Continually Working tells the stories of Black working women who resisted employment inequality in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, from the 1940s to the 1970s. The book explores the job-related activism of Black Midwestern working women and uncovers the political and intellectual strategies they used to critique and resist employment discrimination, dismantle unjust structures, and transform their lives and the lives of those in their community. Moten emphasizes the ways in which Black women transformed the urban landscape by simultaneously occupying spaces from which they had been historically excluded and creating their own spaces. Black women refused to be marginalized within the historically white and middle-class Milwaukee Young Women's Christian Association (MYWCA), an association whose mission centered on supporting women in urban areas. Black women forged interracial relationships within this organization and made it, not without much conflict and struggle, one of the most socially progressive organizations in the city. When Black women could not integrate historically white institutions, they created their own. They established financial and educational institutions, such as Pressley School of Beauty Culture, which beautician Mattie Pressley Dewese opened in 1946 as a result of segregation in the beauty training industry. This school served economic, educational and community development purposes as well as created economic opportunities for Black women. Historically and contemporarily, Milwaukee has been and is still known as one of the most segregated cities in the nation. Black women have always contested urban segregation, by making space for themselves and others on the margins. In so doing, they have transformed both the urban landscape and urban history.

In what ways did economic considerations affect the decision by Britain and France to make their Black African colonies independent? Why were early expectations that independence would lead to rapid and sustained economic development in Africa for the most part disappointed? This title, originally published in 1986, seeks to tackle these two important and strongly debated issues. The main aim and value of the book is to take a broad view of this huge subject, pulling together material on most parts of Black Africa south of the Sahara and north of the Limpopo so that the problem can be seen as a whole. It takes account of a wide range of possible and actual factors which have influenced African economic development, weaving them into a single analysis, including the colonial inheritance, the impact of the fluctuating international economy, policies adopted by African governments and indigenous factors such as climate, drought and human resources. The book is written to be understood without difficulty by non-specialists and is intended to act as an introduction to its subject for university students.

First published in 1971, this is a study of the application of the economic theory of integration in developing countries attempts to assess the development of common markets and free trade areas in the contemporary developing world. The book synthesises various revisions of the old theory of the customs union, tackling the process of elaborating an appropriate theory for developing countries. The reissue will be of interest to those concerned with International Trade and Development Economics, as well as those interested in the development of the Caribbean region.

This reissue, initially published in 1984, examines the evolution of international financial flows to Latin America since 1945, along with their implications for National Development . The book describes how, in each of the first three decades since the war, a new agency emerged (foreign investors in the 1950s, official aid agencies in the 1960s and multinational banks in the 1970s) which was willing to play a dynamic role in generating new financial flows to the region. The lack of such an agent in the 1980s, combined with a reluctance on the part of former investors to maintain their level of assistance culminated in an economic debt crisis in Latin America which this work seeks to address, asking the crucial question: what measures should be taken -- both nationally and internationally -- to deal with this critical issue, in a way that will both encourage Latin American Development and avoid a major international financial crisis?

This reissue examines the crucial question of how the education systems of Third World countries continue to be influenced by the former colonial powers, arguing that decisions and views made early in the twentieth century cannot always be so readily condemned from the standpoint of the 1980s. The study begins by placing the problem in its historical context and goes on to examine different regions of the Third World influenced by colonialism. It concludes with a contemporary global overview of current colonial dependency and provides a detailed and comprehensive bibliography on different facets of education and colonialism.

First published in 1969, this volume presents a survey of the contemporary national education system in Latin American countries. Laurence Gale describes the uneven provision of schools for different sections of the community and the problems which arise with the racial, cultural and geographical difficulties. He examines the main features in education throughout Latin America, areas of co-operation and agreement and differences of policy and provision.

First published in 1988, this reissue presents a comprehensive overview of contemporary developments and research into the geography of the Third World, at a time when economies and societies there were changing at a much more rapid rate than their counterparts in the developing world. It covers the topic both systematically and by region, showing how the unique background of each region affects developments there.

First published in 1978, this book was written at a time when belief was high in Western-guided economic development of the emerging countries. The success of Marshall Plan in war-torn Europe generated a US-led optimism that, with generous inflows of aid and technical assistance, the Third World could be won over in the Cold War. The author's direct experience as a young academic economist in Cyprus, Malaysia, Uganda and Liberia led him to question this general optimism: the reality on the ground in the developing world did not seem to match Western optimism. Theories and blueprints, made in the West, did not fit the requirements of developing countries. Higher production and better income distribution were inseparable twin objectives of developing nations. That meant, production of a higher national output must at the same time promote social justice. Investment must create adequate jobs so that new entrants into rapidly expanding labor force could be gainfully employed. Yet, the dominant (Western) theories of development at the time, in particular the Trickle Down Theory of Growth, prescribed "Growth First, Distribution Later" strategy. Similarly, Import Substitution Industrialization theories were emphasized at the expense of export-led growth. Dualistic Growth theories preached urban-biased, anti-rural development. This book was written as a rebuttal of such faulty theorizing and misguided professional technical assistance and the book's message is no less valid today than in the 1970's.

First published in 1972, this is a book of essays offered in honour of Paul Rosenstein-Rodan, the distinguished economist whose career started in mid-1920s Vienna and subsequently spanned Europe, Britain, the USA and many of the less developed countries of the world.The book includes reviews of past developments, chapters on development trade and value theory, an assessment of contemporary emerging economic patterns, development and trade policy, and investment policy. Further essays cover the intellectual history of development economics, general aspects of growth and economic policy in underdeveloped countries and the problems of income distribution and sectoral and regional development.

First published in 1981, this book concerns specifically the Kenyan experience with regards to development planning but, given that the problems of hunger poverty and underdevelopment manifest themselves in slightly different forms across all African countries, this book has considerable relevance to development planning across the African continent.The first set of essays in this collection address the question of development which is undoubtedly Africa's highest development priority. The second grouping of essays considers issues in project planning and asks questions concerning cost, method, outcome and evaluation of various projects in Kenya.

First published in 1984, this collection represents the combined contributions to an international conference held at the University of Bristol in April 1983. In assessing the complex relationship between education and development, it covers a wide range of countries in its appraisal and presents pictures both of optimism and pessimism. All, however, encourage the reader to re-examine long-held beliefs, and presents a new starting point for fresh discussion of this vital subject.

Romantic relationships and health are fundamental for society, but what happens to a person's well-being when he or she chooses the "wrong" partner? Interracial Romance and Health: Bridging Generations, Race Relations, and Well-Being tackles this growing public health issue, which impacts millions of people in interracial relationships, especially young adults. With a particular focus on a group of young adults whom he calls the Bridge Kids, Byron Miller provides a critical examination of how racial identity, socialization, and the partner selection process influence whether a person becomes interracially involved. For those that do cross racial lines for romance, Miller reveals that the race of one's partner can have a significant impact on their lived experiences and health outcomes. Opposing the idea that interracial relationships are bad for society and an individual's health, Miller argues that interracial romance has health benefits for some, is generally good for society, and that what is truly detrimental is the unnecessary stress people in interracial relationships feel due to their experiences with stigma, racism, and discrimination. Miller concludes that as the prevalence of interracial romance grows, so does the urgency to address these issues to protect the well-being of the Bridge Kids and others in interracial romantic partnerships.

It is a fact that disproportionately few black football players have ever been employed as managers or coaches, despite their prominent presence on the field. How big a role does racism play in contributing to this depressing statistic? 'Play the White Man' is the metaphor King uses to explain how race, racism and inequality operate. He looks at the pressures placed on black players to adopt a culture dominated by white men in sport - in other words, 'to act white' in order to be accepted. He focuses on how racism functions when black players make the transition from the playing field to coaching, management and administration, and are forced to perform within the standards and systems set by white men who have historically held these positions. King provides provocative insights into the world of white-dominated British sport and raises controversial questions that are important for anyone interested in the game.

The open-admissions experiment at the City University of New York was the most ambitious effort ever made to promote equality of opportunity in American higher education. Initiated in 1970, during the heyday of the "great society", it defined college as a right for all who had completed high school, and it especially aimed to create educational opportunities for disadvantaged minority students. This book evaluates that controversial experiment. Although critics predicted that the open-admissions policy would sweep away academic standards and result in watered down degrees of little value, David Lavin and David Hyllegard present data to show that students who graduated were able not only to earn postgraduate degrees at non-CUNY institutions but also to obtain good jobs - far better than the jobs they could have expected without the opportunity open admissions gave them. Indeed, in one year in the 1980s, say the authors, open-admissions students earned $67 million more than they would have if they had not gone to college. Notwithstanding the successes of open admissions, attacks on it have continued, and, as the book shows, minority access to college has been cut back significantly at CUNY and elsewhere. This book provides ammunition for those who want to challenge emerging policies that narrow educational opportunities for minority students and poor people.

Today AIDS dominates the headlines, but a century ago it was fears of syphilis epidemics. This book looks at how the spread of syphilis was linked to socio-economic transformation as land dispossession, migrancy and urbanization disrupted social networks--factors similarly important in the AIDS crisis. Medical explanations of syphilis and state medical policy were also shaped by contemporary beliefs about race. Doctors drew on ideas from social darwinism, eugenics, and social anthropology to explain the incidence of syphilis among poor whites and Africans, and to define "normal" abnormal sexual behavior for racial groups.

Social problems are endemic to all societies. The UK is no exception and is grappling with a plethora of issues including poverty, family breakdown, domestic violence, teenage pregnancy, child abuse and neglect, youth offending, alcohol and drug misuse, mental health issues, homelessness, and ethnic and religious discrimination. These problems have huge implications for the individual, the family unit and society at large and take their toll on health, wellbeing, and community resources. They place an enormous amount of strain on government finances and the welfare state, and add to the burden on social institutions, such as the National Health Service and the social work and criminal justice systems. Contemporary Social Problems in the UK explores a wide range of social problems in the UK. Each social problem has been explored using a range of psychosocial theories to generate an understanding of various causal factors and to examine the linkages between different social problems. Government policy and legislation, remedial measures, preventive approaches, and strategies of intervention are also considered for each social problem that has been dealt with. Each chapter deals with a particular social problem and has been penned by an expert in that topic. The endeavour has been to provide a multi-dimensional overview of the social problem in a manner that is engaging and easy to read. The end-of-chapter content includes supplementary reading, useful topic related websites besides a quiz and individual / group activities to generate discussion and stimulate learning. This informative yet accessible textbook will be an invaluable resource for instructors and students in the social sciences as well as professionals who work with people who experience some of these problems.

Drawing on new empirical research with disabled people in the UK, and considering the work of theorists such as Berlin, Habermas and Mouffe, Ellison's ideas of proactive and defensive engagement and Turner's 'sociology of the body', Angharad Beckett proposes a new model of 'active' citizenship that rests upon an understanding of 'vulnerable personhood'.

This collection makes a unique contribution to the study of anti-Muslim prejudice by placing the issue in both its past and present context. The essays cover historical and contemporary subjects from the eleventh century to the present day. They examine the forms that anti-Muslim prejudice takes, the historical influences on these forms, and how they relate to other forms of prejudice such as racism, antisemitism or sexism, and indeed how anti-Muslim prejudice becomes institutionalized.

This volume looks at anti-Muslim prejudice from a wide range of disciplinary perspectives, including politics, sociology, philosophy, history, international relations, law, cultural studies and comparative literature. The essays contribute to our understanding of the different levels at which anti-Muslim prejudice emerges and operates - the local, the national and the transnational ? by also including case studies from a range of contexts including Britain, Europe and the US.

This book contributes to a deeper understanding of contemporary political problems and controversial topics, such as issues that focus on Muslim women: the 'headscarf' debates, honour killings and forced marriages. There is also analysis of media bias in the representation of Muslims and Islam, and other urgent social and political issues such as the social exclusion of European Muslims and the political mobilisation against Islam by far-right parties.

This book was published as a special issue of Patterns of Prejudice.

integrates gender, class, and race and doesn't treat them separately, which makes it both comprehensive but also theoretically cohesive for those scholars who don't want to see these categories divorced the authors pay increased attention to disability, intersectionality, immigration, religion, and place greater emphasis placed on crime and the criminal justice system as well as health and the environment new chapter on policy alternatives and venues for social change. the chapters are really well calibrated for teaching both in length and progression (they build on each other). Easy to structure the course without switching things around much. covers a wide net of inequalities, thus raising awareness of inequality in all its phases is shows structural factors in social stratification.

- Engaging and critical analysis of current and historical economic policies and their implications for the American population and growing inequality. - Wide range of empirical and quantitative facts and journalistic reporting both illustrate the authors' arguments and lend a balanced, credible view at American society. - New edition provides a more well-rounded discussion of inequality and social class by incorporating nuances of race and gender into the framework of their sociological and economic arguments.

This volume compares and contrasts concepts of gender from a wide range of perspectives drawn from the natural sciences, the social sciences, and the humanities. The contributors examine the complex process of sexual differentiation in an attempt to determine how feminine and masculine are defined and how these definitions contribute to and influence perceptions of social reality in various disciplines. Their essays explore how gender roles are created and how they influence the American way of life in such embedded cultural mores as the romance novel, images of the Virgin Mary, male inmates, the American wedding, contemporary art and architecture, 19th-century patriarchy, economics, and natural science. This is a timely, important, and, above all, useful book that will provide students in women's studies and cultural studies with a solid introduction to central concepts and texts in gender studies, and give them an equally important sense of the multiplicity of methodologies.

"Angelika Bammer, Emory University"

This volume breaks important new ground in the rapidly growing field of gender studies by comparing and contrasting concepts of gender from a wide range of perspectives drawn from the natural sciences, the social sciences, and the humanities. The contributors--each a specialist in his or her discipline as well as in the area of gender studies--examine the complex processes of sexual differentiation to determine how feminine and masculine are defined and how these definitions contribute to and influence perceptions of social reality in various disciplines. United by an overall focus on the importance of gender constructs in shaping cultural ideology and social interaction, the essays explore how gender roles are created and how they influence the American way of life in such embedded cultural mores as the romance novel, images of the Virgin Mary, male inmates, the American wedding, contemporary art, nineteenth-century patriarchy, economics, and natural science.

The essays are arranged so that disciplines and themes interralate--each essay enhances the previous work and introduces the next. Overall, the book is arranged into three systematic approaches to gender studies. Four papers explore the way art, literature, and ritual reflect gender beliefs and act as vehicles for their reinvention through time. Another set of essays more explicitly concerns the power that ideology has in recreating gender and associated beliefs and practices. Essays on nineteenth century patriarchy and on prison gender identities emphasize that both men and women must be viewed as products of their culture. A final group of essays deal with gender and prestige or power structures as they have influenced the intellectual development of various disciplines and the individuals who are trained in those disciplines. This section includes essays on the relationship between gender and science, gender roles in economics, feminist roles in religious studies, and the emergence of women in architecture. Taken together, these papers offer an important new focus for students and scholars involved in studying the pervasive influence of gender across disciplines.

In the field of American studies, attention is shifting to the long historyof U.S. engagement with the Middle East, especially in the aftermath of warin Iraq and in the context of recent Arab uprisings in protest against economicinequality, social discrimination, and political repression. Here, AlexLubin and Marwan M. Kraidy curate a new collection of essays that focuseson the cultural politics of America's entanglement with the Middle Eastand North Africa, making a crucial intervention in the growing subfield oftransnational American studies. Featuring a diverse list of contributors fromthe United States, the Arab world, and beyond, America Studies Encountersthe Middle East analyzes Arab-American relations by looking at the War onTerror, pop culture, and the influence of the American hegemony in a timeof revolution.

The results of this extremely data-rich study reveal that women attorneys are victimized by less obvious forms of discrimination than their male counterparts. Based on results of surveys conducted by the ABA in 1984 and 1990, this work challenges the notion that legislation outlawing discrimination actually works. Setting controls for a whole host of individual, firm, and locational characteristics, the study determined that although hourly earnings of female lawyers do not differ appreciably from those of male lawyers, the incidence of promotion from associate to partner is greater for men than for otherwise comparable women. Lentz and Laband also found evidence of sexual harassment and other less-tangible aspects of sex discrimination in the legal workplace. This book is essential reading for members of law firms, labor economists, feminist scholars, and human resource professionals.