As documented by health and medical professionals and social and behavioural scientists, stress has a pervasive presence in our society. The effects of stress on both the individual and our culture have received much attention. This anthology contains twenty essays that are representative of the author's over one hundred writings about stress.

A mood is defined as the prevailing psychological state (habitual or relatively temporary). It is further defined as a feeling, state or prolonged emotion that influences the whole of one's psychic life. It can relate to passion or feeling; humour; as, a melancholy mood; a suppliant mood. Mood can and does affect perceived health, personal confidence, one's perceptions of the world around us and our actions based on those perceptions. Moods can and do change often although mood swings of a sharp nature may be a symptom of underlying disease. Moods may signify happiness, anger, tension, or anxiety. Chronic periods of any mood state may be an indicator of a disorder as well. This new book gathers important research from throughout the world in this rapidly changing field.

The "Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science" encompasses the refined statistical concepts and techniques that are essential to the advancement in psychology and its ever-widening fields of application. Providing comprehensive accounts drawn from the huge expansion of statistical methodologies in the behavioral sciences, highlighting new techniques and developments from the past decade. Up-to-date coverage of developing fields including neuroscience, behavioral genetics, decision learning and cognitive science. Containing over 600 articles and over 400 contributions from eminent psychologists and statisticians world-wide. Emphasis on practical, non-technical methods with wide ranging application. Extensively cross-referenced to ensure fast and accurate access to available information

Representing an invaluable addition to both the psychological and statistical literature, the "Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science" forms an essential reference work for researchers, educators and students in the fields of applied psychology, sociology, market research, consumer behavior, management science, decision making and human resource management.

For further details please visit: www.wiley.com/go/eosbs

1928. Contents: Part One. Psychology and Life; Sex Among the Moderns; The Freudian Emphasis on Sex; The Role of Inferiority in Human Behavior; Psychiatry to the Rescue; Is Prostitution Petering Out?; and Problems of the Sexes. Contents: Part Two. Human Nature in the Making; The Science of Reeducation; Mental Hygiene: The Quintessence of the New Psychology; A Psycho-Sexual Inventory; The Problem of Childhood; The New Educational Psychiatry; and The Psychoneurotic Situation in our Colleges.

According to Stephen Ray Flora, reinforcement is a very powerful tool for improving the human condition despite often being dismissed as regarding people as less than human and as "overly simplistic. "This book addresses and defends the use of reinforcement principles against a wide variety of attacks. Countering the myths, criticisms, and misrepresentations of reinforcement, including false claims that reinforcement is "rat psychology," the author shows that building reinforcement theory on basic laboratory research is a strength, not a weakness, and allows unlimited applications to human situations as it promotes well-being and productivity. Also examined are reinforcement contingencies, planned or accidental, as they shape behavioral patterns and repertoires in a positive way.

According to Stephen Ray Flora, reinforcement is a very powerful tool for improving the human condition despite often being dismissed as regarding people as less than human and as "overly simplistic. "This book addresses and defends the use of reinforcement principles against a wide variety of attacks. Countering the myths, criticisms, and misrepresentations of reinforcement, including false claims that reinforcement is "rat psychology," the author shows that building reinforcement theory on basic laboratory research is a strength, not a weakness, and allows unlimited applications to human situations as it promotes well-being and productivity. Also examined are reinforcement contingencies, planned or accidental, as they shape behavioral patterns and repertoires in a positive way.

Cognitive-behavioural therapies are the most popular form of mental health services offered today. But with this popularity comes an urgent need for standardized training and education for emerging cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) clinicians. This handy guide offers an evidence-based approach to supervision of emerging CBT practitioners. The authors' approach is based on two key concepts: feedback that is geared toward strengths as well as weaknesses, and stimulates problem-solving and growth; and demonstration, by which a supervisor takes part in role-playing exercises and even shows videos of his or her own work with clients, in order to model the experiential knowledge that trainees need to succeed. Using a wealth of case examples, including material from a supervision session with a real trainee (from the DVD Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Supervision, also available from the American Psychological Association), Newman and Kaplan demonstrate how trainees can learn to think like effective CBT practitioners, from conceptualizing cases and matching interventions to the individual needs of each client, to the comprehensive and subtle understandings of cultural competency and professional ethics.

South Africa is a society that, sadly, has been divided against itself even at the best of times. Beginning with the initial advent of colonialism on the southern tip of the African continent, through to the later spawning of apartheid as well as in its nascent democracy, divisions have continually been manifest in varying form and content, along racial, ethnic, class, religious, language, political or other socio-economic and cultural lines. Unlike most societies, South Africa is a natural laboratory for psycho-social research yet it has been foreign researchers who have conducted most of the behavioural studies on the human condition in the country. South African psychologists seem to have steered clear of involvement in researching any major policy impact, especially in recent times when the re-shaping of South African society has been at its height. Each of the authors in this book is South African and, appropriately, has lived through the transition in South Africa and has attempted to understand the changes at both professional and personal levels.;The contributors were each asked to write a chapter that would 'explore the South African socio-political terrain from within their fields of expertise and so help others navigate the uncharted future with less trepidation.'

The focus of this book is to present the latest aspects in the area of human behavior and its relation to planning of an optimal traffic safety. The contributions from authors in various disciplines such as scientists, medical practitioners, administrators and practitioners from the car industry examine how road-user behavior can cause accidents and how decision-makers from various sectors of society may influence road users' behavior. The development of modern vehicles and new traffic systems requires more sophisticated behavior and technology. New medical technologies such as improved neuropsychologic methods and descriptive mapping of behavior with imaging techniques facilitate the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of human behavior. The increased knowledge of normal and pathologic behavior contributes to strenghten primary prevention with the goal of reducing traffic accidents.

Developments in methodology and applications in travel behaviour research continue to diversify to capture the growing complexity of human travel activity and coping strategies. The random utility theory (RUM) paradigm on which many econometric and empirical studies have been based since the mid-1970's has been challenged by the bounded utility maximisation or satisficing paradigm. More recently, the rules-based paradigm from psychology has attracted considerable interest and shows signs of offering a serious 'alternative' paradigm to RUM.
This book highlights the competition between these ideas and shows how the rules-based paradigm has opened up opportunities to reflect the activity-based decision-making process. In six specially commissioned resource papers - including one by Nobel laureate Daniel McFadden - it describes the state of the art in travel behaviour research, from the fundamentals of data collection to the frontiers of e-commerce. The next 14 chapters then set out a series of research directions for ongoing inquiry. Thirty-three further chapters then offer detailed leading edge contributions within seven themes: methodological developments in choice analysis; longitudinal perspectives in choice modelling; incorporating schedules, uncertainty and reliability; challenges facing micro-simulation; integrated transport planning models; driver information and route choice; and data structures.
Based on research presented at the Ninth International Conference of the International Association for Travel Behaviour Research (IATBR), this volume captures major developments in the field since the publication of the last IATBR volume in 1998, and will therefore be of value toall researchers and practitioners needing to keep abreast of current work on travel behaviour.

Second-person I-You relations are central to human life yet have been neglected in consciousness research. This book puts that right, and goes further by also including descriptions of animal "person-to-person" interactions. Contributors include: Yoko Arisaka; J. Allen Cheyne; Jonathon Cole; Natalie Depraz; Shaun Gallagher; Vittorio Gallese; Iso Kern; Eduard Marbach; Victoria McGreer; Annabella Pitkin; Sue Savage-Rumbaugh; Barbara Smuts; Anthony Steinbock; Evan Thompson; Kay Toombs; Alan Wallace; and Dan Zahavi.

Emotion and addiction lie on a continuum between simple visceral drives such as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire at one end and calm, rational decision making at the other. Although emotion and addiction involve visceral motivation, they are also closely linked to cognition and culture. They thus provide the ideal vehicle for Jon Elster's study of the interrelation between three explanatory approaches to behavior: neurobiology, culture, and choice.

The book is organized around parallel analyses of emotion and addiction in order to bring out similarities as well as differences. Elster's study sheds fresh light on the generation of human behavior, ultimately revealing how cognition, choice, and rationality are undermined by the physical processes that underlie strong emotions and cravings. This book will be of particular interest to those studying the variety of human motivations who are dissatisfied with the prevailing reductionisms.

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As the anthropological study of sex becomes more focused within the discipline, this volume offers a cross-section of current research that examines the biological and cultural interface of sexuality. Through articles dealing with the difficulties in obtaining observational data and the relationship between biological and cultural influences, the contributors seek to understand why anthropology has not been better able to integrate behavioral and ideological approaches. Contributions range from methodological concerns such as the proposal for more holistic studies and the problem of relying strictly on people's reports of their sexual behavior, to substantive issues such as cultural implications of biological research and how different cultures distinguish between romantic love and erotic sex. Integrating a wide range of viewpoints, the volume demonstrates that the study of sexuality is becoming more relevant to anthropology and provides a touchstone for scholars confronted with an increasingly bewildering array of approaches to this topic.

Smoking and tobacco have received much attention in the literature throughout this century, particularly in the last 30 years. The causal role of smoking in a large number of fatal diseases has been established. Concern about the ill effects of smoking has led to anti-smoking campaigns revolving around primary prevention and smoking cessation. This book focuses on the literature directed to those who cannot or will not quit smoking and offers an informed risk reduction approach aimed directly at the chronic smoker. A large number of smoking interventions are represented as well as the characteristics of smokers and the outcome of the respective interventions. The importance of continued research on controlled or reduced smoking as opposed to that of smoking cessation is outlined and methodological flaws are offered to alert future researchers. This literature will be an invaluable resource to health professionals, therapists, and others involved in the issue of health and the hazards of continued smoking.

New religious movements-or so-called "cults"-continue to attract and mystify us. While mainstream America views cults as an insidious mix of apocalyptic beliefs, science fiction, and paranoia, with new vehicles such as the World Wide Web, they are becoming even more influential as the millennium approaches. Len Oakes-a former member of such a movement-explores the phenomenon of cult leaders. He examines the psychology of charisma and proposes his own theory of the five-stage life cycle of the two types of prophets: the messianic and the charismatic.

If you're good at finding the one right answer to life's multiple-choice questions, you're "smart." But "intelligence" is what you need when contemplating the leftovers in the refrigerator, trying to figure out what might go with them or if you're trying to speak a sentence that you've never spoken before. As Jean Piaget said, intelligence is what you use when you don't know what to do, when all the standard answers are inadequate. This book tries to fathom how our inner life evolves from one topic to another, as we create and reject alternatives. Ever since Darwin, we've known that elegant things can emerge (indeed, self-organize) from "simpler" beginnings. And, says theoretical neurophysiologist William H. Calvin, the bootstrapping of new ideas works much like the immune response or the evolution of a new animal species,except that the brain can turn the Darwinian crank a lot faster, on the time scale of thought and action. Drawing on anthropology, evolutionary biology, linguistics, and the neurosciences, Calvin also considers how a more intelligent brain developed using slow biological improvements over the last few million years. Long ago, evolving jack-of-all trades versatility was encouraged by abrupt climate changes. Now, evolving intelligence uses a nonbiological track: augmenting human intelligence and building intelligent machines.

In recent years, innovative schools have developed courses in what has been termed emotional literacy, emotional intelligence, or emotional competence. This volume evaluates these developments scientifically, pairing the perspectives of psychologists with those of educators who offer valuable commentary on the latest research. It is an authoritative study that describes the scientific basis for our knowledge about emotion as it relates specifically to children, the classroom environment, and emotional literacy.Key topics include: historical perspectives on emotional intelligence neurological bases for emotional development the development of social skills and childhood socialization of emotion. Experts in psychology and education have long viewed thinking and feeling as polar opposites reason on the one hand, and passion on the other. And emotion, often labeled as chaotic, haphazard, and immature, has not traditionally been seen as assisting reason.All that changed in 1990, when Peter Salovey and John D. Mayer coined the term emotional intelligence as a challenge to the belief that intelligence is not based on processing emotion-laden information. Salovey and Mayer defined emotional intelligence as the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use motivated scientists, educators, parents, and many others to consider the ways in which emotions themselves comprise an intelligent system.With this ground-breaking volume, invited contributors present cutting-edge research on emotions and emotional development in a manner useful to educators, psychologists, and anyone interested in the unfolding of emotions during childhood. In recent years, innovative schools have developed courses in emotional literacy" that making these classes teach children how to understand and manage their feelings and how to get along with one another. Many such programs have achieved national prominence, and preliminary scientific evaluations have shown promising results.Until recently, however, there has been little contact between educators developing these types of programs and psychologists studying the neurological underpinnings and development of human emotions. This unique book links theory and practice by juxtaposing scientific explanations of emotion with short commentaries from educators who elabourate on how these advances can be put to use in the classroom.Accessible and enlightening, Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence provides ample evidence about emotional intelligence as well as sound information on the potential efficacy of educational programs based on this idea.

This volume brings together 13 original essays by psychologists who study adversity and share a commitment to finding workable solutions to some of the critical problems facing society. The structure of the book follows the human life cycle from infancy to adulthood.

"What this book proposes to do," writes Derek Bickerton, "is to stand the conventional wisdom of the behavioral sciences on its head: instead of the human species growing clever enough to invent language, it will view that species as blundering into language and, as a direct result of that, becoming clever." According to Bickerton, the behavioral sciences have failed to give an adequate account of human nature at least partly because of the conjunction and mutual reinforcement of two widespread beliefs: that language is simply a means of communication and that human intelligence is the result of the rapid growth and unusual size of human brains. Bickerton argues that each of the properties distinguishing human intelligence and consciousness from that of other animals can be shown to derive straightforwardly from properties of language. In essence, language arose as a representational system, not a means of communication or a skill, and not a product of culture but an evolutionary adaptation. The author stresses the necessity of viewing intelligence in evolutionary terms, seeing it not as problem solving but as a way of maintaining homeostasis-the preservation of those conditions most favorable to an organism, the optimal achievable conditions for survival and well-being. Nonhumans practice what he calls "on-line thinking" to maintain homeostasis, but only humans can employ off-line thinking: "only humans can assemble fragments of information to form a pattern that they can later act upon without having to wait on that great but unpunctual teacher, experience." The term protolanguage is used to describe the stringing together of symbols that prehuman hominids employed. "It did not allow them to turn today's imagination into tomorrow's fact. But it is just this power to transform imagination into fact that distinguishes human behavior from that of our ancestral species, and indeed from that of all other species. It is exactly what enables us to change our behavior, or invent vast ranges of new behavior, practically overnight, with no concomitant genetic changes." Language and Human Behavior should be of interest to anyone in the behavioral and evolutionary sciences and to all those concerned with the role of language in human behavior.

In July 1993, a scientific event made front-page news: the discovery that genetics plays a significant role in determining homosexuality. In The Science of Desire, Dean Hamer -- the scientist behind the groundbreaking study -- tells the inside story of how the discovery was made and what it means, not only for our understanding of sexuality, but for human behavior in general.

In this accessible and remarkably clear book, Dean Hamer expands on the account of his history-making research to explore the scientific, social, and ethical issues raised by his findings. Dr. Hamer addresses such tough questions as whether it would be possible or ethical to test in utero for the gay gene; whether genetic manipulation could or should be used to alter a person's sexuality; and how a gay gene could have survived evolution.

A compelling behind-the-scenes look at cutting-edge scientific inquiry, as well as a brilliant examination of the ramifications of genetic research, The Science of Desire is a lasting resource in the increasingly significant debate over the role that genetics plays in our lives.

The origins of knowledge about the self is arguably the most fundamental problem of psychology. It is a classic theme that has preoccupied great psychologists, beginning with William James and Freud. On reading current literature, today's developmental psychologists and ethologists are clearly expressing a renewed interest in the topic. Furthermore, recent progress in the study of infant and animal behavior, provides important and genuinely new insights regarding the origins of self-knowledge.

This book is a collection of current theoretical views and research on the self in early infancy, prior to self-identification and the well-documented emergence of mirror self-recognition. The focus is on the early sense of self of the young infant. Its aim is to provide an account of recent research substantiating the precursors of self-recognition and self-identification. By concentrating on early infancy, the book provides an updated look at the origins of self-knowledge.

Despite medical technological advances, the major killers with which we must currently contend have remained essentially the same for the past few decades. Stroke, cancer, and heart disease together account for the vast majority of deaths in the United States. In addition, due to improved medical care, many Americans who would previously have died now survive these disorders, necessitating that they receive appropriate rehabilitation efforts. One result of our own medical advances is that we must now accept the high costs associated with providing quality care to individuals who develop one of these problems, and we must avail ourselves to assist of afflicted individuals. families Despite the relative stability of causes of death and disability, the health-care field is currently experiencing tremendous pressures, both from professionals with in the field, who desire more and better technology than is currently available, and from the public and other payers of health care (e.g., insurance companies), who seek an end to increasing health-care costs. These pressures, along with an increased emphasis on providing evidence of cost-effectiveness and quality assurance, are substantially changing the way that health-care professionals perform their jobs."

Introduction: 1. Clinical Considerations; C.G. Last, M. Hersen. Clinical Cases: 2. Schizophrenia; P.W. McGuffin, R.L. Morrison. 3. Major Depression; I.W. Miller, et al. 4. Dysthymic Disorder; M.A. Mercier. 5. Alcohol Dependence and Abuse; T.J. O'Farrell. 6. Nicotine Dependence; P. O'Hara 7. Somatization Disorder; J. Baker, P. Cinciripini. 8. Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia; S.L. Williams, B. Laberge. 9. Social Phobia; D.A. Hope, R.G. Heimberg 10. Simple Phobia; F.D. McGlynn, T. Vopat. 11. Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Combined Behavior Therapy and Cognitive Therapy; G. Butler. 12. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; H. Hiss, E.B. Foa. 13. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder; F.W. Weathers, T.M. Keane. 14. Bulimia Nervosa; D.M. Garnerr. 15. Low Sexual Desire Disorder; J.G. Beck. 16. Exhibitionism B.M. Maletsky. 17. Pedophilia; A. Eccles, W.L. Marshall. 18. Primary Insomnia; M. Engel-Friedman. 19. Pathological Gambling; R.A. McCormick. Index.

Clinical Strategies in Brief Psychotherapy; R.A. Wells. Interpersonal Psychotherapy of Depression; C. Cornes. A Brief Family Therapy Model for Child Guidance Clinics; D.J. Hurley, S. Fisher. Brief Couple/Family Therapy; M. Snyder, B. Guerney, Jr. Brief Social Support Interventions with Adolescents; L. Maguire. Solution Focused Therapy; E. Nunnally. Brief Treatment of Anxiety Disorder; L.V. Pacoe, M.A. Greenwald. The Case of Oppositional Cooperation; P.A. Phelps. Brief Family Therapy with a Low Socioeconomic Family; G.K. Popchak, R.A. Wells. Cognitive Therapy of Unipolar Depression; B.F. Shaw, et al. Creating Opportunities for Rapid Change in Marital Therapy; B.L. Duncan. Brief Relapse Prevention with Substance Abusers; V.J. Giannetti. Brief Treatment of Vaginismus; C.G. Pridal, J. LoPiccolo. Brief Treatment of a Torture Survivor; J. Ross, C.J. Gonsalves. Pathological Mourning in ShortTerm Dynamic Psychotherapy; J. Worchel. 10 additional articles. Index.