This volume explores both historical and current issues in English usage guides or style manuals. Guides of this sort have a long history: while Fowler's Modern English Usage (1926) is one of the best known, the first English usage guide was published in the UK in 1770, and the first in the US in 1847. Today, new titles come out nearly every year, while older works are revised and reissued. Remarkably, however, the kind of usage problems that have been addressed over the years are very much the same, and attitudes towards them are slow to change - but they do change. The chapters in this book look at how and why these guides are compiled, and by whom; what sort of advice they contain; how they differ from grammars and dictionaries; how attitudes to usage change; and why institutions such as the BBC need their own style guide. The volume will appeal not only to researchers and students in sociolinguistics, but also to general readers with an interest in questions of usage and prescriptivism, language professionals such as teachers and editors, and language policy makers.

Die Studie untersucht Infinitivkonstruktionen in Objektfunktion im Deutschen, Italienischen und Ungarischen aus einer sprachtypologisch-kontrastiven Perspektive. Die beiden Strukturtypen, die AcI-Konstruktionen und die Objektsinfinitive werden anhand einer Korpusanalyse beschrieben. Die Forschungsparameter umfassen ausgewahlte semantische, morphologische und syntaktische Eigenschaften der Konstruktionen. Dabei widmet sich die Autorin insbesondere Aspekten, die in der bisherigen Forschung wenig Aufmerksamkeit erfahren haben, wie z. B. dem Vergleich von Infinitivkonstruktionen mit Objekten anderer Form. Das Buch richtet sich an KollegInnen und Studierende aus den Bereichen der germanistischen, italienischen und ungarischen Sprachwissenschaft, der kontrastiven Linguistik und der Sprachtypologie.

Der zweite Band der Monographie umfasst das deutsch-spanische Verbvalenzlexikon. Die kontrastiv und valenzfundiert beschriebenen Verben sowie ihre zielsprachlichen AEquivalente veranschaulichen verschiedene Verbklassen und Satzbauplane, Erganzungstypen und verschiedenartige kontrastive Begebenheiten. Aus der Analyse der deutschen Verben sowie der uber 500 spanischen Entsprechungen lassen sich tiefgreifende Einblicke in den sprachwissenschaftlichen Vergleich beider Sprachen gewinnen. Das Woerterbuch kann im Bereich der Fremdsprachendidaktik, der Romanistik und Germanistik, der kontrastiven Sprachwissenschaft sowie der UEbersetzung Anwendung finden.

This study presents an application of distributed morphology to Spanish verb inflections. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the whole system of both the regular and the irregular verbs of Spanish and aims to provide insights into the relation between the features of involved flective endings, the syntactic structure and the attendant morpho(phono)logical processes. The bare phrase structure model of generative grammar is used as the syntactic framework for holding the distributed morphology .

The study uses a broad empirical database to clarify the variable time reference and modal reading ("unreal"/"potential") of non-past related (i.e. temporally refunctioned) forms such as 'wAre gekommen' [would have come] (e.g. 'Morgen wAre sie gekommen' [She would have come tomorrow]) and differences in meaning compared with forms such as 'kAme/wA1/4rde kommen' [would come]. The study concludes with a survey of the temporal refunctioning of the past subjunctive back into the 16th century.

Good spelling is fundamental to making the right impression with any type of writing; reports, homework, CVs, and letters all require correct spelling in order to get the message across in clear and straightforward English. Adaptable or adaptible? Definite or definate? Delirious or delireous? What is the difference between assent and ascent, dual and duel, or forbear and forebear? How do you make the plural of halo? Is it halos or haloes? Actually it's both, but not so for potato, the plural of which is potatoes. Knowing the difference between easily confusable words, making plurals, and adding endings are just some of the aspects of spelling that confront us with endless pitfalls. This easy-to-use A-Z guide does what no spellchecker can do: it gives immediate access not only to individual word spellings but also to general rules that will help you develop good spelling. The book covers the topics in simple and helpful terms and also offers advice on how to use apostrophes and hyphens, and the differences between British and American spelling. The core of the book is a list of over 2,000 words laid out for quick and easy reference. Based on evidence of misspelling gathered from real situations, this guide is the most useful and comprehensive help on spelling available. This edition makes the benefits of the material explicit to the general reader: clear organization of the supplementary features, simple and transparent design, and clearly written rules. One of a mini-series of titles on spelling, grammar and punctuation, and usage.

Dans tout lien social, l'echange entre partenaires inscrit le discours dans une interaction organisee, situee, orientee, historiquement construite et regie par des normes: il vise a modifier un reel par un projet d'influence mutuellement ajuste et construit. Cet ouvrage vise a analyser, a partir de productions langagieres variees en contexte educatif, les differents processus interactionnels de co-construction du sens lors d'une intervention a finalite educative. Vingt-cinq chercheurs de six nationalites et de neuf champs differents sont representes, la forte presence des Sciences du langage assurant la coherence et la pertinence des modalites d'approche. La perspective est didactique car resolument centree sur les savoirs, mais egalement semiotique, actionnelle, culturelle et interculturelle. Les objets de recherche sont apprehendes de facon interdisciplinaire tout en faisant varier pour l'analyse, et la focale et la nature des observations. Dans la dialectique discours-action, la diversite des pratiques educatives questionne les conditions de leur mediation-appropriation: la specificite du didactique en Education physique et sportive est particulierement exploree.

The study sees itself as a strictly empirical investigation into light verb constructions (LVC) in present-day German which focuses on the faits de langue in the Saussurean sense. It takes as its starting point ten functional verbs regarded in the literature as a ~typicala (TM). As well as providing quantitative data, it also presents a detailed analysis of the contexts in which they are used a " their internal and external valency. The analysis of the complements deals both with their syntactic form (description of the LVC patterning) and with the semantically determined combinations into which they can enter.

The studies in this volume explore needs analysis in the public, vocational and academic sectors, in contexts ranging from service encounters in coffee shops to foreign language needs assessment in the U.S. military. In each chapter, the authors explicitly discuss the methodology they employed, and in some cases also offer research findings on that methodology. Several studies are task-based. Contributions include work on English and other languages in both second and foreign language settings, as well as a comprehensive overview of methodological issues in needs analysis by the editor.

Using Arabic is a guide to Arabic usage for students who have already acquired the basics of the language and wish to extend their knowledge. Focusing mainly on Modern Standard Arabic, it is divided into three clear sections on varieties of Arabic, grammar, and vocabulary. 'Varieties of Arabic' describes the linguistic situation in the Arab world, showing students variations in register through the use of authentic texts. The vocabulary section is designed not only to expand students' knowledge of Arabic words, but also to show them which words are most current, and which are appropriate to different registers. The final chapter provides an overview of Arabic grammar, giving many modern-day examples, and highlighting common errors. Clear, readable and easy to consult, Using Arabic will prove an invaluable reference for students seeking to improve their fluency and confidence in Arabic.

This volume is a collection of nine original papers exploring dimensions of individual difference in language learning from narrative and biographical perspectives. This volume is a collection of nine original papers exploring dimensions of individual difference in language learning from narrative and biographical perspectives. Topics covered include motivation, emotion, age, learning strategies and beliefs, identity and the influence of classroom, distance and self-instructional settings. The authors use a variety of research methods to investigate learners' experiences of these aspects of the learning process. Among the countries represented in the research are Australia, Bahrain, China, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, New Zealand, Peru, the United Kingdom and the United States. The studies will be of interest to teachers, teachers-in-preparation, teacher educators and researchers.

The fully revised edition of this 'classic' helps teachers give their learners the tools they need to express themselves through a range of stimulating drama contexts. This completely revised edition of the classic title Drama Techniques provides: *150 ideas for interesting and productive fluency practice *a large selection of drama-based techniques which focus learners' attention on communicative tasks or activities *techniques suitable for all levels *clear instructions for the teacher *advice on how to use the techniques in the classroom

Concise Designed to meet the needs both of the Arabic speaker who is learning English and of the English speaker who is learning Arabic.