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Books > Social sciences > Psychology > Philosophy & theory of psychology > Behavioural theory (Behaviourism)
This is the only available comprehensive monograph on
interrelations and interdependencies between agonistic and sexual
behaviors. Integrating theory and research from biology,
anthropology, neurophysiology, endocrinology, psychophysiology, and
psychology, this book focuses on the mechanisms that govern the
mutual influences between sexuality and aggression in behavior
sequences and especially in admixtures of aggressive-sexual
behaviors.
How do customers decide what products and brands to buy? With the rise of sophisticated advertising and marketing research methods in this century, business leaders have spent billions of dollars attempting to answer this perplexing question. Occasionally, analysts emerge with suggestive trends, but ultimately with little hard evidence to support any definitive "laws" of customer choice. Now, in this much-anticipated major work, Eric Marder reveals how universal patterns in survey responses lead not only to general principles in marketing but to empirically verifiable laws of human nature itself. Drawing on forty years of applying his pioneering experimental design techniques to marketing research surveys, Marder presents a global theory of choice behavior, supported by original data reported here for the first time from thousands of massive real-life experiments based on millions of interviews. His dramatic findings about pricing, optimal marketing tactics, product evaluation, the relative role of product and image, and advertising effectiveness will make this book required reading for the entire marketing community. Of special interest to social scientists and survey research practitioners will be Marder's powerful research designs and techniques, including the unbounded write-in scale for measuring desirability (attitude) and his methodological analyses of the relationships among beliefs (perceptions), desires, choice, and behavior. In the Preface, he writes: "At the core of the theory are three laws of choice behavior the Law of Congruence, the Law of Primacy, and the Law of Persistence. These laws are both general and self-evident. At first glance, they are so self-evident that you might say: 'I have known this all along.' My reply is: 'Of course you have known it all along. But there is a difference between knowing and knowing, between the passive knowing that allows us to persist in actions that are inconsistent with what we know, and the active knowing that helps us change the way we do things.' I believe that knowing the laws of choice behavior-really knowing them -- changes the way we do things. My crass but stringent criterion has been that a good theory should enable someone equipped with it to make more money than someone who isn't. I believe my theory has passed this test."
Cognitive style may well turn out to be the missing element in the study of individual differences. This book reviews and integrates research on style differences in learning and behavior and describes the Cognitive Styles Analysis, which provides a simple and effective method of assessing style in children and adults. As both a textbook and a source of reference for professionals working in a range of contexts, it will help teachers and trainers reflect on and assess their effectiveness. The authors provide insights into personal and professional behavior for counselors and personnel professionals and offer a framework for future research for psychologists.
Process safety management seeks to establish a multi-level system to assess, document, maintain, and inspect equipment and work practices integral in controlling highly toxic and/or reactive materials. In a highly engineered environment, any variance can set off a chain of events that increases the probability of a process safety incident as violent as an explosion. Human behavior is often the biggest source of this variance, but it can also be the biggest asset for process safety management. Process industries are looking to understand sources of behavioral variance and build better processes based on sound behavioral science. Because of this clear link between behavior and process safety performance, the behavior science community has been challenged to research the behavioral root causes leading to variation that threaten process safety; create and evaluate behavioral interventions to mitigate this variation; and identify the system factors that would influence the behaviors necessary to promote process safety. This book seeks to translate behavior analysis into practical systems that can help reduce human suffering from catastrophic process safety events. All of the chapters in this book were originally published in the Journal of Organizational Behavior Management.
Interactional dilemmas occur when participants are required to
engage in two contradictory activities at the same time or orient
to two conflicting goals. The existence of such dilemmas provides a
context for interactants to be creative, pro-active, and indeed
strategic as they maneuver between the numerous demands placed on
them and produce behavior that fits the ongoing communication
episode. Trials are one such episode in which the various
participants -- in this case, the judge, the defendant, and lawyers
-- experience interactional dilemmas and work to resolve these
through their behavior.
This volume is intended to fill a niche in the statistical toolbox of behavioural scientists. Most know two important concepts - how to analyze continuous data from randomly assigned treatment groups of subjects and how to assess practice effects for a single group of subjects given a constant treatment at each of several stages of practice. However, except in the case of the repeated measures Latin square design, researchers are not facile in analyzing data from different subjects receiving different treatments at various times in an experiment. As the opening chapter states and later chapters elaborate, randomization of treatment sequences for different subjects may lead to unbiased conventional estimates of treatment effects and of time-related effects. Yet, the standard errors of such estimates may be unduly large because the error sums of squares include contributions from nuisance variables such as stage-of-practice effects when treatment effects are of interest.
Decision making plays a major role in virtually every theory of
organizational behavior. However, decision theory has not provided
organizational theorists with useful descriptions of how decisions
are made, either by individuals or by individuals in organizations.
The earliest offering came from economics in the form of the
"normative" rational view of decision making. The underlying
presumption was that decision makers are all striving to maximize
return or minimize loss, that decisions are based upon unlimited
information, and that they have the capacity to use the information
efficiently. They know the options open to them and the
consequences of pursuing one or another of those options. The
optimal course of action is revealed by applying the appropriate
analysis and choosing the most profitable option. The key concepts
are rationality, analysis, orderliness, and maximization, and even
a moment's thought demonstrates the gap between these concepts and
real-life experience. From the viewpoint of organizational theory,
the primary problem with the normative view of decision making, and
by analogy with much behavioral decision research, is its reliance
on the "gamble metaphor." That is, decisions are characterized as
gambles in an effort to capture the inherent risk. This metaphor
has the advantage of simplicity, but it is a flawed simplicity.
Interactional dilemmas occur when participants are required to
engage in two contradictory activities at the same time or orient
to two conflicting goals. The existence of such dilemmas provides a
context for interactants to be creative, pro-active, and indeed
strategic as they maneuver between the numerous demands placed on
them and produce behavior that fits the ongoing communication
episode. Trials are one such episode in which the various
participants -- in this case, the judge, the defendant, and lawyers
-- experience interactional dilemmas and work to resolve these
through their behavior.
During the past two decades there has been a growing level of concern worldwide regarding the importance of ethical issues within the conduct of behavioral sciences research. This book seeks to reflect that concern, attempting throughout to strike a balance between the rights and welfare of the participants of research and the rights of the researchers to pursue a fuller understanding of behavior. Discussion within the text ranges from problems encountered in the conduct of human subject and animal subject research in both laboratory and field settings to the issues surrounding integrity in the analysis of data and professional ethical principles. Each chapter includes illustrative case studies of ethically controversial investigations which, combined with a full bibliography, encourage the reader to more in-depth study.
This scholarly yet highly readable and practical text
systematically covers the importance, development, assessment, and
treatment of social skills of children and adolescents. Combining
scientific rigor with a highly approachable and readable style of
writing to create a practical and unique book, this volume provides
a comprehensive overview of the increasingly important topic of
child and adolescent social skills. A wide variety of tables,
figures, and practical step-by-step guides enhance the material
presented, making it particularly useful for practitioners while
offering an extensive array of recent research and models of
interest to researchers. The authors present a solid foundation of
scientific knowledge written in a manner accessible to
nonscientists and having ample practical implications and examples
for educational and clinical practice. The book is divided into two
parts--the first features a foundation for conceptualizing and
assessing child and adolescent social skills, whereas the second
focuses on the arena of intervention. An up-to-date and unique
addition to the literature, this volume will be of interest to
professionals who work with or study children across several
disciplines including school and clinical child psychology, special
education, counseling, and social work.
Why are people often so unpredictable? Why do they do things which can often cause great personal harm even whey they know this to be the case? This volume seeks to address these and many other enduring questions through a detailed discussion of the chaotic nature of human existence. It explores three general areas, the first of which is neurobiology and genetics. The evolution of the mind is examined from a Darwinian perspective, drawing attention to the way chance and uncertainty in development are structured by natural selection. Key findings from current biological and medical research are reviewed, the interrelationship between genetics and experience is explored, and Gerald Edelman's theory of the evolution of the mind through natural selection is discussed. The second theme, cognition and collective action, is considered in the light of evidence indicating that the way we think is also subject to natural selection. Furthermore, it is argued that there is a meaningful distinction between reason (adaptive rationality) and formal rationality. Finally, recent research into chaos theory, order and complexity is reviewed.
Why are people often so unpredictable? Why do they do things which can often cause great personal harm even whey they know this to be the case? This volume seeks to address these and many other enduring questions through a detailed discussion of the chaotic nature of human existence. It explores three general areas, the first of which is neurobiology and genetics. The evolution of the mind is examined from a Darwinian perspective, drawing attention to the way chance and uncertainty in development are structured by natural selection. Key findings from current biological and medical research are reviewed, the interrelationship between genetics and experience is explored, and Gerald Edelman's theory of the evolution of the mind through natural selection is discussed. The second theme, cognition and collective action, is considered in the light of evidence indicating that the way we think is also subject to natural selection. Furthermore, it is argued that there is a meaningful distinction between reason (adaptive rationality) and formal rationality. Finally, recent research into chaos theory, order and complexity is reviewed.
This book is about reactions to interpersonal conflict such as avoiding, negotiating, and fighting. It breaks away from the prevailing assumption that conflict behaviours are mutually isolated reactions having mutually isolated effects. Instead, reactions are viewed as components of complex conflict behaviour that influence each other's impact on the substantive and relational outcomes. The simultaneous and sequential occurrence of, for example, problem solving and fighting should therefore be studied together and not separately. The author presents a ladder of stepwise increases in theoretical quality, and designs the sequence of chapters in such a way that the theoretical value increases step by step. The lower steps lead to the description of behavioural components and to a model of integrative and distributive dimensions. The upper steps lead to the dimensions of dual concern for one's own and the other's goals and to complexity explanations in terms of the novel paradigm of conglomerated conflict behaviour. The chapters are summarised into thirty-four interrelated propositions. Six empirical studies demonstrate the validity of crucial propositions at each level of the theoretical framework. This monograph primarily reaches out to an academic readership. However, due to its clear structure, its comprehensive propositions, its frequent use of figures, and its glossary, the book will also provide an invaluable resource for any student and practitioner interested in conflict management and negotiation.
A new, counterintuitive theory for how social networks influence the spread of behavior New social movements, technologies, and public-health initiatives often struggle to take off, yet many diseases disperse rapidly without issue. Can the lessons learned from the viral diffusion of diseases improve the spread of beneficial behaviors and innovations? How Behavior Spreads presents over a decade of original research examining how changes in societal behavior-in voting, health, technology, and finance-occur and the ways social networks can be used to influence how they propagate. Damon Centola's startling findings show that the same conditions that accelerate the viral expansion of an epidemic unexpectedly inhibit the spread of behaviors. How Behavior Spreads is a must-read for anyone interested in how the theory of social networks can transform our world.
This book challenges the assumptions of the event-dominated DSM
model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Bowmam examines a series of
questions directed at the current mental health model, reviewing
the empirical literature. She finds that the dose-response
assumptions are not supported; the severity of events is not
reliable associated with PTSD, but is more reliably associated with
important pre-event risk factors. She reviews evidence showing the
greater role of individual differences including trait negative
affectivity, belief systems, and other risk factors, in comparison
with event characteristics, in predicting the disorder. The
implications for treatment are significant, as treatment protocols
reflect the DSM assertion that event exposure is the cause of the
disorder, implying it should be the focus of treatment. Bowman also
suggests that an event focus in diagnosis anad treatment risks
increases the disorder because it does not provide sufficient
attention to important pre-exisiting risk factors.
The opening of the former Soviet Union to the West has provided an
opportunity to describe Russian human factors/ergonomics and to
compare American theories and methods with it. Although this book
is principally dedicated to describing the theory of activity as it
applies to issues of design and training, it is also offered to a
general audience of psychologists and interested lay readers. This
theory studies the goal-directed behavior of man and attempts to
integrate the cognitive, motivational, and behavioral aspects of
activity into a holistic system. Such fundamental notions as goal,
action, and self-regulation are described and analyzed from totally
different theoretical points of view.
As we begin a new century, the astonishing spread of nationally and internationally accessible computer-based communication networks has touched the imagination of people everywhere. Suddenly, the Internet is in everyday parlance, featured in talk shows, in special business "technology" sections of major newspapers, and on the covers of national magazines. If the Internet is a new world of social behavior it is also a new world for those who study social behavior. This volume is a compendium of essays and research reports representing how researchers are thinking about the social processes of electronic communication and its effects in society. Taken together, the chapters comprise a first gathering of social psychological research on electronic communication and the Internet. The authors of these chapters work in different disciplines and have different goals, research methods, and styles. For some, the emergence and use of new technologies represent a new perspective on social and behavioral processes of longstanding interest in their disciplines. Others want to draw on social science theories to understand technology. A third group holds to a more activist program, seeking guidance through research to improve social interventions using technology in domains such as education, mental health, and work productivity. Each of these goals has influenced the research questions, methods, and inferences of the authors and the "look and feel" of the chapters in this book. Intended primarily for researchers who seek exposure to diverse approaches to studying the human side of electronic communication and the Internet, this volume has three purposes: * to illustrate how scientists are thinking about the social processes and effects of electronic communication; * to encourage research-based contributions to current debates on electronic communication design, applications, and policies; and * to suggest, by example, how studies of electronic communication can contribute to social science itself.
This book showcases papers presented at the annual Advertising and
Consumer Psychology Conference. The contributors -- active scholars
with both practitioner and academic backgrounds -- share an
interest in the general area of psychographics, values, and
lifestyle in advertising.
This text explores family of origin treatment, which looks at patterns and rules in a family which affect interactions within that family. These patterns are then unconsciously utilized throughout a person's life in work and family settings. Examining and understanding these family rules allows an emphasis on cultural diversity. The family is often the basis for ethnic, cultural and religious norms. Examining these norms can help the individuals and their families deal with norms and variations from these norms, when confronting issues such as marriage and intimacy, sexual orientation and religious belief.
This volume provides a primarily nontechnical summary of
experimental and theoretical work conducted over the course of 35
years which resulted in a developmental framework capable of
integrating causal influences at the genetic, neural, behavioral,
and ecological levels of analysis. It describes novel solutions to
the nature-nurture problem at both the empirical and theoretical
levels. Following field observations, laboratory experiments led to
the discovery of the nonobvious prenatal experiential basis of
instinctive behavior in two species--ground-nesting mallard
ducklings and hole-nesting wood ducklings. This work also describes
the experiences that lead to the rigid canalization of behavioral
development as well as the social and sensory experiences that
favor the continuance of flexibility. The author also describes in
detail a developmental psychobiological systems view that supports
a behaviorally and psychologically mediated pathway to evolutionary
change in humans and other species. Written in a way that is
readable to even the nonspecialist, the text is accompanied by
numerous photographs that illuminate and add personal meaning to
the written words. Readers will be engaged by the emphasis on the
human aspect of the scientific enterprise. |
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