a wide range of topics such as introducing super-resolution microscopy into a core facility; two-photon STED microscopy for nanoscale imaging of neural morphology in vivo; correlative SIM-STORM microscopy; two-color single-molecule tracking in live cells; and correlative single molecule localization microscopy and confocal microscopy. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Cutting-edge and comprehensive, Super-Resolution Microscopy: Methods and Protocols is a valuable resource for both established and novel researchers and users in this field.

Biobanking, an emerging field supported by academia, industry and health administrators alike, is distinctly different today from the practice that once defined it. The science of Biobanking, which initially involved simply storing blood or tissue samples in a freezer, is now a highly sophisticated field of research, and expected to grow exponentially over the next decade or two. This book aims to serve the purpose of further enriching the available literature on Biobanking, by offering unique and more useful collection of ideas for the future. The book outlines the experiences of developing modern Biobanking repositories in different countries, whilst covering specific topics regarding the many aspects of Biobanking. This book will be of interest to a wide range of readers including: academics, students, volunteers and advocates of patients' rights.

This book focuses on charged-particle optics and microscopy, as well as their applications in the materials sciences. Presenting a range of cutting-edge theoretical and methodological advances in electron microscopy and microanalysis, and examining their crucial roles in modern materials research, it offers a unique resource for all researchers who work in ultramicroscopy and/or materials research. The book addresses the growing opportunities in this field and introduces readers to the state of the art in charged-particle microscopy techniques. It showcases recent advances in scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and helium ion microscopy, including advanced spectroscopy, spherical-corrected microscopy, focused-ion imaging and in-situ microscopy. Covering these and other essential topics, the book is intended to facilitate the development of microscopy techniques, inspire young researchers, and make a valuable contribution to the field.

Basic Confocal Microscopy, Second Edition builds on the successful first edition by keeping the same format and reflecting relevant changes and recent developments in this still-burgeoning field. This format is based on the Confocal Microscopy Workshop that has been taught by several of the authors for nearly 20 years and remains a popular workshop for gaining basic skills in confocal microscopy. While much of the information concerning fluorescence and confocal microscopy that made the first edition a success has not changed in the six years since the book was first published, confocal imaging is an evolving field and recent advances in detector technology, operating software, tissue preparation and clearing, image analysis, and more have been updated to reflect this. Several of these advances are now considered routine in many laboratories, and others such as super resolution techniques built on confocal technology are becoming widely available.

Advan ces in production technology.- System analysis of yield trials can raise efficiency of breeding for yield.- Research needs in the production of high quality seeds.- Breeding for quality and resistance to fusarial wilt in gladiolus.- Reproductive biology of potato: Basis for true seed production.- Resistance breeding under coordinated programme.- Quality improvement of Punjab grapes.- Exploitation of allien genes for yellow vein mosaic resistance in okra.- Use of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) as biofertilizer for horticultural plants in developing countries.- Foliar feeding of zinc and iron in peach.- Conservation of wild plants of horticultural importance from Tumkur district, Karnataka.- Potential of seed storage at ambient temperature using organic liquids to avoid refrigeration.- Chemical weeding as a labour saving device in management of fruit nurseries.- Role of germplasm in Citrus rootstock improvement.- Comparative efficacy of single and split applied nitrogen on yield and quality of 'Perlette' grapes.- Induced mutations recovered in M2 and subsequent generations in three varieties of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench).- Plant genetic manipulation.- Role of viruses in plant biotechnology.- Microbial populations, host-specific virulence & plant resistance genes.- Genetically engineered resistance in plants against viral infection.- Genetic engineering and transformation of monocots for crop improvement.- Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer in Citrus reticulata Blanco.- Regeneration and genetic transformation studies in watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris L. cv. Melitopolski).- Molecular aspects of cytokinin's stymied action on auxin-mediated new root formation in the hypocotyls of Phaseolus vulgaris L..- Plant cell and tissue culture.- Commercial aspects of micropropagation.- Large scale micropropagation: it's strategic use in horticulture.- Micropropagation of bulb crops.- Current status of forest biotechnology.- Large scale secondary metabolite production: the sanguinarine story.- Current research on micropropagation of Sulcorebutia alba Rausch, Syringa vulgaris L., Hip-peastrum hybrids and Tulipa hybrids.- Plant cell culture and food biotechnology: current trends and future prospects.- Tissue culture propagation: problems and potentials.- Micropropagation and plant conformity in Anthurium andreanum.- Rapid in vitro propagation of virus-indexed Freesia.- Effect of culture media and growth regulators on in vitro propagation of rose.- Shoot tip culture method for rapid clonal propagation of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.).- Tissue culture strategies for banana.- Gynogenic plants from ovary cultures of Mulberry (Morus indica).- Induction of high frequency somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in mandarins.- Tissue culture of medicinal plants: morphogenesis, direct regeneration and somatic embryogenesis.- Production of important phytochemicals through plant cell cultures and scale-up operations: limitations and prospects.- Establishment of somatic cell culture and plant regeneration in grapes (Vitis vinifera L.).- In-ovulo embryo culture in seedless grapes (Vitis vinifera L.).- Micropropagation of Davana (Artemisia pallens Wall.) by tissue culture.- Clonal propagation of bamboo, coffee and mimosa.- Greenhouse technology.- Greenhouse environmental control for Indian conditions.- New seed-grown cut flowers for floriculture industry.- Cut flowers in the Western Hemisphere.- Decision support for integrated greenhouse production systems.- Greenhouse pot plant production in the United States.- Robotics applications to transplanting of plug seedlings.- Plant health and crop protection.- Immunological and molecular approaches to the diagnosis of viruses infecting horticultural crops.- Viruses of ornamentals - identification and diagnosis.- Protein-A supplemented immune electron microscopy for diagnosis of potato viruses X, S, Y and leafroll.- Production of virus-tested seed potatoes.- Pesticide deconta

This book highlights the current understanding of materials in the context of new and continuously emerging techniques in the field of electron microscopy. The authors present applications of electron microscopic techniques in characterizing various well-known & new nanomaterials. The applications described include both inorganic nanomaterials as well as organic nanomaterials.

The combination of atomic force microscopy with ultrasonic methods allows the nearfield detection of acoustic signals. The nondestructive characterization and nanoscale quantitative mapping of surface adhesion and stiffness or friction is possible. The aim of this book is to provide a comprehensive review of different scanning probe acoustic techniques, including AFAM, UAFM, SNFUH, UFM, SMM and torsional tapping modes. Basic theoretical explanations are given to understand not only the probe dynamics but also the dynamics of tip surface contacts. Calibration and enhancement are discussed to better define the performance of the techniques, which are also compared with other classical techniques such as nanoindentation or surface acoustic wave. Different application fields are described, including biological surfaces, polymers and thin films.

The principles and procedures used to obtain structural measurements of terrestrial vegetation communities are presented in this text/reference. Designed to be the standard work on the topic, it provides a balance between conceptual and practical aspects of measurement procedures and techniques. The four commonly used measurements of vegetation - frequency, cover, density, and biomass - are introduced, along with their associated units. There is also up-to-date coverage of vegetation measurement using remote sensing techniques.