Chemistry is an experimental subject, and what can be more stimulating than carrying out a laboratory experiment where the results are memorable either by their visual nature or by their tying together of theory. This collection of 100 chemistry experiments has been developed with the help and support of teachers throughout the UK. Each student worksheet is accompanied by a teachers' notes sheet which gives details for teachers and technicians on apparatus and chemicals, timing, context, teaching tips, background theory and answers to any questions on the student worksheets. The student worksheets are also available on the web, and can be downloaded or adapted as necessary by teachers. Classic Chemistry Experiments is designed as a teaching aid to help communicate the excitement and wonder of chemistry to students, and is ideal for both experienced chemistry teachers and to scientists from other disciplines who are teaching chemistry. Additional resources can be downloaded from: http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/resource/res00001938/classic-chemistry-experiments-book#!cmpid=CMP00000454

Silicon, the basic material for a multibillion-dollar industry, is the most widely researched and applied semiconductor, and its surfaces are the most thoroughly studied of all semiconductor surfaces. Silicon Surfaces and Formation of Interfaces may be used as an introduction to graduate-level physics and chemical physics. Moreover, it gives a specialized and comprehensive description of the most common faces of silicon crystals as well as their interaction with adsorbates and overlayers. This knowledge is presented in a systematic and easy-to-follow way. Discussion of each system is preceded by a brief overview which categorizes the features and physical mechanisms before the details are presented. The literature is easily available, and the references am numerous and organized in tables, allowing a search without the need to browse through the text.

Though this volume focuses on a scientific understanding of physics on the atomistic and mesoscopic levels, it also highlights existing and potential links between basic research in surface science and applications in the silicon industry. It will be valuable to anyone writing a paper, thesis, or proposal in the field of silicon surfaces.

With its focus on the practical application of the techniques of multivariate statistics, this book shapes the powerful tools of statistics for the specific needs of ecologists and makes statistics more applicable to their course of study. It gives readers a solid conceptual understanding of the role of multivariate statistics in ecological applications and the relationships among various techniques, while avoiding detailed mathematics and the underlying theory. More importantly, the reader will gain insight into the type of research questions best handled by each technique and the important considerations in applying them. Whether used as a textbook for specialised courses or as a supplement to general statistics texts, the book emphasises those techniques that students of ecology and natural resources most need to understand and employ in their research. While targeted for upper-division and graduate students in wildlife biology, forestry, and ecology, and for professional wildlife scientists and natural resource managers, this book will also be valuable to researchers in any of the biological sciences.

The field of high performance computing achieved prominence through advances in electronic and integrated technologies beginning in the 1940s. Current times are very exciting and the years to come will witness a proliferation of the use of parallel and distributed systems. The scientific and engineering application domains have a key role in shaping future research and development activities in academia and industry, especially when the solution of large and complex problems must cope with harder and harder timing.
High Performance Scientific And Engineering Computing: Hardware/Software Support contains selected chapters on hardware/software support for high performance scientific and engineering computing from prestigious workshops in the fields such as PACT-SHPSEC, IPDPS-PDSECA and ICPP-HPSECA. This edited volume is basically divided into six main sections which include invited material from prominent researchers around the world. We believe all of these contributed chapters and topics not only provide novel ideas, new results and state-of-the-art techniques in this field, but also stimulate the future research activities in the area of high performance computing for science and engineering applications.
High Performance Scientific And Engineering Computing: Hardware/Software Support is designed for a professional audience, composed of researchers and practitioners in industry. This book is also suitable as a secondary text for graduate-level students in computer science and engineering.

This volume supplements Volumes 63, 64, 87, and 249 of Methods in Enzymology. These volumes provide a basic source for the quantitative interpretation of enzyme rate data and the analysis of enzyme catalysis. Among the major topics covered are Engergetic Coupling in Enzymatic Reactions, Intermediates and Complexes in Catalysis, Detection and Properties of Low Barrier Hydrogen Bonds, Transition State Determination, and Inhibitors.
The critically acclaimed laboratory standard for more than forty years, Methods in Enzymology is one of the most highly respected publications in the field of biochemistry. Since 1955, each volume has been eagerly awaited, frequently consulted, and praised by researchers and reviewers alike. Now with more than 300 volumes (all of them still in print), the series contains much material still relevant today--truly an essential publication for researchers in all fields of life sciences.

Antibodies tagged with fuorescent markers have been used in histochemistry for over 50 years. Although early applications were focused on the detection of microbial antigens in tissues, the use of immunocytochemical methods now has spread to include the det- tion of a wide array of antigens including proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids from virtually any organism. Today, immunohistochemistry is widely used to identify, in situ, various components of cells and tissues in both normal and pathological conditions. The method gains its strength from the extremely sensitive interaction of a specifc antibody with its antigen. For some scientifc areas, books have been published on applications of immu- cytochemical techniques specifc to that area. What distinguished Immunocytochemical Methods and Protocols from earlier books when it was frst published was its broad appeal to investigators across all disciplines, including those in both research and clinical settings. The methods and protocols p- sented in the frst edition were designed to be general in their application; the accompa- ing "Notes" provided the reader with invaluable assistance in adapting or troubleshooting the protocols. These strengths continued to hold true for the second edition and again for the third edition. Since the publication of the frst edition, the application of immuno- tochemical techniques in the clinical laboratory has continued to rise and this third edition provides methods that are applicable to basic research as well as to the clinical laboratory.

Microscope Image Processing, Second Edition, introduces the basic fundamentals of image formation in microscopy including the importance of image digitization and display, which are key to quality visualization. Image processing and analysis are discussed in detail to provide readers with the tools necessary to improve the visual quality of images, and to extract quantitative information. Basic techniques such as image enhancement, filtering, segmentation, object measurement, and pattern recognition cover concepts integral to image processing. In addition, chapters on specific modern microscopy techniques such as fluorescence imaging, multispectral imaging, three-dimensional imaging and time-lapse imaging, introduce these key areas with emphasis on the differences among the various techniques. The new edition discusses recent developments in microscopy such as light sheet microscopy, digital microscopy, whole slide imaging, and the use of deep learning techniques for image segmentation and analysis with big data image informatics and management. Microscope Image Processing, Second Edition, is suitable for engineers, scientists, clinicians, post-graduate fellows and graduate students working in bioengineering, biomedical engineering, biology, medicine, chemistry, pharmacology and related fields, who use microscopes in their work and would like to understand the methodologies and capabilities of the latest digital image processing techniques or desire to develop their own image processing algorithms and software for specific applications.

A comprehensive tutorial for researchers and practitioners involved in surface science. The basics of the scanning probe microscopy techniques as well as material class-specific applications are thoroughly discussed. The book gives access to these methods for advanced students and allows researchers to apply these powerful atomic-resolution imaging techniques to new systems.

Spark scientific curiosity from a young age with this six-level course through an enquiry-based approach and active learning. Collins International Primary Science fully meets the requirements of the Cambridge Primary Science Curriculum Framework from 2020 and has been carefully developed for a range of international contexts. The course is organised into four main strands: Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Earth and Space and the skills detailed under the 'Thinking and Working Scientifically' strand are introduced and taught in the context of those areas. For each Workbook at Stages 1 to 6, we offer: A write-in Workbook linked to the Student's Book New language development activities help build science vocabulary Earth and Space content covers the new curriculum framework Thinking and Working Scientifically deepens and enhances the delivery of Science skills Actively learn through practical activities that don't require specialist equipment or labs Scaffolding allows students of varying abilities to work with common content and meet learning objectives Supports Cambridge Global Perspectives (TM) with activities that develop and practise key skills Provides learner support as part of a set of resources for the Cambridge Primary Science curriculum framework (0097) from 2020 This series is endorsed by Cambridge Assessment International Education to support the new curriculum framework 0097 from 2020.

The central role of RNA in many cellular processes, in biotechnology, and as pharmaceutical agents, has created an interest in experimental methods applied to RNA molecules. This book provides scientists with a comprehensive collection of thoroughly tested up-to-date manuals for investigating RNA-protein complexes "in vitro." The protocols can be performed by researchers trained in standard molecular biological techniques and require a minimum of specialized equipment. The procedures include recommendation of suppliers of reagents.

The central role of RNA in many cellular processes, in biotechnology, and as pharmaceutical agents, has created an interest in experimental methods applied to RNA molecules. This book provides scientists with a comprehensive collection of thoroughly tested up-to-date manuals for investigating RNA-protein complexes "in vitro." The protocols can be performed by researchers trained in standard molecular biological techniques and require a minimum of specialized equipment. The procedures include recommendation of suppliers of reagents.

This comprehensive reference illustrates optimal preparation methods in biological electron microscopy compared with common methodological problems. Not only will the basic methodologies of transmission electron microscopy like fixation, microtomy, and microscopy be presented, but the authors also endeavor to illustrate more specialized techniques such as negative staining, autoradiography, cytochemistry, immunoelectron microscopy, and computer-assisted image analysis.
Key Features
* Authored by the key leaders in the biological electron microscopy field
* Illustrates both optimal and suboptimal or artifactual results in a variety of electron microscopy disciplines
* Introduces students on how to read and interpret electron micrographs

Ribonucleic acids are central to cellular and molecular processes and perform vital functions in both structural and functional roles. RNA molecules form the bridge between the stable genetic information contained within DNA and enzymes and proteins that carry out much of the metabolism within the cell. Many of the sites of protein synthesis, the ribosomes within the cell, are composed of these ribonucleic acids as are the tRNA molecules that deliver the amino acid building blocks to the ribosomes. Of all the RNA species, the nucleic acid intermediate, messenger RNA, is a desirable source of material to biologists, since this reflects much of, what ultimately, is translated into enzymes and proteins. In order to determine the qualitative and quantitative changes in mRNA expression, a vast number of molecular biological techniques have been developed. Key molecular methods that provide the means to initially isolate and analyze RNA molecules are the focus of this volume. In putting together this collection of protocols, we have tried to provide techniques that are most applicable and widely used. In particular, there are a number of iso- tion techniques included that have been developed, modified, or adapted to enable extraction from a variety of cell types, organisms, or subcellular organelles. Successful isolation of intact RNA is an essential starting point for any sub- quent analysis. This is why we have aimed to make this section comprehensive. The analysis of RNA is the focus of the following chapters.

This book represents the compilation of papers presented at the second Atomic Force Microscopy/Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (AFM/STM) Symposium, held June 7 to 9, 1994, in Natick, Massachusetts, at Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center, now part ofU.S. Army Soldier Systems Command. As with the 1993 symposium, the 1994 symposium provided a forum where scientists with a common interest in AFM, STM, and other probe microscopies could interact with one another, exchange ideas and explore the possibilities for future collaborations and working relationships. In addition to the scheduled talks and poster sessions, there was an equipment exhibit featuring the newest state-of-the-art AFM/STM microscopes, other probe microscopes, imaging hardware and software, as well as the latest microscope-related and sample preparation accessories. These were all very favorably received by the meeting's attendees. Following opening remarks by Natick's Commander, Colonel Morris E. Price, Jr., and the Technical Director, Dr. Robert W. Lewis, the symposium began with the Keynote Address given by Dr. Michael F. Crommie from Boston University. The agenda was divided into four major sessions. The papers (and posters) presented at the symposium represented a broad spectrum of topics in atomic force microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and other probe microscopies.

Aquaculture is rapidly becoming a major source of fish protein used to meet the nutritional needs of humans. As the aquaculture industry grows, exposure of farmed fish to environmental contaminants, and the need for chemical therapeutic agents for fish, will increase. This book is designed to bring together authorities worldwide on the regulation of environmental contaminants and food chemicals and researchers investigating the metabolism and disposition of foreign chemicals (xenobiotics) in fish species.

Toxicity Assessment Alternatives: Methods, Issues, Opportunities contains a broad array of critical surveys, contributed by active and respected investigators, describing their research and offering updates on toxicity assessment alternatives, directions determined by current and future grant programs, opportunities for mechanistically based test methods to detect endocrine disruptor activity, the use of alternatives in the Department of Defense hazard assessment initiatives, and the issues and opportunities for validation and regulatory acceptance. Several of these advances make use oftransgenic models that reduce the time and cost of carcinogenicity testing. Others use tissue cultures for the assessment of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Cultures of human epidermal keratinocytes are applicable as models for sulfur mustard lesions, and in vitro protein denaturation is used as a chemical test for assessing the ocular and dermal irritation potential of cosmetic prod ucts. Molecular modeling is applied to explaining chemical toxicity. Commercially developed assay systems have undergone extensive evaluation by their manufacturers. Some of these await external valida tion, and others await acceptance by North American and European regulatory agencies. Toxicity Assessment Alternatives: Methods, Issues, Opportunities provides information from members of the scientific and regulatory communities on what has been achieved and what has been accepted in alternatives to animal testing."

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is now recognized as a crucial tool in materials science. This book, authored by a team of expert Chinese and international authors, covers many aspects of modern electron microscopy, from the architecture of novel electron microscopes, advanced theories and techniques in TEM and sample preparation, to a variety of hands-on examples of TEM applications. Volume II illustrates the important role that TEM is playing in the development and characterization of advanced materials, including nanostructures, interfacial structures, defects, and macromolecular complexes.

In modern scanning electron microscopy, sample surface preparation is of key importance, just as it is in transmission electron microscopy. With the procedures for sample surface preparation provided in the present book, the enormous potential of advanced scanning electron microscopes can be realized fully. This will take the reader to an entirely new level of scanning electron microscopy and finely-detailed images never seen before. Written for: Scientists, practitioners, academic libraries, graduate students

If you're not sure what to make of all the claims and counterclaims, this new book will help cut through the conflicting reports and contradictory findings.
We are bombarded daily with media reports of startling new findings from "just released" studies often in major, authoritative publications on consumer products, medications, foods, alcohol, safety devices, social behavior, public policy, and much more. The decisions of millions of consumers, professionals, and government agencies can be influenced by just one study.
Light, humorous, and entertaining, Studies Show reviews sample studies to expose their traps and pitfalls. In plain English, statistics analyst John H. Fennick discusses the methods of good and bad studies to explain how scientific results can differ sometimes radically. Fennick shows that when armed with common sense and critical intelligence, we can understand almost any study.

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is now recognized as a crucial tool in materials science. This book, authored by a team of expert Chinese and international authors, covers many aspects of modern electron microscopy, from the architecture of novel electron microscopes, advanced theories and techniques in TEM and sample preparation, to a variety of hands-on examples of TEM applications. Volume I concentrates on the newly developed concepts and methods which are making TEM a powerful and indispensible tool in materials science.

Friction force microscopy is an important analytical tool in the field of tribology on the nanometer-scale. The contact area between the probing tip and the sample is reduced to some square nanometers, corresponding to the ideal of a single asperity contact. Traditional concepts, such as friction coefficients, adhesion and elasticity and stick-slip are re-examined with this novel technique. New concepts based upon classical and quantum mechanics are investigated.

Fluorescence microscopy images can be easily integrated into current video and computer image processing systems. People like visual observation; they like to watch a television or computer screen, and fluorescence techniques are thus becoming more and more popular. Since true in vivo experiments are simple to perform, samples can be directly seen and there is always the possibility of manipulating the samples during the experiments; it is an ideal technique for biology and medicine. Images are obtained by a classical (now called wide-field) fluorescence microscope, a confocal scanning microscope, upright or inverted, with epifluorescence or transmission. Computerized image processing may improve definition, and remove glare and scattered light signal. It also makes it possible to compute ratio images (ratio imaging both in excitation and in emission) or lifetime imaging. Image analysis programs may supply a great deal of additional data of various types, starting with calculations of the number of fluorescent objects, their shapes, brightness, etc. Fluorescence microscopy data may be complemented by classical measurement in the cuvette yr by flow cytometry.

This book discusses the various principles in confocal scanning microscopy which has become a useful tool in many practical fields including biological studies and industrial inspection. The methodology presented in this book is unique and is based on the concept of the three-dimensional transfer functions which have been developed by the author and his colleagues over the last five years. With the 3-D transfer functions, resolving power in 3-D confocal imaging can be defined in a unified way, different optical arrangements can be compared with an insight into their inter-relationship, and images of thick objects can be modeled in terms of the Fourier transform which makes the analysis easy. The aim of this book is to provide a systematic introduction to the concept of the 3-D transfer functions in various confocal microscopes, to describe the methods for the derivation of different 3-D transfer functions, and to explain the principles of 3-D confocal imaging in terms of these functions.

The purpose of Ribozyme Protocols is to provide a helpful compilation of protocols that will be of use- DEGREESnot only to those with some experience of ribozymes- DEGREESbut also to those wishing to use ribozymes for the first time. Although it is usually impossible to cover every aspect of a scientific field, I believe this book approaches that ideal and should help all readers perform meaningful experiments using ribozymes. To design ribozymes, one must consider whether the target site will be accessible; this task can be facilitated by using computer programs that pre dict the folding of the target RNA. Such programs are detailed in Chapters 2 and 3. If the chosen target is an RNA virus that can mutate rapidly, it makes sense to consider those parts of the genome that are least likely to change during viral replication. An example of how this can be done is described in Chapter 4. Although computer analysis may be a useful starting point to select tar get sites, there seems, at the moment, to be no guarantee that any particular chosen site will be efficiently cleaved. Some workers have deliberately bypassed this problem by using libraries of ribozyme sequences and by select ing those that actually hybridize to and/or cleave the target; these methods are described in Chapters 5