A repertoire of 10 TLRs mediate the first response to all microbes that infect mammals. They are the long sought receptors for a wide range of microbial products. Notable examples include TLR4 which recognizes LPS from gram negative bacteria, TLR3 which recognizes viral double-stranded RNA and TLR9 which recognizes CpG DNA motifs, found commonly in both viruses and bacteria. TLRs are increasingly being implicated in both infectious and inflammatory diseases, notable examples being sepsis, inflammatory bowel disease, atherosclerosis and asthma. There is therefore great interest in targeting TLRs therapeutically since blocking TLRs will result in a decrease in the production of inflammatory mediators such as TNF. This volume covers our current understanding of TLRs, and their role in inflammation. Given the primacy of TLRs in the inflammatory process and their emerging role in inflammatory diseases the book is of great interest to researchers working in inflammation and immunology.

This edition has several new contributors - all of them are leading international authorities in the field. All the chapters have been thoroughly re-written and updated. Several new high quality clinical, radiographic images, gross pathology specimen photographs, and photomicrographs have been included in this edition for the readers' convenience. This edition documents the rapid advances that have occurred at a blistering pace in TB diagnosis, universal drug-susceptibility testing [DST] and treatment of dug-susceptible and drug-resistant TB, including multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB [M/XDR-TB], programmatic management of drug-resistant TB, public-private mix, the ENGAGE-TB approach, and END TB strategy, among others. The present edition includes recent classification of drugs and drug combinations including recent generation quinolones, bedaquiline and linezolid used in treating M/XDR-TB and a chapter detailing the latest developments in the field of laboratory diagnosis and management of NTM diseases. Thoroughly revised, updated and rewritten to present a comprehensive account of tuberculosis (TB) and nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. Beginning with insights into the history and epidemiology of tuberculosis, the book deals extensively with the current understanding of the immunology, and immunopathogenetic mechanisms of this disease. The clinical presentation, laboratory diagnosis, the treatment of TB of various organ systems, prevention and control of TB are extensively covered. Chapters have also been devoted to HIV-TB co-infection, drug-resistant TB (including M/XDR-TB), ethical and legal issues in TB, Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme, Global TB Control Programme, and the role of medical schools in TB Control Programmes. Includes revised chapter on nontuberculous mycobacterial diseases. This edition will be an asset to both undergraduate and postgraduate medical students, a source of reference to the researchers. Will help practicing doctors to update their knowledge and aid in rationale, scientific and efficient management of patients with TB.

The new edition of the excellent introduction to basic concepts and instrumentation of nuclear medicine, featuring numerous high-quality illustrations and practical examples Essentials of Nuclear Medicine Physics, Instrumentation, and Radiation Biology provides a concise, highly illustrated introduction to fundamental nuclear medicine-related physics and engineering concepts. Gradually progressing from basic principles to more advanced topics, this book offers clear guidance on basic physics related to nuclear medicine, gamma camera imaging and image reconstruction, x-ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, radiopharmaceutic therapy, radiation dosimetry and safety, quality control, information technology, and more. Throughout the text, a wealth of examples illustrate the practice of nuclear medicine in the real world. This new fourth edition features fully revised content throughout, including brand-new chapters on basic MRI physics and instrumentation as well as radiopharmaceutical therapy. There are expanded discussions of current nuclear medicine technologies including positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), as well as up-to-date coverage of SPECT-CT, PET-CT hybrid scanning systems with an introduction to PET-MRI hybrid systems. Essential reading for anyone entering the field of nuclear medicine, this book: Contains introductory chapters on relevant atomic structure, methods of radionuclide production, and the interaction of radiation with matter Describes the basic function of the components of scintillation and non-scintillation detectors Details image acquisition and processing for planar and SPECT gamma cameras and PET scanners, and introduces acquisition and processing for CT and MRI scanners Discusses digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) and picture archiving and communication systems (PACs) Includes a new chapter on radiopharmaceutical theranostics imaging and therapy Includes new coverage of quality control procedures and updated chapters on radiation safety practices, radiation biology, and management of radiation accident victims Essentials of Nuclear Medicine Physics, Instrumentation, and Radiation Biology is a must-have for all residents, fellows, trainees, and students in nuclear medicine, and a valuable quick-reference for radiologists and nuclear medicine physicians and technologists.

A remarkable spectrum of novel immunoreceptors sharing related immunoglobulin-like domains and signaling potential has been identified in recent years. These receptors have attracted widespread interest because they resemble the TCR, BCR, and FcR complexes in their ability to serve as activating or inhibitory receptors on the cells that bear them. Moreover, they are well positioned to affect both innate and adaptive immunity. The full range of ligands for these new receptor families is still not known, and understanding of their physiological roles is far from complete. This volume is the first attempt to summarize and highlight all known aspects of immunoglobulin-like receptors, providing a topical overview of the roles and characteristic features of the immunoglobulin-like receptors and related molecules in the immune system. Researchers in immunology, molecular biology, cell biology, clinical medicine, and pharmacology will find this book invaluable.

Most readers are familiar with the "real Princess Diana." This book is about a courageous woman, Diane Cummings, who was the first person with the Tetralogy of Fallot (a congenital heart defect) to be operated upon by Dr. Willis J. Potts in 1946. He was the pioneer surgeon who developed an operation for this syndrome in infants who at the time were deemed too young to have the operation. Diane went on to lead a full life while subsequently undergoing four more open-heart operations done by leaders in the field For this to have happened, she survived four episodes of subacute bacterial endocarditis due to unusual bacteria. She was fortunate to be treated by a series of doctors who have been and still are the pioneers in the treatment of congenital heart disease. The doctors were: Dr. Willis J. Potts of Children's Hospital in Chicago, the originator of the Potts' operation; the father and son team of Drs. James and John Kirklin who were at the University of Alabama Heart Center; and Dr. Joseph Dearani of the Mayo Clinic. She was a true inspiration during the remaining forty-five years of her life. She died in January 2007, having lived a full life for 62 years. This made her one of the longest survivors on record of Potts' original operation. This is her story.

The objective of this book is to catalyze the application of genomics to the diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases by comprehensively presenting focused discussions on the current state of knowledge. The first section book provides basic information about genetics, genomics and personalized medicine and the informatical methods available to apply and organize genetic data so that it has clinical relevance. Recognizing the genetic robustness of the oral cavity, the introductory section includes chapters on the oral micro biome and host genomics and response to infectious agents. The next two sections contain chapters which describe the genomics of specific oral diseases and conditions, including the genetic basis for mechanism and risk of treatment toxicities associated with cancer therapy and bisphosphonates. Four chapters focus on gene-based therapies and the pharmacogenomics applied to oral disease. The final chapter presents a provocative summary which describes a comprehensive vision of the melding of genomics to personalized medicine and the potential actionable outcomes that will likely affect clinical practice in the upcoming years.

A comprehensive and authoritative review of the most important scientific and clinically relevant topics today in ligaments, tendons, and capsular biology, including their biomechanics and surgical reconstruction. The authors review the basic science of tendons in the hand and shoulder ligaments, the current clinical status of the shoulder and cruciate ligaments, and the latest advances in research on the healing of ligament and tendon to bone, artificial ligaments, and gene therapy. They also cover the major type 1 collagen soft tissues that are of particular interest to upper extremity surgeons and sports medicine specialists.

Individuals' responses to their chronic illness or disability (CID) vary widely. Some are positive and productive, some negative and self-defeating, and some have elements of both. Coping with Chronic Illness and Disability synthesizes the growing literature on these coping styles and strategies by analyzing how individuals with CID face challenges, find and use their strengths, and alter their environment to fit their life-changing realities. The book's first section provides readers with the major theories and conceptual perspectives on coping, with special emphasis on social aspects and models of coping with different types of CID. In Part Two, an array of specific medical conditions is covered. Each chapter supplies a clinical description, current empirical findings on coping, effective medical, physical, and psychological interventions, employment issues, and social concerns. conditions, such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, spinal cord injuries, and traumatic brain injury; in-depth coverage of HIV/AIDS, chronic pain, and severe mental illness; coverage of therapeutic modalities adopted for treatment of people with CID; review of the current state of coping theory and research; and, an appendix of instruments frequently used in assessment of coping. The editors' skillful balance between theoretical and practical material will help rehabilitation specialists (particularly psychologists, counselors, social workers, and health-care providers) develop new insights into promoting successful coping, and discern new means of changing its less effective forms. Students in the helping professions, as well as individuals experiencing CID, may also find this multifaceted book useful for understanding some of the psychosocial dynamics of living with CID.

Hardbound. Eminent scientists at the cutting edge of pharmacology and medicinal chemistry research provide us with yet another excellent addition to this famous series. The focus on bacterial resistance mechanisms serves to highlight an important area of unmet medical need requiring the attention of medicinal chemists.Five topical subjects are reviewed: the biosynthesis, metabolism and function of Vitamin D3 and the potential application of its analogues in bone disorders and immune-related diseases; the therapeutic potential of neurokinin antagonists; opioid receptor antagonists; the mechanisms of bacterial resistance; and a survey of recent advances in cannabinoid research.This volume will deservedly take its place in clinical and industrial pharmaceutical libraries, and will prove invaluable to medicinal chemists.

Nitric Oxide in Transplant Rejection and Anti-Tumor Defense represents a unique combination of three interrelated topics that is unavailable in any other single work: The detection and visualization of nitric oxide in biological materials using EPR spectroscopy and EPR imaging; Nitric oxide in immune mechanisms of allograft rejection; and The involvement of nitric oxide in anti-tumor defense. By bringing together specialists from these three disciplines, the book investigates the common molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying phenomena in transplants and oncology. In addition, the book provides an introduction to biological applications of EPR spectroscopy and imaging. Nitric Oxide in Transplant Rejection and Anti-Tumor Defense will appeal to researchers and graduate-level students investigating transplant rejections and their immune mechanisms, anti-tumor immune defenses, novel types of contrast agents for EPR imaging, and biological applications of EPR spectroscopy and EPR imaging.

This memoir recalls a physician's life in several cultures, East and West, and the challenges and blessings of marriages into two Indian communities. The author describes remarkable personalities that influenced his life, as well as the conflicts and successes of scientific and clinical projects in academia and the World Health Organization. He lived adventures, great and small, in travels, in angling around the world, and in sailing. An adventure of a different sort is the discovery of new paths of creative and spiritual fulfillment in later life.

Proceedings of an international symposium, held in Ulm, Germany, September 21-24, 1994

ABC of Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Healthcare Improve inclusion, for both patients and staff, in your healthcare environment Fulfilment in personal and professional life is facilitated by feeling able to bring one’s complete self to work. The promotion of Equality, Diversity & Inclusion (EDI) and its support in the workplace is crucial to achieving this. Diverse and inclusive teams are characterised by good people management, leading to better decision-making and improved performance which staff wellbeing and patient safety depend on. Though issues including racism, sexism and homophobia have roots in wider society, they also exist across healthcare systems worldwide. They contribute to problems with recruitment and retention of staff and can make patients reluctant to access the care they need and deserve. The ABC of Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Health summarises the key issues and the impacts on both patients and staff of excluding people from good healthcare solely on the basis of who they are. As well as considering impacts on individuals and teams, we consider also how inclusion can be improved for the benefit of everyone—all patients and all staff. Topics include: Racism in healthcare Women in healthcare Sexual orientation and gender identity Disability, disparities and ableism in medicine Teaching equality, diversity, and inclusion in healthcare The authors are distinguished healthcare practitioners whose personal and professional lives have been enriched by the diversity of all they meet through their work and who are passionate about ensuring positive change for colleagues and patients. This book aims to contribute to important discussions about how to ensure systemic change that will enable an inclusive culture by recognising and celebrating diversity. ABC of Equality, Diversity and Include (EDI) in Healthcare is essential reading for students and professionals who want to champion inclusivity and fulfilment in a workplace environment. About the ABC series The ABC series has been designed to help you access information quickly and deliver the best patient care, and remains an essential reference tool for GPs, junior doctors, medical students and healthcare professionals. Now offering over 80 titles, this extensive series provides you with a quick and dependable reference on a range of topics in all the major specialties. The ABC series is the essential and dependable source of up-to-date information for all practitioners and students in primary healthcare. To receive automatic updates on books and journals in your specialty, join our email list. Sign up today at www.wiley.com/email

Children with life-threatening and terminal illnesses- and their families- require a unique kind of care to meet a wide variety of needs. This book, now in its third edition, provides an authoritative source for the many people involved in the care of dying children. Written by leading authorities in pediatrics and palliative medicine, this comprehensive resource emphasizes practical topics and covers the entire range of issues related to the hospice care from psychological stress to pain and symptom management. The text has been fully updated and includes an international perspective chapter and a chapter written cy Children's Hospice International with detailed all-inclusive care plans.

In spite of recent changes in nurse education, nurses still need to know about medicine to understand their work with patients. This is the latest edition of what has become a popular and enduring nursing textbook. It is a short textbook of medicine written by medical experts, but read by nurses. Nurses have consistently found this book invaluable because of the level at which the text is pitched. It has been written in consultation with nurses and covers exactly the medical knowledge that they require.These features make it still an ideal medical text for nurses: Includes the medical knowledge nurses need New team of contributors to widen input Written in consultation with nurses to ensure appropriateness of information New format and typeface - to increase readabilityWritten by an up-to-date team of medical experts Includes the medical knowledge nurses need New team of contributors to widen input Written in consultation with nurses to ensure appropriateness of information New format and typeface - to increase readability Well established and highly respected nursing textbook

Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Frontiers in Biomedical Polymers including Polymer Therapeutics: From Laboratory to Clinical Practice, held May 23-27, 1999, in Shiga, Japan. This book focuses on the progress and unique discoveries in the interdisciplinary scientific and technological area of biomedical application of polymers. The topics include polymeric materials for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, as well as polymeric materials in therapeutics.

t Heinz Red! and Gunther Sch!ag Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Vienna, Austria The word "sepsis" derives from the Greek meaning decay or rottenness. Tradition ally this term has been used to describe the process of infection accompanied by the host's systemic inflammatory response. Based on that understanding, previous clin ical studies have been designed to include only patients with positive blood cultures [1, 2]. However, the frequent occurrence of a septic response without the demon stration of microorganisms in the circulation has led to a new definition and under standing of sepsis, mainly as the systemic response of the host to an often unde tectable microbiological or non-microbiological process [3]. The general consensus is that cytokines are central to the inflammatory response, particularly in sepsis. It is now known that not only Gram-negative but also Gram positive, viral, and fungal infections initiate the complex cascades of cytokine release. Probably the most important aspect of bacterial action is the release of toxic bacterial products. In particular endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria (see chap ter by Schade) and super antigens (see chapter by Neumann and Holzmann), as well as pore-forming toxins [4] from Gram-positive bacteria, induce cytokine formation. The importance of this cytokine release is evident from both diagnostic and thera peutic (mostly experimental) studies, and the action of cytokines may be the key to our understanding of the pathophysiology of the sepsis syndrome.

The Update compiles the most recent developments in experimental and clinical research and practice in one comprehensive reference book. The chapters are written by well recognized experts in the field of intensive care and emergency medicine. It is addressed to everyone involved in internal medicine, anesthesia, surgery, pediatrics, intensive care and emergency medicine.

The role of oxidative stress in human disease has become an area of intense interest. Free radicals, a normal product of metabolism, exist in all aerobic cells in balance with biochemical antioxidants. Environmental stress increases the levels of free radicals drastically, thereby disturbing the equilibrium between free radical production and the antioxidant capability causing oxidative stress. Over the years, ROS has been implicated in the pathologies of various diseases like cancer, neurological disorder, cardiovascular diseases rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes etc. This book provides an in depth critical state-of-art reviews from established investigators on free radicals, ROS associated pathogenesis of human diseases, biomarkers of oxidative damage, antioxidants, phytonutrients and other related health concerns of modern society. The present book is aimed at graduate students, researchers in academia, industry and clinicians with the interest in redox biology. Special attention has been devoted to the topic of ROS signalling, oxidative stress induced human pathologies & antioxidative therapies. The book consists of four parts in specified topics based on the current literatures for the better understanding of the readers with respect to their subject-wise interests. The first section of the book provides an overview about the ROS production and their measuring tools and techniques followed by the mechanisms involved in the oxidative stress in the second section. The third section describes the involvement of oxidative stress in different human diseases and the last section focuses on the different strategies to ameliorate oxidative stress induced stress.