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Books > Social sciences > Psychology > Philosophy & theory of psychology > Behavioural theory (Behaviourism)
In Our Biosocial Brains, Michele Lewis underscores culture, brain, behavior, and social problems to advocate for a more inclusive cultural neuroscience. Traditional neuroscientists to date have not prioritized studying the impact of power, bias, and injustice on neural processing and the brain's perception of marginalized humans. Lewis explains current events, historical events, and scientific studies, in Our Biosocial Brains. Readers will be drawn to the relevancy of brain science to examples of injustices and social bias. Lewis also argues that incorporating non-western African-Centered Psychology is vital to diversifying research questions and diversifying interpretations of existing brain science, because African-Centered Psychology is not rooted in racist, classist, and exclusionary hegemonic methods. Lewis argues for attention to marginalized populations, regarding the impact of violence, disrespect, othering, slurs, environmental injustice, health, and general disregard on humans' brains and behavior. Using hundreds of peer-reviewed studies and original research, the author presents scientific studies that are integrated with sociocultural explanations to foster wider understanding of how our sociocultural world shapes our brains, and how our brains' responses influence how humans perceive and treat one another.
In this book, an international group of leading scientists present
perspectives on the control of human behavior, awareness,
consciousness, and the meaning and function of perceived control or
self-efficacy in people's lives. The book breaks down the barriers
between subdisciplines, and thus constitutes an occasion to reflect
on various facets of control in human life. Each expert reviews his
or her field through the lens of perceived control and shows how
these insights can be applied in practice.
A dramatic shift in the average age of the U.S. population and the
increasing number of elderly Americans has introduced new and
challenging healthcare dilemmas. This book addresses these issues
with contributed chapters by the leading authorities in the field
of behavioral medicine. It deals with health and healthcare needs
of the elderly by considering basic changes that result from aging
and some of the more specific problems that accompany it.
In laboratory research, the process of conditioning is traditionally initiated with a single intermittent stimulus (such as a tone or flash of light). This is true of both classical and instrumental research. Because of its role in evoking conditioned behavior, the use of an intermittent stimulus has become an indispensable part of laboratory research on conditioned behavior. The question arises whether the same scheme of conditioning may be applied to behaviors occurring in real life. In Conditioning, Wanda Wyrwicka analyzes evidence of the influence of situations on behavior in laboratory studies. She looks at cases in which the subject's reaction was dependent on complex situations rather than a single stimulus. Wyrwicka suggests that beyond external situations there exists internal factors located in the brain that consist of previous and present experiences that may influence behavior. In Chapter 1, Wyrwicka summarizes Ivan Pavlov's concept of the conditioned reflex using intermittent stimuli. Chapter 2 deals with the mechanisms of motor conditioned behavior and the results of instrumental conditioning studies. Chapter 3 covers the phenomenon called "switching," which is the appearance of a conditioned reaction different than the original conditioned stimulus. In Chapter 4, Wyrwicka describes various studies in which situation becomes a potent factor in conditioned reactions. Chapter 5 describes research pertaining to defensive and alimentary behaviors. Chapter 6 analyzes three examples of complex conditioning: detour, feeding, and presleep behaviors. Chapters 7 and 8 focus on the functions of various internal organs, and the conditioning of electrical brain activity leading to inhibition of epileptic seizures. In her concluding chapter, Wyrwicka discusses theoretically the data mentioned previously. Conditioning opens up rich possibilities for continued exploration. This revealing work will interest scientists specializing in behavioral sciences, psychologists, neuroscientists, educators, as well as students of biology.
A comprehensive resource for analyzing a variety of categorical
data, this book emphasizes the application of many recent advances
of longitudinal categorical statistical methods. Each chapter
provides basic methodology, helpful applications, examples using
data from all fields of the social sciences, computer tutorials,
and exercises. Written for social scientists and students, no
advanced mathematical training is required. Step-by-step command
files are given for both the CDAS and the SPSS software
programs.
Obtaining accurate information about behaviors, symptoms, and experiences is critical in many areas of behavioral and biomedical research and in clinical practice. Rigorous methodological techniques have been developed in the last decade to improve the reliability and accuracy of these self reports from research volunteers and patients about their pain, mood, substance abuse history, or dietary habits. This book presents cutting-edge research on optimal methods for obtaining self-reported information for use in the evaluation of scientific hypothesis, in therapeutic interventions, and in the development of prognostic indicators. ALTERNATE BLURB: Self-reports constitute critically important data for research and practice in many fields. As the chapters in this volume document, psychological and social processes influence the storage and recall of self-report information. There are conditions under which self-reports should be readily accepted by the clinician or researcher, and other conditions where healthy scepticism is required. The chapters demonstrate methods for improving the accuracy of self-reports, ranging from fine-tuning interviews and questionnaires to employing emerging technologies to collect data in ways that minimize bias and encourage accurate reporting. Representing a diverse group of disciplines including sociology, law, psychology, and medicine, the distinguished authors offer crucial food for thought to all those whose work depends on the accurate self-reports of others.
This volume addresses topics related to the nature of the stress
response, the role of environment in individual differences in
stress, and the different strategies used for coping with stressful
events. The chapters present theoretical and empirical work focused
on a wide range of issues related to stress, soothing, and coping.
Authored by recognized authorities with innovative research
programs in the field, this volume addresses topics from diverse
perspectives in child development, clinical psychology, pediatrics,
psychophysiology, and psychobiology. Adaptive and maladaptive
outcomes of stress and coping are addressed in various pediatric,
medical, and clinical populations. This book also covers recent
research on the effects of both prenatal and postnatal stress on
subsequent coping, stress reactivity, and socioemotional
functioning in the human and nonhuman primate. With this diversity
of papers, this volume should be of special value to child
development professionals with interests in behavioral and
physiological approaches to temperament, emotional expression, and
emotional regulation; to those interested in mother-child
interaction; and to researchers and clinicians in many different
disciplines.
This volume addresses topics related to the nature of the stress
response, the role of environment in individual differences in
stress, and the different strategies used for coping with stressful
events. The chapters present theoretical and empirical work focused
on a wide range of issues related to stress, soothing, and coping.
Authored by recognized authorities with innovative research
programs in the field, this volume addresses topics from diverse
perspectives in child development, clinical psychology, pediatrics,
psychophysiology, and psychobiology. Adaptive and maladaptive
outcomes of stress and coping are addressed in various pediatric,
medical, and clinical populations. This book also covers recent
research on the effects of both prenatal and postnatal stress on
subsequent coping, stress reactivity, and socioemotional
functioning in the human and nonhuman primate. With this diversity
of papers, this volume should be of special value to child
development professionals with interests in behavioral and
physiological approaches to temperament, emotional expression, and
emotional regulation; to those interested in mother-child
interaction; and to researchers and clinicians in many different
disciplines.
Drugs of Abuse and Addiction: Neurobehavioral Toxicology examines drugs of abuse and addiction and how they affect behavior. This book considers the entire range of addiction research in humans and animals, using a multidisciplinary approach to discuss all areas of the neuro- and behavioral sciences involved. Emphasis is on acute and chronic effects; reversible and irreversible consequences, functional disorders of the nervous system; neurobehavioral dysfunctions; and the multi-sided aspects of adddiction and the underlying neurobiological mechanisms.
Introduction to Neurobehavioral Toxicology: Food and Environment examines the effects of chemicals on the central and peripheral nervous system and the subsequent changes in behavior, with a focus on the toxicity of food components and behavioral effects of environmental toxicants. Topics addressed include acute and chronic effects; reversible and irreversible consequences; functional disorders of the nervous system; neurobehavioral dysfunctions; and the underlying neurobiological mechanisms.
Mobbing bullying or harassment, a severe form of social stressor at work, has become a topic of widespread public interest in several European countries. Mobbing includes minor social conflicts such as socially isolating a person, rumours, or giving somebody a bad name, but also major conflicts like giving somebody no work, or work below or above his or her qualification, threats to kick somebody out of the firm, or threats of physical violence. Although mobbing is a very old phenomenon, it has not been described and systematically investigated until the early 1980s when Heinz Leymann started the first research projects in Sweden.; This special issue brings together scientists and practitioners from various European countries who have done research and possess practical experience in this area. The book begins with an article that introduces the theoretical concept of mobbing. Several articles follow which report empirical findings on mobbing in Austria, Finland, Germany, Norway and Sweden. These articles deal with questions such as: How oftenn does mobbing occur? Can anybody be affected? Who are the mobbers? Are there organizational causes of mobbing? The articles emphasize the severe health consequences which can be observed in nearly every mobbing victim. One article reports two case studies and describes the medical treatment of mobbing victims. Finally, prevention and intervention measures are summarized which were already successfully used in practice.
Research on metaphor has been dominated by Aristotelian questions
of processes in metaphor understanding. Although this area is
important, it leaves unasked Platonic questions of how structures
of the mind affect such processes. Moreover, there has been
relatively little work on how metaphors affect human behavior.
Although there are numerous postdictive or speculative accounts of
the power of metaphors to affect human behavior in particular
areas, such as clinical or political arenas, empirical verification
of these accounts has been sparse.
First published in 1996. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
While concentrating on the central tenets of behavioural analysis,
this volume demonstrates how behavioural analysis can be seen as a
general approach to psychology and how it can be related to the
various other conceptual frameworks current in modern psychology.
Applications of behavioural processes to clinical and social issues
are included in each of the eight chapters which deal with
different behavioural processes, and every chapter contains
self-assessment materials. Introductory and concluding chapters set
the scene from which behavioural analysis developed and indicate
its prospects for further development.
This text explores the relationship between the planned or built environment and the occurrence of mental ill-health. It begins by providing a broad overview of what is known about the causes of psychopathic behaviour. It then goes on to discuss the issues that arise when attempting to identify: the impact of the environment as a source of stress; the effects that the environment can have on the quality of relationships between people; and the relationship between symbolic aspects of the environment, the planning process and mental health. The book uses analysis and case studies drawn from the UK and US and contains example illustrations of the built environment.
This book represents a social psychological approach to the study of emotion. The contributors present empirical data using the 'time sampling' or 'experience sampling' technique developed by Brandstätter. This technique allows researchers to gain direct access to the phenomenological experiences of subjects without the distorting effects of recall. Populations studied include bank employees, factory workers, housewives, and the unemployed.
"Practicing Positive CBT: From Reducing Distress to Building Success" reveals a new therapeutic approach that combines traditional CBT with Positive Psychology and Solution-Focused Brief Therapy. By shifting the focus of therapy from what is wrong with clients to what it right with them and from what is not working to what is, Positive CBT creates a more optimistic process that empowers clients and therapists to flourish. Increases client motivation and collaboration; allows therapeutic outcomes to be achieved in shorter timeframes and in a more cost-effective wayCovers theory and applications, and provides a wide range of stories, exercises and case studiesThe author has a uniquely broad knowledge and experience as a therapist and trainer of CBT, PP, and SFBT
First published in 1994. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Sisterhood used to be the most powerful metaphor for relationships between women. Now there is a new interest in the mother-daughter relationship which in all its complexity, often acts as a better symbol of the diversity and difference inherent in women's relations in general. However, while recent theorizing has focused on the role of the mothers and mothering, far less attention has been given to the active role taken by women as daughters. With this focus on daughtering, the book offers conceptualizations to extend the normal boundaries of psychoanalytic theory. "Daughtering and Mothering" develops its discussion from viewpoints in psychoanalysis and psychology, as well as cultural anthropology. The contributors take up three main themes, firstly on the sexual dimension of female subjectivity, challenging the notion that the father is necessarily the first sexual object. They also discuss contextual issues, examining women's roles in therapy, management and education, and in external relations in general. Finally they argue that the concept of "good-enough-mothering" is an idealized version of the mother-daughter relationship.
According to Stephen Ray Flora, reinforcement is a very powerful tool for improving the human condition despite often being dismissed as regarding people as less than human and as "overly simplistic. "This book addresses and defends the use of reinforcement principles against a wide variety of attacks. Countering the myths, criticisms, and misrepresentations of reinforcement, including false claims that reinforcement is "rat psychology," the author shows that building reinforcement theory on basic laboratory research is a strength, not a weakness, and allows unlimited applications to human situations as it promotes well-being and productivity. Also examined are reinforcement contingencies, planned or accidental, as they shape behavioral patterns and repertoires in a positive way. |
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